基于热障涂层的La2Zr2O7材料改性研究进展

随着航空发动机不断向高推重比、高性能方向发展,传统、单一的热障涂层(Thermal barrier coating, TBC)已经不能满足热端部件严苛的服役要求。锆酸镧(La₂Zr₂O₇)具有熔点高、高温下结构稳定、低热导率等优点,具有极好的隔热性能,有望成为新一代热障涂层候选材料,但在实际应用中仍存在两大关键问题,即热膨胀系数低和断裂韧性差。因此,La₂Zr₂O₇材料在服役过程中会因热失配而造成局部热应力集中,导致涂层过早剥落失效,严重影响涂层的服役寿命。国内外研究表明,对La₂Zr₂O₇材料进行改性可以有效解决上述问题。为此,系统分析了关于La₂Zr₂O₇材料改性的研究工作,将La₂Zr₂O₇材料改性总结为4类：第二相复合、稀土掺杂、纳米化和高熵化。重点介绍...     

Gd2Zr2O7陶瓷的高温热物理性能及Gd2Zr2O7-8YSZ双涂层制备

通过高温固相合成方法制备了烧绿石结构Gd₂Zr₂O₇陶瓷材料,研究了其高温相稳定性和热物理性能。采用电子束物理气相沉积方法制备了Gd₂Zr₂O₇-8YSZ(8%Y₂O₃-ZrO₂)双陶瓷层结构热障涂层,分析了涂层顶层的晶体结构和原子数量比。结果表明,Gd₂Zr₂O₇在室温至1500℃范围内具有良好的相稳定性,比第一代热障涂层8YSZ的高温相稳定区间提高250℃以上。Gd₂Zr₂O₇块材的热膨胀系数在100~1500℃范围内介于8.8×10^-6~11.0×10^-6 K^-1之间,与8YSZ接近; 在1000~1400℃高温区间,热导率约为1.0 W(m·K)^-1,比8YSZ降低一半左右。沉积制得的Gd₂Zr₂O₇涂层化学成分符合化学计量比,为烧绿石结构,涂层呈现典型的柱状晶结构。     

La2O3对电火花沉积Fe基涂层组织和耐磨性能的影响

采用电火花沉积工艺在3Cr₂Mo钢表面制备Fe基和Fe/La₂O₃涂层,以考察La₂O₃对Fe基涂层组织及耐磨性能的影响。利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度计和摩擦磨损试验机研究Fe基和Fe/La₂O₃涂层的显微组织、相结构、显微硬度及耐磨性能。结果表明：Fe基和Fe/La₂O₃涂层主要由γ-（Fe, Ni）固溶体和Cr₇C₃、CrB、Fe₃C等硬质相组成,La₂O₃的加入使Fe基涂层中生成新物相CrC、LaNi₄Si。Fe/La₂O₃涂层的组织结构为莲藕状互联的网状组织,且靠近涂层表面区域组织更加细小;La₂O₃使Fe基涂层中的夹杂物、裂纹、孔洞等缺陷大大减少,组织更加均...     

杂质对氧化锆热障涂层性能的影响

降低热障涂层面层中的低熔点杂质含量, 可提高涂层的高温稳定性和延长服役寿命。SiO₂、Al₂O₃和Fe₂O₃是氧化钇稳定氧化锆(Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia, YSZ)热障涂层中几种常见的低熔点氧化物杂质, 均会对涂层的性能产生一定的影响。本研究采用大气等离子喷涂法, 制备SiO₂、Al₂O₃和Fe₂O₃的含量从小于0.01wt%增加至1.00wt%的YSZ热障涂层。采用扫描电镜(SEM)和透射电镜(TEM)研究了上述涂层的微观结构; 采用激光热导仪测试了涂层的热扩散系数和抗热震次数。研究结果表明, 低熔点氧化物杂质对YSZ涂层的导热性、热处理状态的孔隙率具有明显影响, 且更容易引起涂层的热震失效。当杂质氧化物含量在小于0.2wt%范围内变化时, 涂层的性能变化更为显著。     

LaMeAl11O19/YSZ热障涂层热力学性能和热循环寿命

LaMeAl₁₁O₁₉陶瓷具有独特的晶体结构, 优异的热力学性能, 低热导率, 高温相稳定性等特点, 是一类非常有应用前景的热障涂层(TBC)材料。本研究通过大气等离子喷涂(APS)制备了LaMeAl₁₁O₁₉/YSZ (Me=Mg, Cu, Zn)双陶瓷层热障涂层。通过对涂层进行火焰热循环测试并结合扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪等分析技术对涂层进行失效分析。结果表明, LaMgAl₁₁O₁₉ (LMA)、LaZnAl₁₁O₁₉ (LZA)和LaCuAl₁₁O₁₉ (LCA)粉末在等离子喷涂过程中发生了分解, 导致三种涂层中磁铅石相含量的差异, 从而影响三种涂层的热循环寿命。由于LaMeAl₁₁O₁₉层与YSZ层的热膨胀系数不匹配以及非晶相重结晶产生的体积收缩, LaMeAl₁₁O₁₉层从YSZ层上剥落。YSZ层暴露在高温下, 加速了烧结和TGO的生长, 又促进了YSZ层剥落。低温下, LaMeAl₁₁O₁₉的热导率随着Me原子序数增加而降低; 高温下, 与LMA和LZA相比, LCA涂层红外发射率最高(0.88, 600 ℃), 削弱了光子传导对热导率的贡献, 导致热导率降低, LCA在高温红外辐射涂层中具有潜在的应用价值。     

纳米热障涂层材料Ln2(Zr0.7Ce0.3)2O7(Ln=La,Nd,Sm,Gd)的热物性能

用水热合成法制备纳米热障涂层材料Ln₂(Zr_0.7Ce_0.3)₂O₇ (Ln=La,Nd,Sm,Gd),表征其晶体结构、形貌、晶格参数、平均粒径尺寸和比表面积并研究了相关的热物性能及其机理。对XRD谱和Raman谱的分析表明,La₂(Zr_0.7Ce_0.3)₂O₇、Nd₂(Zr_0.7Ce_0.3)₂O₇和Sm₂(Zr_0.7Ce_0.3)₂O₇均为烧绿石结构,而Gd₂(Zr_0.7Ce_0.3)₂O₇为萤石结构。结合SEM观察、体积收缩以及相对密度,分析了块...     

镀铝表面改性7YSZ纳米热障涂层热震性能分

为提高7YSZ纳米热障涂层的热震性能, 实验中采用超音速火焰喷涂(HVOF)在涡轮叶片模拟工件上制备了粘结层NiCrCrAlYTa, 再使用大气等离子喷涂(APS)在粘结层上制备了7YSZ纳米陶瓷层。采用磁控溅射在7YSZ热障涂层样品表面镀铝, 并在不同压力下(200、250、300 Pa)对镀铝样品进行热处理表面改性。对喷涂态样品和镀铝改性后样品进行水淬热震实验, 1050℃保温10 min+水冷5 min为一个热循环, 观察热障涂层镀铝改性前后样品在水淬热循环过程中形貌和结构演变。实验结果表明, 镀铝改性后样品表面存在铝薄膜蒸发、凝固后形成的疏松纳米Al晶粒表层以及由Al和ZrO₂原位反应形成的致密α-Al₂O₃底层。在镀铝样品热处理过程中, 随着压力升高, 疏松层致密度逐渐增加。不同热处理压力下镀铝表面改性后样品经过73次水淬热循环后剥落面积均小于喷涂态样品, 显示出良好的抗热震性。     

热障陶瓷涂层的最新发展

综述了现代航空发动机用热障陶瓷涂层的最新发展，着重介绍了双陶瓷层，电子束物理气相沉积（EB－PVD）和溶液等离子喷涂（SPS）纳米热障陶瓷涂层的性能和特点。     

YZrHf热障涂层的制备及热震性能分析

目的 研究喷涂态YZrHf热障涂层的微观组织及其抵抗高温热冲击的性能,探讨高温条件下热生长氧化物(TGO)对陶瓷层的影响。方法 采用大气等离子喷涂(APS)技术制备厚度约为300μm的YZrHf热障涂层,并将涂层在950℃下保温15 min后进行水冷循环热震实验,直至涂层剥落失效,使用SEM、EDS、X射线衍射仪对制备态及热震实验后的热障涂层微观组织进行分析。结果 涂层表面粗糙不平且分布有十几到几十微米长度的网状裂纹,这些相互贯通的裂纹为氧气的进入提供了通道。经过101次循环热震实验后,涂层部分区域剥落失效,SEM结果显示,在陶瓷层/黏结层界面处、黏结层内部均出现了热生长氧化物,且在陶瓷层中分布有横向、纵向的贯通性裂纹,而在TGO生长区域,也出现了一些小裂纹,但涂层并未剥落。经测定分析可知,TGO的主要成分为Al₂O₃、Cr₂O₃、NiO以及尖晶石氧化物组成的混合物(CSN)。结论 热震实验后TGO层中Al元素贫化,Ni、Cr等元素向界面处迁移参与反应,同时尖晶石氧化物以α-Al₂     

粗糙度对热障涂层冲蚀失效的影响及模型建立

采用气体喷砂试验机研究了大气等离子喷涂(APS) ZrO₂-7%Y₂O₃(7YSZ)热障涂层的冲蚀失效机理, 分析了陶瓷层表面粗糙度对热障涂层冲蚀磨损率及失效行为的影响, 研究了基于多孔层状的热障涂层在常温高速粒子90°攻角下的冲蚀失效特征, 探讨了多孔层状结构对涂层冲蚀失效演变机制的作用, 此外, 建立了基于粗糙度的冲蚀失效数学模型。研究结果表明: 冲蚀磨损率与陶瓷层表面粗糙度呈线性递增关系; 涂层在高速粒子冲蚀下多孔层状结构加剧了涂层的冲蚀失效; 涂层表面在粒子冲蚀下承受着非均匀、非连续的压-压脉动循环载荷, 在微凸粗糙表面承载着正应力和切应力的相互作用; 正应力迫使涂层出现凹坑, 切应力易导致涂层出现沟槽, 并同时以原喷涂态表面网状裂纹为策源地诱发裂纹在粒子晶界和层间界面萌生扩展导致涂层产生粒子和片状剥落, 最终涂层显示出典型的磨粒磨损和低周疲劳失效形式。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Assessment of intakes of mixtures of radionuclides

Australia has several uranium mines and a large number of mineral sand mines, with associated processing facilities. Exposures resulting from these mining and processing operations usually involve intakes of mixtures of radionuclides. This work describes the development of a suite of first order, linear compartment models, based on the ICRP Publication 66 respiratory tract model, and an analytical solution to the decay equations, for assessing the consequences of such intakes. The computer programs based on these models directly compute excretion, organ retention and organ and whole-body doses for intakes of either single radionuclides or any mixture of radionuclides belonging to the same radioactive decay chain. The intake can be via inhalation, ingestion or injection, and can be acute, chronic or of limited duration. The starting concentration and degree of secular (dis)equilibrium can be specified for each radionuclide. No assumptions need to be made about the relative magnitudes of the radioactive half-lives of the different nuclides.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Analysis of anisotropy of properties on the basis of studies of texture of coarse-grained ingots of thermoelectric materials

An analysis of anisotropy of the properties of a Bi₂Se_0.3Te_2.7 solid solution was carried out using construction of demonstrative surfaces for thermoelectric effectiveness and thermal expansion coefficients. It is shown that the texture is an important factor forming anisotropy of properties and technological fitness of ingots for manufacturing modules. Anisotropy of properties based on the studies of the ingot textures obtained using the float-zone method and Bridgman method (growing thermoelectric plates in a flat cavity) was studied.