Tensile and flexural properties of injection-moulded short glass fibre and glass bead ABS composites in the presence of weldlines

The effect of weldline on tensile and flexural properties of ABS reinforced with short glass fibres (ABS/GF) and spherical glass beads (ABS/GB) was investigated as a function of glass fibre and glass bead concentrations. The weldline was formed in the moulded specimens by direct impingement of two opposing melt fronts (i.e. cold weld). It was found that elastic modulus of ABS/GF composites, with or without weldlines increased linearly with increasing volume fraction of fibres (ϕ_f), according to the rule-of-mixtures for moduli. The presence of weldline reduced tensile and flexural modulus of the ABS/GF composites. Weldline integrity factor for elastic modulus of ABS/GF composites decreased linearly with increasing ϕ_f. Results showed that tensile and flexural strength of ABS/GF increased with increasing ϕ_f in a nonlinear fashion. Flexural strength was consistently greater than tensile strength for the same ϕ_f. Weldline affected both strengths in a significant way; weldline integrity factor decreased with increasing ϕ_f and was independent of loading mode. Tensile and flexural modulus of ABS/GB composites increased linearly with increasing volume fraction of glass beads (ϕ_b), showing no loading mode dependency. Although modulus of the ABS/GB system was not affected significantly by the weldline, its strength was affected, and more so in flexure than in tension. Weld and unweld strengths decreased with increasing ϕ_b in both tension and flexure according to Piggott and Leidner relationship; for the same ϕ_b, flexural strength was always greater than tensile strength. Weldline integrity factor for tensile strength of ABS/GF system was considerably lower than that for ABS/GB system but weldline integrity factor for flexural strength was almost the same for the two composite systems.     

Influence of weldlines on tensile properties of hybrid acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) composites filled with short glass fibres (GF) and glass beads (GB)

The present study investigated the effect of weldlines on tensile strength and modulus of injection moulded ABS polymer reinforced with both short fibres (GF) and spherical glass beads (GB). It was observed that tensile strength and modulus of ABS/GF/GB hybrids increased with increasing the concentration total of glass in the hybrid as well as the concentration of glass fibres in the hybrid (χ _GF ). Results indicated that tensile strength and modulus of ABS/GF/GB hybrids obey the rule-of-mixtures. The presence of weldlines had a negative effect on tensile properties of ABS/GF/GB hybrids. Although tensile strength and modulus of ABS/GF/GB hybrids were reduced in the presence of weldlines, nonetheless both increased with increasing the total concentration of the glass particles and χ _GF . The observed linearity of weldline strength and modulus with χ _GF indicated that these properties like their unweld counterparts can be expressed by simple rule-of-mixtures. It was noted also that weldline integrity factor for tensile modulus and strength decreased with increasing χ _GF and the total concentration of the glass particles in the hybrids. Weldline integrity values indicated that hybrid tensile strength was more affected by the weldlines than hybrid modulus.     

The relation of dynamic elastic moduli,mechanical damping and mass density to the microstructure of some glass-matrix composites

Dynamic elastic moduli and mechanical damping were measured with the PUCOT (piezoelectric ultrasonic composite oscillator) technique at room temperature for ceramic-matrix composites (CMCs) of the following compositions: PRD-166 (fibres)/N51A glass (matrix), PRD-166 fibres coated with SnO₂/glass, Nextel 480 fibres/glass, Nextel 480 fibres coated with SnO₂/glass, and Nextel 480 fibres coated with BN/glass. The fibres were continuous, and the volume fractions varied from 0.24 to 0.43. Some of the mechanical-property measurements correlated with the thickness of one of the coating materials, and with microstructural observations of the misorientation angle of the fibres and normalized fibre length. With increasing volume fractions of fibres, the fraction of broken fibres increased. For the PRD-166/glass and PRD-166/SnO₂/glass, a substantial fraction of the fibres were misoriented by angles of up to 15 °. Assessments were made of the measured properties in terms of the rule of mixtures and other theoretical estimations.     

埃洛石-玻纤/聚四氟乙烯复合材料的摩擦磨损热膨胀及力学性能

采用冷压成型烧结工艺制备出玻璃纤维（GF）和埃洛石（HNTs）填充的聚四氟乙烯（PTFE）复合材料。研究了填料类型及不同配比的填料对PTFE复合材料的界面、摩擦学性能、线膨胀系数及力学性能的影响。结果表明:适量填充HNTs可以提升GF/PTFE复合材料的摩擦磨损、热膨胀及力学性能。填充2.0%HNTs时的HNTs-GF/PTFE复合材料比GF/PTFE复合材料的磨损率降低32.7%,高温时HNTs-GF/PTFE复合材料的线膨胀系数（CTE）比纯PTFE降低近2个数量级,断裂伸长率、拉伸强度和弯曲强度分别提高40.0%、2.3%和7.1%。      

Hybridisation effect on flexural properties of single- and double-gated injection moulded acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) filled with short glass fibres and glass beads particles

The present study investigated the effect of hybridisation on flexural strength and modulus of single-gated (SG) and double-gated (DG) injection moulded acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) polymer reinforced with both short glass fibres (GF) and spherical glass beads (GB). It was observed that flexural strength and modulus of SG and DG ABS/GF/GB hybrids increased with increasing the total concentration of the glass in the hybrid as well as the concentration of glass fibres in the hybrid (χ _f). Results indicated that hybrid flexural properties for both SG and DG mouldings obey the simple rule of mixtures. The presence of weldlines in DG mouldings had a negative effect on flexural properties. It was noted that weldline integrity factor (weld to unweld property ratio) for flexural modulus and strength decreased with increasing the total concentration of the glass in the hybrid. However, whilst weldline integrity factor for flexural modulus decreased with increasing χ _f, weldline integrity factor for flexural strength showed no significant variation with respect χ _f. Weldline integrity factors indicated that the hybrid flexural strength is more affected by the presence of weldline than the hybrid flexural modulus.     

玻璃纤维/聚乳酸复合包装薄膜的制备及表征

目的添加适量的玻璃纤维(GF)改善聚乳酸(PLA)的力学性能以适应产品的包装。方法聚乳酸与玻璃纤维共混制备复合包装材料,为了增加2种物质的相容性,加入KH550改性玻璃纤维以增强材料的力学性能。测试该复合材料力学性能、透光率、红外谱图,并用扫描电子显微镜观察复合包装材料的断面形貌。结果聚乳酸中添加一定量的玻璃纤维后,复合薄膜的力学性能增强。添加质量分数为15%的玻璃纤维,薄膜的拉伸强度最大;添加质量分数为25%的玻璃纤维时,冲击强度最大;用质量分数为1%的KH550偶联剂改性玻璃纤维,明显增强了GF和PLA的相容性,拉伸强度明显提高;GF所占比例愈大,GF/PLA复合薄膜材料的透光率越低,雾度越高,对包装材料的可视性有一定的影响。结论玻璃纤维具有超强的增强效果,其在改善聚乳酸脆性方面具有显著的意义和广阔的发展前景。     

The effects of Clay on fire performance and thermal mechanical properties of woven glass fibre reinforced polyamide 6 nanocomposites

The effects of small amount of organically modified Clay (Clay) in polyamide 6 (PA6) on fire performance and thermal mechanical properties of Clay/PA6/woven glass fibres (GF) laminates are investigated by cone calorimeter test, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), and heat distort temperature (HDT) measurement. The mechanical properties, such as tensile and flexural properties of Clay/PA6 composites and Clay/PA6/GF laminates were also measured. Up to 3 wt.% Clay in a Clay/PA6/GF laminate with fibre volume fraction of 30 vol.% delayed the ignition time and peak heat release rate (PHRR) time by 55% and 118%, respectively, even though the value of the PHRR or the HDT was not significantly affected. 2 wt.% Clay increased flexural modulus and strength of the Clay/PA6/GF laminate by 10% and 16%, respectively, but more Clay did not increase the mechanical properties accordingly. Small amount of Clay does not affect glass fibre dominated properties, such as HDT, but do affect matrix dominated properties, and significantly affect the fire performance in terms of delaying ignition time and PHRR time. Optimization of laminate making process could benefit from additions of more Clay, therefore further improve fire performance and enhance mechanical properties.     

Effects of fabric parameters on the tensile behaviour of sustainable cementitious composites

The mechanical behaviour of fabric-reinforced composites can be affected by several parameters, such as the properties of fabrics and matrix, the fibre content, the bond interphase and the anchorage ability of fabrics. In this study, the effects of the fibre type, the fabric geometry, the physical and mechanical properties of fabrics and the volume fraction of fibres on the tensile stress–strain response and crack propagation of cementitious composites reinforced with natural fabrics were studied. To further examine the properties of the fibres, mineral fibres (glass) were also used to study the tensile behaviour of glass fabric-reinforced composites and contrast the results with those obtained for the natural fabric-reinforced composites. Composite samples were manufactured by the hand lay-up moulding technique using one, two and three layers of flax and sisal fabric strips and a natural hydraulic lime (NHL) grouting mix. Considering fabric geometry and physical properties such as the mass per unit area and the linear density, the flax fabric provided better anchorage development than the sisal and glass fabrics in the cement-based composites. The fabric geometry and the volume fraction of fibres were the parameters that had the greatest effects on the tensile behaviour of these composite systems.     

接头尺寸对玻璃纤维/热塑性树脂复合材料机械连接性能的影响接头尺寸对玻璃纤维/热塑性树脂复合材料机械连接性能的影响

对玻璃纤维/聚酰胺（GF/PA）、玻璃纤维/聚甲醛（GF/POM）、玻璃纤维/聚丙烯（GF/PP）这三种玻璃纤维增强热塑性树脂基复合材料进行机械连接试样的常规拉伸试验,以及低周疲劳拉伸试验,并对疲劳前后的试样断裂面进行SEM观察,研究了接头尺寸（宽径比w/d （试样宽度/开孔直径）和端径比e/d （试样端距/开孔直径））对机械连接件破坏载荷和破坏模式的影响。实验结果表明:玻璃纤维增强纤热塑性树脂复合材料机械连接件的承载能力在一定的宽径比时会随着e/d的增加而增加,当w/d≥3、e/d≥2时趋于稳定;破坏模式以拉伸破坏为主;低周疲劳拉伸对GF/POM和GF/PA机械连接试样拉伸强度产生一定的影响,而对GF/PP的拉伸强度无明显影响,低周疲劳拉伸对玻璃纤维增强热塑性树脂复合材料机械连接试样的破坏模式没有影响。SEM观察显示,随着疲劳载荷水平的增加,GF/POM和GF/PA的断裂面上被抽拔纤维数量增加,而GF/PP断裂面纤维与基体的存在状态无明显变化。      

空心玻璃微珠填充改性POM的结构与性能

用空心玻璃微珠填充改性聚甲醛(POM)。研究了玻璃微珠的含量、粒径对POM／玻璃微珠复合体系力学性能、流动性和分散形态等的影响。结果表明,影响复合体系性能的主导因素是玻璃微珠在POM中的分散形态及其与POM间的界面粘结状况。用量一定的小粒径玻璃微珠可在POM中均匀分散,与POM间界面粘接好,可以提高复合体系的性能。     

Micromechanical modelling of the viscoelastic behaviour of an amorphous poly(ethylene)terephthalate (PET) reinforced by spherical glass beads

Homogenization micromechanical models are applied to predict the linear viscoelastic properties of an amorphous poly(ethylene)terephthalate (PET) composite in the range of glass transition by using the elastic-viscoelastic superposition principle defined by Hashin [1]. An amorphous PET is reinforced by glass beads and is submitted to dynamic mechanical tests at temperatures surrounding its quasi-static glass transition temperature. The viscoelastic properties of the matrix and the elastic properties of the beads are measured experimentally. The micromechanical models predictions of the linear viscoelastic behaviour in the glassy state are acceptable. In the rubbery state, the beads seem to reduce the molecular mobility of the matrix driving to a large change in the viscoelastic properties of the materials. Thus, this paper aims to emphasize that classical homogenization micromechanical models, which depend only on the constituent behaviour, shape and distribution, cannot predict this change in the linear viscoelastic behaviour of the beads/PET composites.     

连续长玻璃纤维/聚氨酯复合材料的制备与力学性能

以三羟基聚醚多元醇（PPG）、二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯（MDI）作为软段和硬段,玻璃纤维（GF）为增强体,采用预聚体法制备自交联型GF/聚氨酯（PU）复合材料。借助旋转式黏度计、DMA、SEM、XRD和万能力学试验机等分析检测手段,研究了PU预聚体聚合温度、适用期、物相及GF含量等因素对GF/PU复合材料力学性能的影响。结果表明:PU预聚体聚合温度为50℃,GF含量为55wt%时,GF/PU复合材料综合性能最优,拉伸强度、弯曲强度和冲击韧性分别为794 MPa、846 MPa和228 kJ/m2,动态力学性能损耗因子（tanδ）峰值为0.59。      

玻璃微珠含量及粒径对填充聚丙烯复合材料动态力学性能的影响

应用动态力学分析仪,在－１５０￣１０１０℃的温度范围内,考察了玻璃微珠填充聚丙烯中微珠的含量及其粒径对复合材料动态力学性能的影响。结果表明,室浊下的贮能模量和 损耗模量随着微珠体积分数Φｆ的增加而呈非线性形式增大;在相同条件下,最大粒径微珠填充体系的动态模量高于较小粒径微珠填充体系;微珠含量和粒径对复合材料的阻尼的影响不明显;在Φｆ５％￣１５％范围内,玻璃化转变温度随着Φｆ的增加而增大,然后随之下     

Mechanical properties of injection moulded styrene maleic anhydride (SMA) Part II Influence of short glass fibres and weldlines

The dependence of the various mechanical and fracture properties on the volume fraction ofshort glass fibres in the styrene maleic anhydride (SMA) polymer was investigated. Special attention has been given to describing the dependence of various mechanical properties on the volume fraction of the glass fibres, f by way of the rule of mixtures. It was found that, strength, elastic modulus and fracture toughness, all follow a simple rule-of-mixtures of the form Qc=Qff+Qm(1–f), where Qc is the measured quantity for the composite, Qm and Qf are the corresponding values for the matrix and the fibre, respectively, and is the overall efficiency of the fibres, taking into account the orientation and the length of the fibres in the composite. It was also found that, while the presence of the weldline had no significant effect upon elastic modulus, its presence significantly reduced tensile strength and the fracture toughness of SMA and its composites. © 1998 Kluwer Academic Publishers     

Effects of hybrid composition of LCP and glass fibres on abrasive wear of reinforced LLDPE

The hybrid of liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) fibres and glass fibres (GF) provide a combination of modulus and toughness to semi-crystalline linear-low-density-polyethylene (LLDPE). LCP and GF fibres reinforced composites were studied using two-body abrasion tester under different applied loads. Two sets of fibre reinforced LLDPE, 10 and 20 vol%, were investigated. The contents of LCP and glass fibres were varied as 25, 50, 75 and 100 vol% of overall volume of fibres in LLDPE. The effect of replacing glass fibre with LCP fibre on wear is reported. Wear loss increased with the applied loads and glass fibre contents in LLDPE. The replacements of glass fibres with LCP fibres improved abrasive wear resistance of composite. The composite containing 20 vol% of glass fibres in LLDPE showed the specific wear rate nearly double to that of LCP fibre reinforced LLDPE. Incorporation of LCP fibre improved wear resistance of glass fibre reinforced LLDPE. Worn surfaces were studied using SEM. Glass fibres were broken in small debris and removed easily whereas LCP fibres yielded to fibrillation during abrasive action. The overall wear rate was governed by the composition and test conditions.     

连续玻璃纤维和玻璃微珠共增强尼龙6复合材料的抗冲击性能

低速冲击是聚合物基复合材料在运输和服役过程中常见损伤方式,常造成复合材料结构损伤、性能降低、承载能力下降,影响使用。针对2D纤维增强聚合物基复合材料在冲击载荷作用下抗分层能力差的问题,本文采用熔融挤出结合热压成型法制备了二元和三元尼龙6(PA6)基复合材料,对比研究了连续玻璃纤维(GF)、玻璃微珠(GB)及两者共增强PA6基复合材料的摆锤冲击性能和落锤低速冲击响应。结果表明：(1) GF和GB能显著提高PA6的抗冲击性能,且GF的增强效果明显高于GB;(2) GB增强PA6基复合材料(GB/PA6)的冲击强度随GB加入量增大而先增大后降低,加入量为25wt%时冲击强度最大;冲击载荷作用下,25wt%GB/PA6的耗能机制除了界面脱粘和钉扎效应之外,还发现GB在PA6基体中的滑移耗能新机制;(3) GF和GB共增强PA6复合材料(GB-GF/PA6)中纤维起主要的增强作用,摆锤冲击实验和落锤冲击实验均证明存在协同增强效应;(4) GF和GB共增强的协同增强效应是由于共增强复合材料在冲击载荷作用下,抗Ⅱ型裂纹扩展能力提高,使复合材料抗分层能力得到强化;从而证明在基体中引入适量球形GB是提高...     

Jute-reinforced polyester composites

Raw jute fibre has been incorporated in a polyester resin matrix to form uniaxially reinforced composites containing up to 60 vol% fibre. The tensile strength and Young's modulus, work of fracture determined by Charpy impact and inter-laminar shear strength have been measured as a function of fibre volume fraction. These properties all follow a Rule of Mixtures relationship with the volume fraction of jute. Derived fibre strength and Young's modulus were calculated as 442 MN m^–2 and 55.5 GN m^–2 respectively. Polyester resin forms an intimate bond with jute fibres up to a volume fraction of 0.6, above which the quantity of resin is insufficient to wet fibres completely. At this volume fraction the Young's modulus of the composite is approximately 35 GN m^–2, the tensile strength is 250 MN m^–2, the work of fracture is 22 kJ m^–2 and the inter-laminar shear strength is 24 MN m^–2. The properties of jute and glass fibres are compared, and on a weight and cost basis jute fibres are seen in many respects to be superior to glass fibres as a composite reinforcement.     

聚苯硫醚及其玻璃纤维增强复合材料力学性能研究

本文利用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)研究了国产低分子量聚苯硫醚及其固相热处理产物的热行为,并用悬浮-熔融法制备了玻璃纤维增强聚苯硫醚复合材料的预浸带,测定了其单向板的力学性能,观察了其断口形貌。结果表明:低分子量聚苯硫醚经过固相热处理后,其T_g、T_c上升,T_m下降;热处理后的聚苯硫醚玻纤复合材料在室温时的力学性能有很大程度的提高,其高温性能受玻璃化转变的影响显著;通过SEM观察断口发现其破坏主要属于界面脱粘。     

Thermal Diffusivity and Thermal Conductivity of Dispersed Glass Sphere Composites Over a Range of Volume Fractions

Glass spheres are often used as filler materials for composites. Comparatively few articles in the literature have been devoted to the measurement or modelling of thermal properties of composites containing glass spheres, and there does not appear to be any reported data on the measurement of thermal diffusivities over a range of filler volume fractions. In this study, the thermal diffusivities of guar-gel/glass sphere composites were measured using a transient comparative method. The addition of the glass beads to the gel increased the thermal diffusivity of the composite, more than doubling the thermal diffusivity of the composite relative to the diffusivity of the gel at the maximum glass volume fraction of approximately 0.57. Thermal conductivities of the composites were derived from the thermal diffusivity measurements, measured densities and estimated specific heat capacities of the composites. Two approaches to modelling the effective thermal diffusivity were considered.     

GF/PCBT复合材料熔融连接接头失效分析的实验研究与数值模拟

为了解决高黏度热塑性树脂难以制备高强度、大尺寸纤维增强热塑性复合材料构件的问题,采用真空辅助树脂传递模塑(VARTM)工艺与热压工艺相结合的方法,以环状对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(CBT)在催化剂作用下聚合成的聚环状对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PCBT)为基体,制备了纤维体积分数达70%的连续玻璃纤维(GF)/PCBT复合材料层合板及熔融连接件,并测得其力学参数。采用数值模拟方法对连接界面层数分别为1、2、3层的A、B、C型3种不同方案的GF/PCBT复合材料熔融连接接头的承载能力和失效模式进行了预测。结果表明:不同的结构设计方案对GF/PCBT复合材料接头性能的影响较大,当连接长度在一定范围内时,接头区域主要发生界面分层失效,接头处复合材料的翘曲为界面裂纹加速扩展的主要因素,C型连接方式的接头结构承载能力相比于A型连接方式有明显提高;增加C型接头连接长度,试件承载能力提高,直至接头处界面分层失效和纤维、基体失效同时发生;继续增加连接长度,纤维与基体失效将成为接头区域的主要失效模式,此时承载能力无明显提升。