电子膨胀阀开度及制冷剂充灌量对家用空调器性能影响的研究

对于家用变频空调系统,电子膨胀阀开度的改变会影响制冷系统的过冷度、过热度、蒸发压力等,从而影响系统的制冷量和COP。本文主要研究电子膨胀阀开度、压缩机运行频率以及制冷剂充灌量对空调系统性能的影响。研究结果表明:压缩机运行频率一定时,随电子膨胀阀开度的增大,系统的制冷量和COP均先增大后减小,存在最大值,且最大制冷量和最大COP对应的电子膨胀阀开度相同;压缩机在低频运行时,系统具有较高的COP,随制冷剂充灌量的增加,系统的制冷量和COP均先增大后减小,试验机型的最佳制冷剂充灌量为1 230g。     

电子膨胀阀调节对空气源热泵热水器性能的影响

节流装置的调节对空气源热泵热水系统的性能有着重要影响,电子膨胀阀因其调节范围广而逐渐得到应用,因此需要对其深入研究。以空气源热泵热水器实验系统为研究对象,通过改变电子膨胀阀开度,研究不同调节方式对系统性能的影响。结果表明:1)相同膨胀阀开度下,系统制热量和系统COP随加热的进行均呈先上升后下降的趋势;不同膨胀阀开度下,在加热前期(20~30℃),膨胀阀开度越大,系统COP越大;在加热后期(45~55℃)结果相反;2)在加热过程中,各膨胀阀开度下系统COP趋势线相互交叉,由于压缩机少量吸气带液可以改善系统性能,因此交叉点与各阀开度下过热度达到0 K的点相近但并不重合;3)以水箱平均温度为控制对象调节电子膨胀阀的方法(优化1#)对系统COP的最大优化率为24.8%;以压缩机吸气过热度为控制对象调节电子膨胀阀的方法(优化2#)与优化1#系统COP相比,最大相差4.2%,且经过实验验证具有适用性。     

充注量对空气源热泵热水器性能的影响

本文通过实验比较了热泵热水器在不同制冷剂充注量下的制热性能和电子膨胀阀的调节特性,定量研究了电子膨胀阀调节方式对制热性能的影响。结果表明:阀开度16%和定过热度10℃工况下的最佳充注量均为1.1 kg,相应的最佳整体制热性能COP_a分别为3.05和3.68;过大的充注量降低了制热性能和电子膨胀阀的调节范围;与阀开度调节相比,过热度调节可避免吸气带液的发生;在最佳充注量下,对比阀开度和过热度两种电子膨胀阀调节方式得出,后者制热性能更优。     

补气对热泵低温工况性能影响的试验研究

经济器热泵主回路与补气回路均采用开度可调的电子膨胀阀,分别在环境温度-15℃、-10℃、7/6℃下,试验研究不同主回路电子膨胀阀EEV_1和补气回路电子膨胀阀EEV_2开度组合时的系统性能,得到了经济器热泵低温工况下运行时的控制策略:在吸气压力不至过低,排气温度不超过保护温度的前提下尽可能的降低主回路电子膨胀阀开度,同时控制补气回路电子膨胀阀开度使得补气过热度尽可能较小。相比不补气而言,在试验工况下,补气时的制热量和COP最高可分别提升28.7%和11.1%。     

基于变频压缩机的跨临界CO_2热泵热水器名义工况的试验研究

搭建基于变频压缩机的跨临界CO_2热泵热水器试验台。在系统制冷剂充注量为950 g,测试工况为名义工况的前提下,分析电子膨胀阀开度和压缩机运行频率对系统参数,包括压缩机吸气温度和压力,排气温度和压力,系统制热量和制热性能系数COP_h的影响。试验结果表明:随着电子膨胀阀开度的增大,压缩机吸气温度降低,吸气压力升高,而排气温度和排气压力趋势性走低,中间偶有起伏;制热量随着电子膨胀阀开度的增大逐渐降低,制热性能系数COP_h在电子膨胀阀一定开度范围内存在一个最优值;压缩机吸气温度受频率的影响较小,吸气压力则随着频率的增加而降低,排气温度和排气压力均随频率的增加而升高;制热量随着频率的升高而增大,制热系数COP_h最大值出现在低频率范围。     

制冷剂充注量及毛细管长度对空气源热泵热水器性能的影响

对一台空气源热泵热水器进行制冷剂充注量和毛细管长度的性能匹配试验。试验结果表明:在试验所取的制冷剂充注量和毛细管长度范围内,随着制冷剂充注量增大,制热量和COP先增大后减小,功耗则不断增大;随着毛细管长度增大,制热量、功耗和COP均是先增大后减小;当系统在最佳匹配时,COP达到4.14 W/W。制冷剂充注量和毛细管长度对制热量的影响相对较大,对功耗的影响相对较小,当制冷剂充注量和毛细管长度发生变化时,在差异程度最大时,制热量的变化率比功耗的变化率分别高183.3%和82.4%;在制冷剂充注量较大时,COP会明显下降。当制冷剂充注量较大时,在运行前期的水温增长速率比制冷剂充注量较小时高,在运行后期(约60 min以后)反而比较低。     

家用CO_2热泵热水器系统试验研究

为了提高CO_2热泵热水器的性能系数,笔者所在单位设计了一台制热量为4.5 kW的CO_2空气源热泵热水器,试验研究了系统最优高压压力以及节流元件对系统的影响,试验表明,膨胀阀开度越小,系统效率越高,但过热度也会越高,综合考虑150步为最佳开度,名义工况下的最优高压压力为9.5 MPa,对应的制热系数为2.7。在热泵出水温度60~80℃范围内,平均提高1℃温度,系统能效比降低1.3%。寒冷工况下,仍能达到65℃的出水温度,说明了CO_2热泵在低温环境下的运行优势。     

多功能空调热水器最佳制冷剂充注量的实验与分析

本文提出了一种新型双节流储液器,该装置可以自动调节系统的制冷剂循环量,使得多功能空调热水器能够在多种模式下稳定运行。依据于COP最大的原则,通过实验确定了多功能空调热水器在夏天单独制冷和制冷兼制热水两种模式下制冷剂的最佳充注量,实验结果表明本装置在室外环境温度为32±1℃时,夏季单独制冷、制冷兼制热水两种模式下的最佳充注量分别为6.5 kg、7.5 kg,相应的最大COP分别为3.80、5.88。当制冷剂充注量发生变化时,通过调节系统的节流阀,能够使系统的COP接近于制冷剂最佳充注量所能达到的效果。另外,考察了最佳充注量下节流阀开度对COP、过冷度及过热度的影响,当制冷剂充注量相同,制冷兼制热水模式的COP和制冷量与单独制冷模式的相比,前者更大些。实验结果显示了双节流储液器对制冷剂循环量具有调节作用,达到了节能的效果。     

家用直膨式太阳能热泵热水系统试验研究

搭建家用直膨式太阳能热泵热水系统试验台,测试分析太阳辐照度、水箱设定温度、集热蒸发器面积等对系统性能的影响。研究发现:在太阳辐照度由780 W/m~2提高到900 W/m~2时,系统平均COP可提高8%左右;该系统相比于同工况下常规空气源热泵热水系统平均COP提高33.2%左右;水箱设定温度每提高5℃,系统平均COP降低12%左右,建议控制水箱温度在50～55℃;综合考虑系统经济性、加热时间及系统性能,建议将采用容积为150 L水箱的直膨式太阳能热泵热水系统的集热蒸发器面积控制在2.0～2.6 m~2。     

电动汽车热泵空调系统低温制热性能及优化

热泵空调系统在满足电动汽车冬季供暖需求方面发挥了重要作用。本文采用新型低GWP值的R1234yf为制冷剂?对电动汽车热泵空调系统在－20~7 ℃环境下的低温制热性能进行了测试?对电动汽车冬季热负荷进行标定,并且与制冷剂R134a进行了对比,研究了系统制冷剂充注量、制热量、COP和排气温度的变化,同时对系统各部件火用损失进行了分析计算并根据结果 确定系统优化方向。结果表明:该系统最佳制冷剂充注量为1406g,制热量与COP在大部分工况下达到2kW与18以上,能够满足低温制热需求;R1234yf 直接替代R134a时,系统制热量与COP比R134a系统低71％与66％,系统的排气温度比R134a平均低53 ℃,系统工作更稳定可靠;热泵空调系统内冷凝器与压缩机的火用损失占系统总火用损的80％以上,是重点优化方向;增大内部冷凝器换热面积、增大风量、提高压缩机转速可显著提升R1234yf系统制热性能,使之与R134a系统的制热性能相比大约相等或者更高。     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.     

Early ironwork in Biscay: Survey,excavation, experimentation and materials characterization. An integral study of the mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte or “haizeolak”)

ABSTRACT

The production of iron in Biscay (Basque Country, Spain) has been a hallmark of this territory of the North of the Iberian Peninsula throughout its history. The Archaeology team of the Basque Country Mining Museum has spent 13 years, so far, studying the origins of this activity through the evidences left at the old pre-hydraulic iron production workshops known as mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte) or haizeolak. It has catalogued 170 archaeometallurgical sites of this type in Biscay, and the archeological excavation of some of them has led to the knowledge of the different stages of the production process that took place in these workshops. The team has also experimentally reproduced the work carried out in a mountainside ironworks from the High Middle Ages, and it has currently started the characterization process of this type of activity through the study of the collected materials.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Mechanism Study on the Wear of CrAlTiN Coated High-Speed Steel Twist Drills Under Dry Cutting Conditions

As demands about environment protection are growing up, dry cutting technology is getting more and more concerns from all over the world. Main works performed here are study on dry cutting performances and wear mechanisms of M2high-speed steel (HSS) twist drills with CrAlTiN multicomponent coatings, which was deposited using magnetron sputter ion plating system, in drilling 45 and 30CrMnSiA steel, and their comparisons to those in drilling the same steel but using monolayer CrN and commercial TiN coated drills. Drilling performances of drills are evaluated mainly through the measurements of width on outer corner flank land and the cutting forces. Results show that performances of CrAlTiN coated drills are better than those of monolayer CrN and TiN coated drills. In drilling 45 and 30CrMnSiA steel, the average tool life of the CrAlTiN coated drills are 17.2 and 11.8 times higher than those of the uncoated drills. Observing wear of the drill with scanning electronic microscope, results show that there is no crack or spallation of the CrAlTiN coatings in wear zones. Main mechanism of the wear here is adhesion.     

Structural Characteristics of TiO2 Ceramic Coating by Micro-Plasma Oxidation

TiO2 ceramic coatings with thickness of 20 μm were formed on the surface of pure titanium by micro-plasma oxidation. Their micro-structures were investigated by by using X-ray diffraction and their surface images were detected by using scan electronic microscope. There were three kinds of TiO2 coatings, pure anatase type TiO2 phase, mixed phases consisted of rutile type TiO2 phase and anatase type TiO2 phase, pure rutile type TiO2 phase. The coating surface with the pure anatase type TiO2 phase is rough, while the coating surface with the pure rutile type TiO2phase is smooth. The upper coating surface with the mixed type TiO2 phases is anatase type TiO2 structure and the subsurface of the TiO2 coating is rutile type TiO2structure.