广义超材料:超材料与常规材料的融合

超材料指的是通过人工结构实现超常特性的一大类新型材料，有望成为一系列颠覆性技术的源头。这类材料在基本结构、性能和实现方法上与常规材料完全不同，其各自的优势和劣势也泾渭分明——常规材料源于自然，易于获得而难于设计；超材料正好相反，易于设计，但在很多情况下却难于获得。作者课题组提出了通过超材料与常规材料融合发展兼具超材料和常规材料优势的新型功能材料的思想，在此基础上发展出了介质基电磁超材料、自然超常介质以及一些基于超材料设计思想的常规材料，从而形成了广义超材料的概念。这些研究工作拓展了超材料的范畴和其思想的指导意义，可为材料性能的改进与提高提供一种新的途径。     

材料改变生活——材料的力量

当我们再次以专题的形式关注材料的时候，希望展现给读者我们“生活在材料的世界”这样一幅图景，我们放弃了全面呈现各种材料的想法，而是挑选了四种传统材料，并把这些当今最新的动向和活力展现出来，我们用到了更多的实物和建筑空间来展现材料与我们生存以及生活的密切关系，此外，专辑突破了单一的实用产品， 艺术品也成了材料另一种展现魅力和引人思索的载体，这是我们希望为读者提供另一种视角去看待材料及其创新的无限可能性。[编者按]     

创新煤矿材料管理 努力降低材料成本

加强材料管理、控制材料投入是降低综合成本的有效途径。许疃煤矿不断加强材料管理，创新管理方式，细化考核制度．在材料管理方面出台了许多行之有效的措施，建立完善了具有许瞳煤矿特色的材料管理体系。有效降低了材料投入。     

纤维素的功能材料

纤维素是地球上最为丰富的可再生资源，既可收获又能再生，而且具有价廉，可降解性和对生态环境不产生污染等优点，因而，自本世纪70年代以来，纤维素功能材料的研制与开发一直保持向上发展的良好趋势，并在多数工业化国家实现工业化，本文着重介绍自80年代以来纤维素，纤维素衍生物以及木质纤维素的功能材料，诸如吸水，吸油，吸重金属离子和特种物质的吸附材料；热塑性与液化木质纤维素材料，以及生物活性材料之新近进展。     

绿色材料与材料绿色化

一，材料是一把双刃剑 材料是物质，是宇宙万物中的一部分，是人类赖以生存和发展的物质基础材料（Material）与物质（Substance）是两个既紧密联系又含义不同的概念；哲学中所定义的物质是“不依赖人的意识而存在的客观实在”，但是，材料是与人有关的，材料是人类社会所能接受的，可经济地用于制造生活和生产中使用的物品、器件、构件和其他产品的物质。     

生态环境材料的哲学基础

生态环境材料是近年来在先进材料研究中提出的一个新的研究领域，简要介绍了生态环境材料概念产生的背景、过程和在我国的发展情况。并以哲学的观点为基础，从人与自然关系的角度出发，讨论了生态环境材料概念产生的必然铖一和其重要性，以及生态环境材料研究开发过程中所要解决的基本问题。     

从电子材料到光子材料

电子、光子材料是信息技术的基础材料。结合信息技术（以计算机和通讯为主）的进步来考察从电子材料到光电子材料和光子材料的发展。在下一世纪（兆元世纪），电子材料和光子材料仍奖是全信息科技的架构材料，两者还有天然分工和互补性。     

隐身材料的研究进展

根据隐身原理，概述了隐身材料的研究现状和发展概况。重点介绍了雷达隐身材料、红外隐身材料、激光隐身材料，以及多波段复合隐身材料现状及研究进展。肯定了目前隐身材料方面取得的一些进展，指出今后隐身材料的发展会向着质轻、带宽、高效、耐久的方向发展，而且多波段兼容的隐身材料也会是未来隐身材料发展的趋势。     

可持续发展的环境材料技术

本文从可持续发展角度，论述了发展生态环境材料的重要性和必要性。研究了人类在现代生产与生活过程中可能研究、发展和应用的，对保护生态循环有益的环境材料（或称为绿色材料）技术，以生物可降解高分子材料技术为例，分析了发展环境材料的必要性和可行性。     

浅析生态建筑材料的应用

本文通过对比分析目前传统建筑材料的缺点和生态建筑材料的优势，指出在目前能源短缺的情况下，我国作为高能耗的发展中国家，应大力开发利用生态建筑材料，生产环保节能的绿色建筑．并阐述了生态建筑材料在实际生活中的应用和发展前景。     

Controlled photonic manipulation of proteins and other nanomaterials

The ability to controllably handle the smallest materials is a fundamental enabling technology for nanoscience. Conventional optical tweezers have proven useful for manipulating microscale objects but cannot exert enough force to manipulate dielectric materials smaller than about 100 nm. Recently, several near-field optical trapping techniques have been developed that can provide higher trapping stiffness, but they tend to be limited in their ability to reversibly trap and release smaller materials due to a combination of the extremely high electromagnetic fields and the resulting local temperature rise. Here, we have developed a new form of photonic crystal "nanotweezer" that can trap and release on-command Wilson disease proteins, quantum dots, and 22 nm polymer particles with a temperature rise less than ~0.3 K, which is below the point where unwanted fluid mechanical effects will prevent trapping or damage biological targets.     

从低维到高维的仿生材料制备及其应用进展

经过数十亿年的进化,自然界中的生物材料表现出许多卓越的性质和独特的功能。这些生物材料通常是由生物体内的有限组分在温和条件下组装而成,其优异的性能在很大程度上来源于复杂的多级结构,例如含邻苯二酚单元的贻贝粘附蛋白具有普适的强粘附力,珠-线结构的蜘蛛丝具有优异机械性能和集水能力,空心结构的北极熊毛发具有隔热保温作用,规则微纳结构的蝴蝶翅膀显示多彩的颜色,梯度多孔结构的柚子皮具有优异的阻尼减震效果等。以自然界的设计原理为灵感制造人工材料在材料科学和工程领域受到了极大关注,过去数10年,这方面的研究成果不胜枚举。总结了仿生材料在结构仿生方面的研究进展,选取了几个从低维到高维尺度上的典型例子概述了仿生材料的结构和功能之间的关系。     

On the Fracture Toughness of Advanced Materials

Few engineering materials are limited by their strength; rather they are limited by their resistance to fracture or fracture toughness. It is not by accident that most critical structures, such as bridges, ships, nuclear pressure vessels and so forth, are manufactured from materials that are comparatively low in strength but high in toughness. Indeed, in many classes of materials, strength and toughness are almost mutually exclusive. From a fracture‐mechanics perspective, the ability of a microstructure to develop toughening mechanisms acting either ahead or behind the crack tip can result in resistance‐curve (R‐curve) behavior where the fracture resistance actually increases with crack extension; the implication here is that toughness is often developed primarily during crack growth and not for crack initiation. Biological materials are perfect examples of this; moreover, they offer microstructural design strategies for the development of new materials for structural applications demanding combinations of both strength and toughness.     

Advanced materials for neural surface electrodes

Designing electrodes for neural interfacing applications requires deep consideration of a multitude of materials factors. These factors include, but are not limited to, the stiffness, biocompatibility, biostability, dielectric, and conductivity properties of the materials involved. The combination of materials properties chosen not only determines the ability of the device to perform its intended function, but also the extent to which the body reacts to the presence of the device after implantation. Advances in the field of materials science continue to yield new and improved materials with properties well-suited for neural applications. Although many of these materials have been well-established for non-biological applications, their use in medical devices is still relatively novel. The intention of this review is to outline new material advances for neural electrode arrays, in particular those that interface with the surface of the nervous tissue, as well as to propose future directions for neural surface electrode development.     

The Training and Management of Qualified Maintenance Persons in Facing to the New Century

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美国金属材料学科发展及启示

基于金属材料学科的中心体系四要素及其结构关系,分析了美国金属材料学科发展的发展趋势,指出虽然金属材料学科的学生分散在不同院系进行培养,但集中在核心材料科学与工程系培养是主流,可以培养出基础宽、适应社会快速变迁的人才.美国金属材料学科发展的成就和问题对我国金属材料学科发展具有启示意义.     

中国食用油安全战略转变:国内条件与国际情景

食用油料成为我国对国际市场依存度最大的大宗农产品,是造成农产品国际贸易逆差的主要成因。国产植物油料的大量进口对国家粮食与食物安全、居民消费甚至国民经济均产生较为重要的影响。在新的粮食安全战略下,我国食用油作物面积增长空间有限、兼用油源生产潜力巨大,但转化为现实产量困难重重,未来消费量将进一步增加。在国产植物油料大量进口新常态下,世界食用油生产潜力巨大、我国具有从世界市场稳定获取食用油料的能力、食用油料供给安全外部环境复杂。针对新的国内条件与国际情景,论文给出我国新的食用油安全战略:维持能力、保留基准、积极进口、健康消费。     

Self-repairing systems based on ionomers and epoxidized natural rubber blends

The development of materials with the ability of intrinsic self-repairing after damage in a fashion resembling that of living tissues has important scientific and technological implications, particularly in relation to cost-effective approaches toward damage management of materials. Natural rubbers with epoxy functional groups in the macromolecular chain (ENR) and ethylene-methacrylic acid ionomers having acid groups partially neutralized with metal ions possess self-repairing behavior following high energy impacts. This research investigates the self-repairing behavior of both ENR and ionomers during ballistic puncture test on the basis of their thermal and mechanical properties. Heterogeneous blending of ionomers and ENR have also been used here as a strategy to tune the thermal and mechanical properties of the materials. Interestingly, blends of sodium ion containing ionomer exhibit complete self-repairing behavior, whereas blends of zinc ion containing ionomer show limited mending. The chemical structure studied by FTIR and thermal analysis shows that both ion content of ionomer and functionality of ENR have significant influence on the self-repairing behavior of blends. The mobility of rubbery phases along with its interaction to ionomer phase in the blends significantly changes the mending capability of materials. The healing behavior of the materials has been discussed on the basis of their thermal, mechanical, and rheological tests for each materials.     

Novel injectable urethral bulking agents for the treatment of urinary incontinence

Stress urinary incontinence is a highly prevalent disorder resulting from weak urethral closure mechanisms. Endoscopic injection of a urethral bulking agent (UBA) under the urethral mucosa increases coaptation, which improves continence. Collagen is an efficient agent, although its effects are limited in time. Other materials still suffer either from a short-lasting effect or migration in distant organs. We evaluated here novel UBAs using an ex vivo model, with respect to criteria of ease of injection, ability to form a high and stable tissue bulking, implant elasticity and tissue reaction. One approach involves solutions of polymers in water-miscible organic solvents that precipitates in situ. In this manner, high and stable bulks were routinely obtained using various commercial polymers. Selected solvents reduced the tissue reaction to the implant. Microsphere suspensions in hydrogels also proved to be efficient UBA, although less stable bulks were obtained. Thermosetting chitosan hydrogels showed promising results with respect to bulk stability and isoelasticity with surrounding tissues. Different strategies have thus been compared and optimised ex vivo. Further experiments are required to compare the ability of these materials to induce a sustained in vivo bulking effect.     

Light emission in silicon nanostructures

The many and diverse approaches to materials science problems have greatly enhanced our ability in recent times to engineer the physical properties of semiconductors. Silicon, of all semiconductors, underpins nearly all microelectronics today and will continue to do so for some time to come. However, in optoelectronics and, more recently, in photonics, the severe disadvantage of an indirect band gap has limited the application of elemental silicon. Here we review a number of diverse approaches to engineering efficient light emission in silicon nanostructures. These different approaches are placed in context and their prospects are assessed for applications in silicon-based photonics.