玻璃纤维复合材料孔隙率对超声衰减系数及力学性能的影响

在0.1~0.6 MPa热压压力条件下, 制备了不同孔隙率含量的玻璃纤维布/618环氧树脂层压板试件。采用超声C扫描及烧蚀密度法测定了试件的超声衰减系数与平均孔隙率, 并通过金相显微分析对孔隙的分布、 形状及尺寸进行了表征。讨论了孔隙率对层压板拉伸、 弯曲和层间剪切性能及超声衰减系数的影响规律, 获得了使力学性能下降的临界孔隙率及衰减系数值。结果表明, 随着固化压力减小, 孔隙率从0.976%增加到5.268%, 抗拉强度、 弯曲强度和层间剪切强度均下降, 衰减系数由1.460 dB·mm^-1增加到2.150 dB·mm^-1, 使力学性能下降的临界衰减系数约为1.5 dB·mm^-1。     

孔隙对碳纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料超声衰减系数及压缩性能的影响

孔隙对碳纤维增强环氧树脂（CF/EP）复合材料的力学性能和破坏模式有显著的影响,因此需要建立准确的孔隙率无损检测评估方法,并基于所评估的孔隙率提高CF/EP复合材料压缩性能预测的可靠性。本文主要研究了孔隙对CF/EP复合材料的超声衰减系数和压缩性能的影响,通过降低固化压力至0.7~0.2 MPa和延长预浸料室温贮存时间至30~180天的方法,制备了不同孔隙率的CF/EP复合材料层压板,通过金相验证其孔隙率在0%~3.0%之间,孔隙类型主要为层中孔隙和层间孔隙。通过理论和试验的方法,基于超声反射法建立了孔隙率与超声衰减系数的关系曲线,由孔隙引起超声衰减系数为α_v=1.08P_v2(P_v为孔隙率),与前人基于超声穿透法所得的超声衰减系数α_v=0.61P_v2较好地符合2倍声程的关系。对不同孔隙率的CF/EP复合材料层压板进行压缩测试实验,特别考虑了贴片和加载方向对测试结果的影响。从细观角度研究了含孔隙的CF/EP复合材料层压板的压缩破坏模式。结果表明:CF/EP复合材料层压板的压缩强度随孔隙率增加而下降,孔隙率增加至2.5%时,压缩强度下降13.7%,孔隙细观特征影响压缩破坏的形式,主要原因是孔隙诱发微裂纹的萌生和扩展,削弱了纤维与树脂间的结合力并引发纤维微屈曲。      

CFRP中孔隙几何形貌与超声衰减系数关系的研究

通过金相和超声衰减系数表征CFRP层压板中的孔隙,研究孔隙形貌对超声衰减的影响。结果表明:超声衰减系数随孔隙几何形貌参数(平均长、宽、面积)的增大而增大;平均孔隙长度随孔隙率的增加程度大于平均孔隙宽度随孔隙率的增加程度;超声衰减系数随主要尺寸区域内的孔隙所占比例的增加,总体趋势减小;同一孔隙率下,大尺寸孔隙所占的比例越多,其超声衰减系数越大。总之,本试验中孔隙形貌对超声衰减有一定的影响且不能忽略。     

CFRP随机孔隙模型及孔隙率超声检测数值模拟

基于炭纤维增强树脂基复合材料(CFRP)随机孔隙模型,提出采用时域有限差分法对CFRP孔隙率超声衰减检测进行数值模拟。针对孔隙率P=0.065%~4.96%,厚度2mm,纤维质量分数69%±3%的多层预浸料热压成型炭纤维单向增强环氧树脂基复合板,进行了数值模拟与实验测试。所得到的CFRP孔隙率与超声衰减系数间关系,在模拟与实验中展现了相似的规律。结果表明:利用随机孔隙模型结合时域有限差分法进行CFRP孔隙率超声检测数值模拟具有可行性。     

C/SiC复合材料空气耦合超声检测数值模拟

针对高孔隙率C/SiC复合材料空气耦合超声检测,引入考虑孔隙形貌的随机孔隙模型开展数值模拟研究。结合力学和声学性能测试计算材料弹性刚度矩阵,借助组织分析建立考虑孔隙微观形貌、孔隙率分别为5%、10%、15%的随机孔隙有限元模型,研究了空气耦合超声透射法检测过程中超声波传播特征及典型缺陷的响应规律。结果表明:材料纵波声速约2830 m/s,横观各向同性五个独立弹性常数分别为158.149、88.589、34.141、15.288和13.793 GPa。孔隙呈长条状,随孔隙率增加,超声衰减逐渐增大;孔隙尺寸与波长的比值约在0.05~0.22范围,主要为瑞利散射机制。高孔隙率、复杂孔隙形貌显著影响超声波的传播过程,导致个别条件下声场指向性发生偏转,影响缺陷检测。当分层缺陷长度由0增加到25 mm时,接收信号幅值衰减增大,与无分层模型相比最大衰减增加33.9 dB。随着复合材料层板厚度的增加,超声衰减进一步增强,声场也将产生一定偏转,主要体现孔隙和分层的共同作用。计算结果与实验吻合较好,为高孔隙率C/SiC复合材料的高质量无损检测提供支撑。      

孔隙对碳纤维/环氧复合材料层合板层间剪切疲劳性能的影响

研究了孔隙对碳纤维增强环氧树脂基复合材料层合板［(±45)/0₄/(0, 90)/0₂］_S的静态层间剪切强度和层间剪切疲劳性能的影响。采用不同的热压罐压力制备了孔隙率为0.4%~6.6%的试样。采用显微照相法和图像分析技术对孔隙率和孔隙的微观形貌进行了分析。研究结果表明, 随着热压罐压力的降低, 大孔隙(S>7.85×10-3mm2)所占的比例逐渐增加, 平均孔隙率增加。在孔隙率为0.4%~6.6%时, 每增加1%, 复合材料层压板的层间剪切强度下降2.4%。随着孔隙率的增加, 层压板的疲劳寿命降低。与静态试验相比, 孔隙率对层压板疲劳性能的影响比对静态性能的影响大。大孔隙的存在促进了疲劳裂纹的产生和扩展。      

内埋中空纤维法制备复合材料孔隙率标准试块的超声衰减特性

采用50D中空涤纶长丝埋入复合材料,模拟复合材料的孔隙,制备孔隙率标准试块。通过制备三种厚度(1.5,3.0和5.0mm)和五种孔隙率(0~5.76%)的碳纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料,采用超声C扫描测定不同孔隙率下复合材料的超声衰减,并和波音公司的标准试块进行了对比。研究了涤纶排列密度和在厚度方向上的排列位置对复合材料超声衰减的影响。结果表明,制备的标准试块和波音公司标准试块具有良好的一致性,用涤纶中空纤维模拟复合材料的孔隙率是可行的;随着涤纶排列密度的增加,孔隙率增加,超声衰减增加;在孔隙率不变的情况下,涤纶分布在不同的厚度位置上时,其复合材料的超声衰减基本一致。     

球形孔通孔和闭孔泡沫铝合金的超声衰减性能

研究了球形孔通孔和闭孔泡沫铝合金在1 MHz～10 MHz的超声衰减性能.结果表明:泡沫铝合金的超声衰减性能决定于其孔结构;通孔泡沫铝合金的超声衰减系数α随着孔径d的减小、孔隙率Ps减小和比表面积Sv的增加而增大;闭孔泡沫铝合金的超声衰减系数α随孔径d的减小、孔隙率Ps的增加和比表面积Sv的增加而增大;当孔径d、孔隙率Ps相近时,闭孔泡沫铝合金的超声衰减性能优于通孔泡沫铝合金;在1 MHz～10 MHz二者是具有良好阻尼性能的轻质材料.其衰减机制为在弹性范围内超声应力波在具有大量孔隙界面的泡沫铝合金中的衰减.     

含孔隙复合材料超声衰减分析的细观有限元模型

基于DIGIMAT/FE建立含孔隙复合材料细观模型,模型涵盖纤维、树脂和孔隙三相,有效反映了复合材料真实的微结构和细观材料属性,结合通用的ABAQUS/EXPLICIT对细观模型施加超声波激励。通过提取超声波在材料内传播云图,建立了单向连续纤维增强复合材料超声衰减和孔隙率的关系。以T800/环氧树脂复合材料体系为例,研究孔隙尺寸对超声衰减系数模拟结果的影响,并将数值模拟结果与解析模型得到的经验关系进行对比,验证了模型的有效性。该方法能够有效地指导实验过程,为降低复合材料孔隙率、提高其性能提供理论依据。     

基于仿真方法的CFRP复合材料孔隙率与超声衰减系数的关系

为从超声衰减机制角度解释碳纤维增强树脂基（CFRP）复合材料孔隙率P与超声衰减系数α之间呈非唯一对应关系的原因,针对厚度为2 mm的热压罐成型单向CFRP层板,建立了具有不同孔隙尺寸的CFRP模型（P=0.5%~3.5%）,并采用数值计算方法得到衰减系数α值。当孔隙横向尺寸D=56 μm,即归一化波数kD=2π D/λ <1（超声波波长λ ≈560 μm）时,α随P增大而缓慢线性增加;当D=93 μm（kD ≈ 1）时,α随P增大呈对数增长。仿真结果表明,超声波在含孔隙CFRP中传播时,随着归一化波数的不同,超声波衰减可能包括瑞利散射和随机散射两种机制,孔隙形貌的随机复杂性导致CFRP孔隙率与超声衰减系数之间呈现非唯一对应关系。     

Filled and unfilled temperature-dependent epoxy resin blends for lossy transducer substrates

In the context of our ongoing investigation of low-cost 2-dimensional (2-D) arrays, we studied the temperature- dependent acoustic properties of epoxy blends that could serve as an acoustically lossy backing material in compact 2-D array-based devices. This material should be capable of being machined during array manufacture, while also providing adequate signal attenuation to mitigate backing block reverberation artifacts. The acoustic impedance and attenuation of 5 unfilled epoxy blends and 2 filled epoxy blends - tungsten and fiberglass fillers - were analyzed across a 35degC temperature range in 5degC increments. Unfilled epoxy materials possessed an approximately linear variation of impedance and sigmoidal variation of attenuation properties over the range of temperatures of interest. An intermediate epoxy blend was fitted to a quadratic trend line with R² values of 0.94 and 0.99 for attenuation and impedance, respectively. It was observed that a fiberglass filler induces a strong quadratic trend in the impedance data with temperature, which results in increased error in the characterization of attenuation and impedance. The tungsten-filled epoxy was not susceptible to such problems because a different method of fabrication was required. At body temperature, the tungsten-filled epoxy could provide a 44 dB attenuation of the round-trip backing block echo in our application, in which the center frequency is 5 MHz and the backing material is 1.1 mm thick. This is an 11 dB increase in attenuation compared with the fiberglass-filled epoxy in the context of our application. This work provides motivation for exploring the use of custom-made tungsten-filled epoxy materials as a substitute PCB-based substrate to provide electrical signal interconnect.     

CNT纸/SiC对称梯度层状复合材料的高温电磁屏蔽性能和介电性能

将单层碳纳米管(CNT)纸浸渍酚醛树脂致密化,通过树脂碳层层焊接得到厚度约为2.6 mm的CNT纸/SiC层状梯度复合材料,由13个CNT纸/SiC复合材料结构层和12个膨胀石墨增韧树脂C界面层组成,SiC含量沿厚度方向由中心向两端呈递增的对称梯度分布。CNT纸/SiC层状梯度复合材料的体积密度为1.65 g/cm3,开气孔率为7.25%,在宏观尺度范围获得在SiC基体中均匀弥散分布的高含量的CNT。在X频段范围,CNT纸/SiC层状梯度复合材料600℃时的平均总屏蔽效率(37.19 dB)高于室温(35.00 dB)。较之室温时的屏蔽性能,CNT纸/SiC层状梯度复合材料600℃时的反射系数略有减小,但吸收系数明显增加,透射系数由0.0003减小至0.0002,展示了良好的在电磁屏蔽领域尤其是高温屏蔽领域的应用前景。在X频段范围,随温度由室温升高至600℃,CNT纸/SiC层状梯度复合材料的虚介电常数平均值由114.6增大至149.1;平均损耗正切值由1.62增大至1.79。      

Quantitative analysis of the influence of voids and delaminations on acoustic attenuation in CFRP composites by the laser-ultrasonic spectroscopy method

The aim of the present work is to develop the ultrasonic spectroscopy method using laser thermoelastic generation and piezoelectric detection of broadband acoustic pulses for quantitative evaluation of the influence on the ultrasonic attenuation coefficient of microscopic dispersed voids and interply delaminations in CFRP laminates. The specimens under study have different entire porosity values up to 10% determined by the X-ray computer tomography. The ultrasonic attenuation resonance is observed in all specimens governed by their periodic layered structure. The absolute maximum and the frequency bandwidth of the resonance peak depend on the total porosity level formed by the predominant type of imperfections, either of only microscopic spheroidal voids entrapped in the epoxy layers or of additional extended interply delaminations. The derived empirical relations between these parameters and the total porosity level can be used for rapid nondestructive evaluation of the structure of CFRP composite laminates subject to different manufacturing conditions.     

Characterizing ultra-thin matching layers of high-frequency ultrasonic transducer based on impedance matching principle

The quarter-wavelength (lambda/4) acoustic matching layer is a vital component in medical ultrasonic transducers, which can compensate for the large acoustic impedance mismatch between the piezoelectric material and the human body. At high frequencies (approximately 100 MHz), the lambda/4 matching layers become extremely thin, and the characterization of their properties becomes very challenging. We report a method to measure the phase velocity and attenuation of ultra-thin layers using the lambda/4 matching principle, in which the acoustic impedance of the thin layer is between the substrate and water. The method has been successfully used to characterize epoxy films on glass substrate. The experimental results show good agreement in the phase-velocity measurement between our proposed method and the conventional ultrasonic spectroscopy method, but the attenuation measurement is sensitive to the properties of the substrate and water medium as well as the alignment of the sample.     

A novel ultrasonic transducer backing from porous epoxy resin–titanium–silane coupling agent and plasticizer composites

In this paper, a new composite for ultrasonic attenuation backing has been successfully fabricated from porous epoxy resin containing titanium (Ti), silane coupling agent and plasticizer composites. The effect of Ti particles on the network structure and mechanical properties of epoxy resin has been analyzed in detail. The ultrasonic parameters in epoxy composites have been measured by a conventional pulse-echo-overlap technique at a frequency of 1–5 MHz. The effect of Ti content and temperature on the longitudinal sound velocity and attenuation of epoxy resin composites were investigated. Precise in situ observations of the acoustic properties such as attenuation and acoustic impedance of epoxy composites are expected to be useful for ultrasonic transducer systems for new as well as for backing application with high attenuation.     

定向凝固镍基合金DZ444声学特性的各向异性

选取定向凝固镍基高温合金DZ444不同方向片状试样,利用电子背散射衍射等技术表征晶体取向和微观组织,利用脉冲回波技术分析纵波声速和声衰减系数。结果表明:两声学特性呈各向异性,随着试样平面法向与凝固方向之间夹角φ由0°到45°再到90°,纵波声速由5533m/s增大到6595m/s后又降至5634m/s,而声衰减系数逐渐增大,变化约0.19dB/mm;对信号频谱分析发现,表面回波与一次底波的主频差值、主频幅值差值及表观积分反射系数均逐渐增大,这主要是由微观组织和晶体取向差异造成的。