球形孔通孔和闭孔泡沫铝合金的超声衰减性能

研究了球形孔通孔和闭孔泡沫铝合金在1 MHz～10 MHz的超声衰减性能.结果表明:泡沫铝合金的超声衰减性能决定于其孔结构;通孔泡沫铝合金的超声衰减系数α随着孔径d的减小、孔隙率Ps减小和比表面积Sv的增加而增大;闭孔泡沫铝合金的超声衰减系数α随孔径d的减小、孔隙率Ps的增加和比表面积Sv的增加而增大;当孔径d、孔隙率Ps相近时,闭孔泡沫铝合金的超声衰减性能优于通孔泡沫铝合金;在1 MHz～10 MHz二者是具有良好阻尼性能的轻质材料.其衰减机制为在弹性范围内超声应力波在具有大量孔隙界面的泡沫铝合金中的衰减.     

不同厚度碳纤维布/环氧树脂复合材料孔隙率超声衰减模型

复合材料中孔隙的存在造成了材料性能的下降,因此,对材料孔隙的检测至关重要。本文利用异丙醇(IPA)添加量的不同,制备了不同层数、不同孔隙率含量的碳纤维(CF)布/环氧树脂层合板试件。采用脉冲反射法测试计算了CF布/环氧树脂层合板试件的超声衰减系数,通过金相显微分析对孔隙的分布、形状及尺寸进行了表征,运用MATLAB对金相显微图进行分析得到试件的孔隙率。讨论了孔隙率对材料的声速、声阻抗及超声衰减系数的影响规律,利用4组不同层数样本试件的孔隙率和超声衰减量的试验数据,给出了基于模型的孔隙率与材料层数、超声衰减量的拟合公式。结果表明,随着IPA添加量的增加, CF布/环氧树脂层合板(2 mm)孔隙率从1.09%增加到4.16%,材料的声速和声阻抗均下降,超声衰减系数从2.51 dB/mm增大到5.34 dB/mm。孔隙率为1%时,厚度从2 mm (8层)增加到5 mm(20层),衰减系数增大了0.54 dB/mm。     

基于仿真方法的CFRP复合材料孔隙率与超声衰减系数的关系

为从超声衰减机制角度解释碳纤维增强树脂基（CFRP）复合材料孔隙率P与超声衰减系数α之间呈非唯一对应关系的原因,针对厚度为2 mm的热压罐成型单向CFRP层板,建立了具有不同孔隙尺寸的CFRP模型（P=0.5%~3.5%）,并采用数值计算方法得到衰减系数α值。当孔隙横向尺寸D=56 μm,即归一化波数kD=2π D/λ <1（超声波波长λ ≈560 μm）时,α随P增大而缓慢线性增加;当D=93 μm（kD ≈ 1）时,α随P增大呈对数增长。仿真结果表明,超声波在含孔隙CFRP中传播时,随着归一化波数的不同,超声波衰减可能包括瑞利散射和随机散射两种机制,孔隙形貌的随机复杂性导致CFRP孔隙率与超声衰减系数之间呈现非唯一对应关系。     

C/SiC复合材料空气耦合超声检测数值模拟

针对高孔隙率C/SiC复合材料空气耦合超声检测,引入考虑孔隙形貌的随机孔隙模型开展数值模拟研究。结合力学和声学性能测试计算材料弹性刚度矩阵,借助组织分析建立考虑孔隙微观形貌、孔隙率分别为5%、10%、15%的随机孔隙有限元模型,研究了空气耦合超声透射法检测过程中超声波传播特征及典型缺陷的响应规律。结果表明:材料纵波声速约2830 m/s,横观各向同性五个独立弹性常数分别为158.149、88.589、34.141、15.288和13.793 GPa。孔隙呈长条状,随孔隙率增加,超声衰减逐渐增大;孔隙尺寸与波长的比值约在0.05~0.22范围,主要为瑞利散射机制。高孔隙率、复杂孔隙形貌显著影响超声波的传播过程,导致个别条件下声场指向性发生偏转,影响缺陷检测。当分层缺陷长度由0增加到25 mm时,接收信号幅值衰减增大,与无分层模型相比最大衰减增加33.9 dB。随着复合材料层板厚度的增加,超声衰减进一步增强,声场也将产生一定偏转,主要体现孔隙和分层的共同作用。计算结果与实验吻合较好,为高孔隙率C/SiC复合材料的高质量无损检测提供支撑。      

基于数值计算方法的CFRP层板二维细观形貌多孔隙超声散射衰减

针对超声波在含有多孔隙的复合材料中传播时,邻近孔隙超声散射波之间相互作用和散射衰减机制尚未澄清的问题,对孔隙率为7.47%的碳纤维增强复合材料（Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic,CFRP）采用时域有限差分方法进行数值计算,对比研究了CFRP层板中不同尺寸范围二维真实形貌孔隙及圆形孔隙对应的超声散射衰减系数。结果表明,对于横向尺寸m≤λ/8、λ/8_s普遍小于真实形貌孔隙的α_s。对于孔隙横向尺寸满足m<2λ/3的情况,大尺寸孔隙以及长条形孔隙的存在,整体上会使超声波散射衰减加重。     

碳纤维复合材料对超声衰减的频域分析

采用反射法对两组不同碳纤维复合材料试块进行了超声检测, 并用快速傅立叶变换( FFT) 方法分析了信号的频域特征。结果表明: 超声衰减系数与频率之间存在线性关系, 而且其斜率随孔隙率的增大而增大。孔隙对超声波的衰减作用使超声信号的峰值降低、频宽变窄且使中心频率降低。超声信号矩心频率的偏移与孔隙率之间、超声衰减率与孔隙率之间均呈线性关系。频域内的特征量与孔隙率之间的线性关系为建立正确的孔隙率频域检测模型提供了基础。      

玻璃纤维复合材料孔隙率对超声衰减系数及力学性能的影响

在0.1~0.6 MPa热压压力条件下, 制备了不同孔隙率含量的玻璃纤维布/618环氧树脂层压板试件。采用超声C扫描及烧蚀密度法测定了试件的超声衰减系数与平均孔隙率, 并通过金相显微分析对孔隙的分布、 形状及尺寸进行了表征。讨论了孔隙率对层压板拉伸、 弯曲和层间剪切性能及超声衰减系数的影响规律, 获得了使力学性能下降的临界孔隙率及衰减系数值。结果表明, 随着固化压力减小, 孔隙率从0.976%增加到5.268%, 抗拉强度、 弯曲强度和层间剪切强度均下降, 衰减系数由1.460 dB·mm^-1增加到2.150 dB·mm^-1, 使力学性能下降的临界衰减系数约为1.5 dB·mm^-1。     

孔隙对碳纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料超声衰减系数及压缩性能的影响

孔隙对碳纤维增强环氧树脂（CF/EP）复合材料的力学性能和破坏模式有显著的影响,因此需要建立准确的孔隙率无损检测评估方法,并基于所评估的孔隙率提高CF/EP复合材料压缩性能预测的可靠性。本文主要研究了孔隙对CF/EP复合材料的超声衰减系数和压缩性能的影响,通过降低固化压力至0.7~0.2 MPa和延长预浸料室温贮存时间至30~180天的方法,制备了不同孔隙率的CF/EP复合材料层压板,通过金相验证其孔隙率在0%~3.0%之间,孔隙类型主要为层中孔隙和层间孔隙。通过理论和试验的方法,基于超声反射法建立了孔隙率与超声衰减系数的关系曲线,由孔隙引起超声衰减系数为α_v=1.08P_v2(P_v为孔隙率),与前人基于超声穿透法所得的超声衰减系数α_v=0.61P_v2较好地符合2倍声程的关系。对不同孔隙率的CF/EP复合材料层压板进行压缩测试实验,特别考虑了贴片和加载方向对测试结果的影响。从细观角度研究了含孔隙的CF/EP复合材料层压板的压缩破坏模式。结果表明:CF/EP复合材料层压板的压缩强度随孔隙率增加而下降,孔隙率增加至2.5%时,压缩强度下降13.7%,孔隙细观特征影响压缩破坏的形式,主要原因是孔隙诱发微裂纹的萌生和扩展,削弱了纤维与树脂间的结合力并引发纤维微屈曲。      

碳纤维复合材料孔隙率超声衰减测试研究

探讨和分析了碳纤维复合材料孔隙率检测的各种方法以及理论方面的研究,指出材料内部孔隙形状与孔隙含量存在着相关性,孔隙含量超声衰减测量应考虑孔隙形貌因素,超声波频率因素对超声衰减孔隙含量测量存在着影响,不同频率超声波影响着超声衰减孔隙含量计算公式的具体形式,复合材料孔隙率检测的难点在于破坏性实验及孔隙特性不能与实测中超声信号充分点点对应,不能有效充分考虑孔隙特性,提出了一种基于孔隙特征的多分段拟合孔隙率超声衰减测试方法,并以一简单例子对多分段拟合结果进行了分析.     

含孔隙碳纤维复合材料的超声衰减模型

从碳纤维复合材料孔隙率的超声脉冲检测原理出发,在假设其它缺陷的影响已在定性分析中排除、或以当量及修正的方式引入的前提下,对于根据孔隙直径适当给定的检测频率,建立材料的超声衰减模型,并导出超声衰减系数与材料和孔隙缺陷的主要参数之间的理论与统计关系,为建立新的检测方法提供理论支撑,改变现有检测方法的检测结果与理论模型的不一致现象.其中作为中间结果之一所建立的碳纤维声衰减模型及相应导出的声衰减系数与碳纤维含量和碳纤维半径之间的关系,不仅可服务于本文的直接应用目标,而且对于基于超声衰减原理的纤维增强复合材料无损检测的其它方面也具意义.作为中间结果之二所建立的分布孔隙率超声衰减模型,考虑到材料中的孔隙按其半径分布,而不同半径范围的孔隙表现出相异的声衰减特性这一实际情况,在由单一半径孔隙率声衰减模型导出的理论关系中引入了孔隙率与孔隙半径相关关系的统计特征,由此给出了更符合材料实际情况的修正模型和求解关系式.     

Ultrasound attenuation in cylindrical micro-pores: Nondestructive porometry of ion-track membranes

The propagation of ultrasonic waves in the cylindrical micro-pores (pore diam. <1 μm) of ion-track membranes (ITMs) is studied. This membrane fabrication technique provides unique possibilities to obtain cylindrical micro-pores with a very high degree of accuracy in pore shape, size, and orientation. Several ITMs were specially produced having the same pore diameter, orientation, and geometry, but different thickness. Porosity, pore diameter, and shape were determined using scanning electron microscopy, and then the coefficient of ultrasound transmission was measured using air coupling and spectral analysis. These experimental conditions permit us to eliminate the influence of the boundary conditions and to achieve a strong decoupling between the fluid filling the pores and the solid constituent of the membrane. Hence, the velocity and the attenuation coefficient for ultrasound propagation in the pores can be measured. These parameters are compared with the predictions made by conventional theories for sound propagation in porous media and in cylindrical channels. The conclusions of this work provide a better understanding of wave propagation in micro-pores and establish the basis of an ultrasonic porometry technique for ITMs.     

Modeling of gas porosity and microstructure formation during dendritic and eutectic solidification of ternary Al-Si-Mg alloys

A two-dimensional(2-D)multi-component and multi-phase cellular automaton(CA)model coupled with the Calphad method and finite difference method(FDM)is proposed to simulate the gas pore for-mation and microstructures in solidification process of hypoeutectic Al-Si-Mg alloys.In this model,the pore growth,and dendritic and eutectic solidification are simulated using a CA technique.To achieve the equilibrium among multiple phases during ternary Al-based alloy solidification,the phase transition thermodynamics and kinetics are evaluated by adopting the Calphad method.The diffusion equations of hydrogen and two solutes are solved by FDM.The developed CA-FDM coupled model can be used for sim-ulating the evolution of gas microporosity and microstructures,involving dendrites and irregular binary and ternary eutectics,of ternary hypoeutectic Al-Si-Mg alloys.It has the capability of reproducing the interactions between the hydrogen microporosity formation and the growth of dendrites and eutectics,the competitive growth among the growing gas pores of different sizes,together with the time-evolving concentration fields of hydrogen and solutes.The simulated morphology of gas pore and microstructure has a good agreement with the experimental observation.The influences of the initial hydrogen concen-tration and cooling rate on the microporosity formation are investigated.It is found that the main portion of porosity formation occurs in the eutectic solidification stage through analyzing the profiles of porosity percentage and solid fraction varying with solidification time.The varying features of simulated porosity percentage,the maximum and average pores radii indicate that increasing initial hydrogen concentration promotes the formation of higher final porosity percentage and larger pores,while the size of gas pores will significantly reduce with increasing cooling rate,leading to a lower final porosity percentage.     

Quantitative mapping of pore fraction variations in silicon nitride using an ultrasonic contact scan technique

An ultrasonic scan procedure using the pulse-echo contact configuration was employed to obtain maps of pore fraction variations in sintered silicon nitride samples in terms of ultrasonic wave propagation parameters. Ultrasonic velocity, attenuation coefficient, and reflection coefficient images were obtained simultaneously over a broad band of frequencies (e.g., 30 to 110 MHz) by using spectroscopic analysis. Liquid and membrane (dry) coupling techniques and longitudinal and shear-wave energies were used. The major results include the following: ultrasonic velocity (longitudinal and shear wave) images revealed and correlated with the extent of average through-thickness pore fraction variations in the silicon nitride disks. Attenuation coefficient images revealed pore fraction nonuniformity due to the scattering that occurred at boundaries between regions of high and low pore fraction. Velocity and attenuation coefficient images were each nearly identical for machined and polished disks, making the method readily applicable to machined materials. Velocity images were similar for wet and membrane coupling. Maps of apparent Poisson's ratio constructed from longitudinal and shear-wave velocities quantified Poisson's ratio variations across a silicon nitride disk. Thermography images of a disk indicated transient thermal behavior variations that correlated with observed variations in pore fraction and velocity and attenuation coefficients.     

Synthesis and structural control of Fe-based porous layer on Fe substrate for joining with resin parts using combustion reaction

A porous Fe/TiB₂ composite layer was synthesized on an Fe substrate by a powder metallurgy process using combustion reactions among Fe, Ti, and B to achieve Fe/resin joints through interpenetrating phase layers. The effects of Fe particle size and the blending ratio of the raw powder mixture on the porous structure, roughness of the top surface of the porous layer, and adhesiveness between the porous layer and Fe substrate were investigated. The peak temperature measured with a thermocouple increased with increasing Fe particle size and blending ratio of Ti and B. An increase in the peak temperature does not affect the porosity of the porous layer. Higher peak temperatures increase the pore size and change the pore morphology from open to semi-closed (although pores are not completely isolated). The change in pore morphology prevents the exposure of pores on the top surface of the porous layer, resulting in decreasing surface roughness. Moreover, an increase in the maximum temperature promotes bonding between the Fe substrate and porous layer. These results are discussed in view of the thermodynamic assessment using the calculated equilibrium phase diagram.     

Ultraschallschwächungsmessungen an einem martensitaushärtbaren Stahl

Ultrasonic Attenuation Measurements of a Maraging Steel The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of nm-precipitation of a precipitation hardening steel on the ultrasonic attenuation. The applied steel X 2 NiCoMo 1885 was solution annealed and subsequently precipitation hardened at 480 °C at different holding times. A clear correlation between ultrasonic attenuation coefficient for 4 Mc and hardness values measured in the range of the hardness increase can be seen. The particle density of the microstructure given is considered as the common cause of the influence of both parameters. The increase in the particle density leads to a decrease in the ultrasonic attenuation coefficient. The reneward increase in the US-attenuation coefficient may additionally be influenced by the beginning austenit reformation and has not been investigated in more details here.     

氧化石墨烯对水泥基复合材料自收缩的影响

氧化石墨烯(GO)表面富有大量的含氧基团,具有良好的亲水性,是新型纳米碳材料,会对水泥水化产物的形状及聚集态造成影响。本文将多层GO和水超声分散后形成GO分散液,对不同GO掺量的新拌水泥浆体的自收缩进行测试,并采用氮吸附法对其孔隙结构进行表征。结果表明,掺入GO会增加凝胶孔中的自由水,加快水泥水化速率,增大自收缩,且随着掺量的增加,自收缩会更加明显。由迟滞效应的特征推论出GO使得水泥浆体内部的孔隙呈现狭缝形。根据Kelvin方程的BJH法进行孔分布分析,探索GO对自收缩的调控机理。发现GO有助于细化内部孔径,使水泥浆体内部的大毛细孔向着小毛细孔转变,导致毛细孔压力增加,进而增加了水泥基复合材料的自收缩。