一种星载合成孔径雷达数字成像算法

提出了一种星载合成孔径雷达数字成像抑制相干斑的算法--OMRD(Overlapped Multilook Range-Doppler)算法,该算法基于星载合成孔径雷达成像基本原理和传统的RD算法,通过距离向脉冲压缩,距离徙动校正,方位向合成孔径处理,去除相干斑噪声处理,实现了星载合成孔径雷达的数字成像,降低了相干斑噪声的影响,提高了图像信噪比.对ERS-1星载原始数据进行实验成像,得到了清晰的意大利罗马地区图像.实验结果表明,OMRD算法是一种有效的星载合成孔径雷达成像抑制相干斑的算法.     

平飞斜视模式双站合成孔径雷达数据处理算法

研究了发射和接收分离的双站合成孔径雷达成像算法.主要分析了双站合成孔径雷达在平飞斜视工作模式下的方位分辨率,以及二次距离徙动校正判据,研究了利用非线性Chirp Scaling(NLCS)的方法,来消除同一距离单元上的不同方位调频斜率带来的影响,并且推导出了平飞斜视模式下的方位匹配滤波函数的频域表示,通过点目标成像仿真验证了该方法的正确性.     

双基地合成孔径雷达扩展距离多普勒成像算法

根据顺轨飞行模式双基地几何关系及其信号模型,给出了一种适用于该模式下的扩展距离多普勒算法,成功地解决了由于接收、发射平台分置而产生的不同于单基地合成孔径雷达的距离徙动校正和方位聚焦问题,计算机仿真验证了算法的有效性及其在各种双基地角情况下的适应性.     

基于Chirp Scaling成像算法的高分辨聚束式合成孔径声呐

基于两步处理算法和ChirpScaling算法,提出一种适用于条带式成像算法的通用高分辨聚束式合成孔径声呐(SAS)模型。该模型结合了谱分析(SPECAN)算法和ChirpScaling算法的优点,算法首先采用deramp和升采样处理技术实现方位的粗聚焦,消除了聚束式SAS特有的方位频谱混迭现象,然后应用ChirpScaling原理实现距离的精确聚焦,并补偿deramp处理引起的方位相位误差,实现方位精聚焦。基于该通用模型,给出了实现的步骤,整个算法无需任何插值操作,只需复乘和FFT即可完成。该算法适用于宽测绘带高分辨率聚束式SAS的精确而高效成像处理。最后,通过计算机仿真,验证了该通用模型的有效性。     

编队目标成像技术研究

编队目标由于各目标回波在距离域和多普勒域都有重叠,难以直接利用单目标的成像方法对多目标进行成像。本文提出先对多目标进行统一的距离走动校正,然后采用广义二阶keystone变换校正距离弯曲,最后采用基于调幅-线性调频信号模型的参数估计方法得到多目标的距离-瞬时多普勒图像。仿真数据的处理表明了所提方法的有效性。     

极坐标格式算法在水下目标成像中的研究

在理想的水下转台目标成像中,常用的距离-多普勒（Range-Doppler,简称RD）成像算法在目标转角增大时,成像散焦严重。为解决大转角成像带来的目标像模糊问题,提出了在逆合成孔径声纳中,采用极坐标格式算法（Polar Formation Algorithm,简称PFA）对转台目标进行成像,即对回波数据采取先插值后成像,仿真结果表明大转角情况下PFA成像效果相比RD算法成像有明显改善。     

基于几何法立体图像校正的研究

立体视觉图像校正是加速立体匹配简单而常用的技术之一。采用几何法对使用棱镜的单镜头立体视觉系统图像进行校正,根据成像原理,从图像平面像素点反推到三维实体点的分析运算,利用成像光线几何关系求解虚拟相机外部参数,实现极线的校正,避免了复杂相机标定过程。同时,该算法可以从双棱镜应用推广到多面棱镜的单棱镜立体视觉系统图像校正。实验结果表明,基于几何法对使用棱镜的单镜头立体视觉系统图像校正是有效的。     

雷达系统高机动目标检测的能量积累方法研究

研究了雷达系统检测和跟踪微弱目标的能量积累方法的性能,高速、变加速的机动性较强的目标在积累时间内不仅会出现距离徙动和多普勒模糊,不同时间段能量聚焦点还会发生偏移,因而传统的Keystone变换或者一般的频域补偿方法已不适合高机动目标能量的积累的问题,提出了一种结合先验信息进行实时补偿的频域滤波方法。该方法一方面利用不同参数构成的频域补偿函数消除距离徙动和多普勒模糊,参数的估计通过一步预测、精确搜索方法结合先验信息完成;另一方面根据不同脉冲时刻参数的变化对聚焦位置平移实现不同时间段的能量积累。仿真结果表明该方法能有效解决高机动目标的能量积累问题。     

基于双向转动因子的加权误差函数最小化逆合成孔径雷达方位标定方法

逆合成孔径雷达(Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar,ISAR)通常对非合作目标成像.为了实现对目标的精确识别,需要确定目标的二维分辨率.目标的距离向分辨率由发射信号的带宽决定,而方位向分辨率即方位向标定则由相干积累角度决定,因此转角估计对方位向标定至关重要.本文提出了一种基于转动因子的稳定双向加权误差函数的转角估计算法.其首先在距离多普勒算法成像的基础上将图像分为不同的子序列,然后通过双向加权误差函数最小化估计子序列图像间的最优转角,从而实现方位向标定,数值仿真和实际数据处理结果验证了该方法的准确性和鲁棒性.     

中点生成椭圆的整数型算法

在研究圆和椭圆生成算法基础上,通过构造递推表达式,给出中点生成椭圆的整数型算法,并对算法效率进行了分析。算法初始化时需进行两次乘法运算和一次移位运算,而生成各绘图点时只需要整数型加法运算,因此算法运算精度高、速度快,适合硬件的实现。采用VB编写程序对算法正确性进行了验证,该算法具有一定的理论和实用价值。     

High Resolution SAR Image Algorithm with Sample Length Constraints for the Range Direction

The traditional Range Doppler (RD) algorithm is unable to meet practical needs owing to the limit of resolution. The order of fractional Fourier Transform (FrFT) and the length of sampling signals affect SAR imaging performance when FrFT is applied to RD algorithm. To overcome the above shortcomings, the purpose of this paper is to propose a high-resolution SAR image algorithm by using the optimal order of FrFT and the sample length constraints for the range direction. The expression of the optimal order of SAR range signals via FrFT is deduced in detail. The initial sample length and its constraints are proposed to obtain the best sample length of SAR range signals. Experimental results demonstrate that, when the range sampling-length changes in a certain interval, the best sampling-length will be obtained, which the best values of the range resolution, PSLR and ISLR, will be derived respectively. Compared with traditional RD algorithm, the main-lobe width of the peak-point target of the proposed algorithm is narrow in the range direction. While the peak amplitude of the first side-lobe is reduced significantly, those of other side-lobes also drop in various degrees.     

纸塑复合袋磁力压紧纠偏装置设计及优化

为解决纠偏传输时纸塑复合袋易产生褶皱的问题,设计了一种磁力压紧纠偏装置。首先,综合利用磁压紧皮带、传送带和磁铁位置调整装置等零部件,完成了纸塑复合袋磁力压紧纠偏装置的结构设计,并根据纸塑复合袋的受力分析,建立了动态磁力压紧纠偏数学模型。然后,对纸塑复合袋磁力压紧纠偏装置进行有限元建模,并根据纸塑复合袋纠偏过程设置边界条件及接触参数,采用显示动力学分析方法对其动态纠偏过程进行仿真。接着,基于仿真结果,结合BP（back propagation,反向传播）神经网络和GA（genetic algorithm,遗传算法）（简称为BP-GA算法）,建立了纸塑复合袋磁力压紧纠偏装置工艺参数优化模型。最后,通过相应的计算程序,实现了纸塑复合袋磁力压紧纠偏装置工艺参数的优化。结果表明：所设计的纸塑复合袋磁力压紧纠偏装置能较好地实现纠偏功能,可使纸塑复合袋在传输时产生的褶皱符合设计要求;纠偏时该装置的最优工艺参数为电磁铁磁力为7 N,左、右两侧皮带组件的间隙为476 mm,皮带组件与纸塑复合袋之间的动摩擦系数为0.25,实验结果与基于BP-GA算法的寻优结果较为一致。研究结果可为纸塑复合袋连续磁力纠偏的深入研究提供一定的参考。     

New SAR Imaging Algorithm via the Optimal Time-Frequency Transform Domain

To address the low-resolution imaging problem in relation to traditional Range Doppler (RD) algorithm, this paper intends to propose a new algorithm based on Fractional Fourier Transform (FrFT), which proves highly advantageous in the acquisition of high-resolution Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images. The expression of the optimal order of SAR range signals using FrFT is deduced in detail, and the corresponding expression of the azimuth signal is also given. Theoretical analysis shows that, the optimal order in range (azimuth) direction, which turns out to be very unique, depends on the known imaging parameters of SAR, therefore the engineering practicability of FrFT-RD algorithm can be greatly improved without the need of order iteration. The FrFT-RD algorithm is established after an analysis of the optimal timefrequency transform. Experimental results demonstrate that, compared with traditional RD algorithm, the main-lobe width of the peak-point target of FrFT-RD algorithm is narrow in both range and azimuth directions. While the peak amplitude of the first sidelobe is reduced significantly, those of other side-lobes also drop in various degrees. In this way, the imaging resolution of range and azimuth can be increased considerably.     

Effect of processing method on migration of antioxidant from HDPE packaging into a fatty food simulant in terms of crystallinity

Migration of additives from plastic packaging into food products is generally considered to be affected by polymer crystallinity. In the present work, migration of Irganox 1010 from high density polyethylene into a fatty food simulant (ethanol 95%) was studied for samples prepared with different percent crystallinities. For this purpose, 2 different processing techniques, injection and compression molding, were used, and the preparation conditions were changed to obtain high density polyethylene samples with crystallinities in the range of 50 to 70%. Migration analysis was carried out at 121°C for 2 hours, and then at 40°C for 238 hours using high performance liquid chromatography. In general, the injection molded specimens had lower crystallinity and higher overall migration than the compression molded ones. A similar trend for both injection and compression molded samples was observed indicating that the overall migration was a function of crystallinity degree. However, the specific migration rates of Irganox 1010 especially before 50 hours were found to be different for the 2 processing methods because of dissimilar morphologies. Theoretical modeling based on Fickian diffusion was applied to give more insights into the involved processes during specific migration. The interaction of the food simulant with the polymer was taken into account considering the food sorption into the polymer. By fitting the model on experimental data, it was possible to obtain the model parameters such as partition coefficients (K) and the swelling constant (B) as a function of sample crystallinity.     

Assessment of a bidirectional reflectance distribution correction of above-water and satellite water-leaving radiance in coastal waters

Water-leaving radiances, retrieved from in situ or satellite measurements, need to be corrected for the bidirectional properties of the measured light in order to standardize the data and make them comparable with each other. The current operational algorithm for the correction of bidirectional effects from the satellite ocean color data is optimized for typical oceanic waters. However, versions of bidirectional reflectance correction algorithms specifically tuned for typical coastal waters and other case 2 conditions are particularly needed to improve the overall quality of those data. In order to analyze the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) of case 2 waters, a dataset of typical remote sensing reflectances was generated through radiative transfer simulations for a large range of viewing and illumination geometries. Based on this simulated dataset, a case 2 water focused remote sensing reflectance model is proposed to correct above-water and satellite water-leaving radiance data for bidirectional effects. The proposed model is first validated with a one year time series of in situ above-water measurements acquired by collocated multispectral and hyperspectral radiometers, which have different viewing geometries installed at the Long Island Sound Coastal Observatory (LISCO). Match-ups and intercomparisons performed on these concurrent measurements show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the algorithm currently in use at all wavelengths, with average improvement of 2.4% over the spectral range. LISCO's time series data have also been used to evaluate improvements in match-up comparisons of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer satellite data when the proposed BRDF correction is used in lieu of the current algorithm. It is shown that the discrepancies between coincident in-situ sea-based and satellite data decreased by 3.15% with the use of the proposed algorithm. This confirms the advantages of the proposed model over the current one, demonstrating the need for a specific case 2 water BRDF correction algorithm as well as the feasibility of enhancing performance of current and future satellite ocean color remote sensing missions for monitoring of typical coastal waters.     

基于神经网络和方差的快速分形图像编码算法

为克服快速分形图像编码带来的解码图像质量下降问题,提出了一种神经网络与方差混合编码的快速分形图像编码算法.该算法结合图像子块复杂度与方差值的对应关系,根据每个区块的方差值大小选择适当的映射编码方法,即对于方差值相对小的区块采用方差编码以提高编码速度,对于方差值相对大的区块采用神经网络编码以提高编码质量.该算法可以较好地修正传统分形编码中由于自仿射映射结构限制所带来的解码质量偏低的问题,在大幅提高编码速度的同时,很好地保持了图像的编码质量.实验结果表明,该算法对比基本分形编码算法可以加速24倍,解码图像的质量对比方差快速分形编码算法有1.1dB的提高.同时,该算法的硬件实现比较容易,非常贴近实用化.     

Multiscale gradient domain compression for astronomical high dynamic range imaging

Visualisation of high dynamic range images requires compression of the data to be properly displayed on media with more limited dynamic ranges. Astronomical images pose a difficult challenge for dynamic range compression algorithms, due to the nature of the imaged objects and to the lack of a reflectance illumination model based on spatial frequencies. As a result, most of the algorithms commonly used for daylight high dynamic range compression fail in achieving an optimal visualisation of astronomical targets. We propose an extended multiscale algorithm based on compression of the dynamic range in the gradient domain. Our algorithm effectively compresses the dynamic range, enhances local contrast and avoids noise amplification. This is achieved with a multiscale representation of the image and the use of luminance information. Our results show a significantly improved visualisation of astronomical images compared to the standard gradient domain compression, as well as more robustness to noise and better artefact suppression.     

Perceptual image hashing using local entropies and DWT

Abstract

Image hashing is an emerging technology in multimedia security. It uses a short string called image hash to represent an input image and finds applications in image authentication, tamper detection, digital watermark, image indexing, content-based image retrieval and image copy detection. This paper presents a hashing algorithm based on the observation that block entropies are approximately linearly changed after content-preserving manipulations. This is done by converting the input image to a fixed size, dividing the normalised image into non-overlapping blocks, extracting entropies of image blocks and applying a single-level 2D discrete wavelet transform to perform feature compression. Correlation coefficient is exploited to evaluate similarity between hashes. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is robust against content-preserving operations, such as JPEG compression, watermark embedding, Gamma correction, Gaussian low-pass filtering, adjustments of brightness and contrast, scaling and small angle rotation. Similarity values between hashes of different images are small, indicating good performances in discriminative capability.