汽油辛烷值机校准方法

辛烷值是石油产品主要技术指标,汽油辛烷值机是用来测量石油产品辛烷值等参数的仪器。文章对汽油辛烷值机部分参数的校准方法进行了研究,为汽油辛烷值机的测量使用提供了参考。     

基于CFR辛烷值测量系统的不确定度评定

为了测量汽油样品的辛烷值,建立了一套CFR辛烷值测量系统,分析了该系统中影响辛烷值测量的各不确定度分量因素,主要包括辛烷值自动配样机、辛烷值的重复性试验、辛烷值机自身等。计算了这些分量因素的不确定度。经过不确定度的合成,表明在置信水平95%时,构建的CFR辛烷值台架试验测量系统,其研究法辛烷值的扩展不确定度为0.7,满足了汽油燃料的测量不确定度要求。     

用近红外技术测量汽油辛烷值

本文论述了用近红外光谱法测量汽油辛烷值的原理和方法。采用该方法研制的测量仪器，在７０～９７辛烷值范围之间，测量准确度达到±１．５个辛烷值。     

车用无铅汽油中研究法辛烷值不确定度的评定

辛烷值是衡量车用无铅汽油质量的主要指标 ,其工作原理决定了检测过程中的影响因素较为复杂 ,本文仅对研究法辛烷值测量不确定度的主要分量进行分析评定     

基于介电常数法的车用汽油辛烷值测定仪校准探讨

汽油辛烷值是衡量汽油在气缸内抗爆震燃烧能力的一种数字指标,可用辛烷值测定仪快速测量.汽油辛烷值测量结果的准确可靠,既可最大限度实现汽油的动力经济性能,也可提升驾驶安全性.本文探讨了用车用汽油辛烷值标准物质对基于介电常数法的车用汽油辛烷值测定仪进行校准,并对校准结果进行不确定度评定,为仪器测量结果可靠性提供前提保障.     

保证CFR F1/F2辛烷值机的正常运行提高清洁汽油的调和作用

结合辛烷值机操作的实际经验,总结了辛烷值机的常见故障,并归纳总结了故障排除方法,保证了辛烷值机的正常运行,从而为呼石化的汽油生产和提高汽油辛烷值以及汽油调和提供准确数据,进而充分发挥现有装置的技术优势,结合实际生产出清洁汽油,以满足汽油质量不断升级的要求。     

俄罗斯最近发现世界上首处纯铼矿

据有关媒体报导，日前，俄罗斯政府突然宣布，俄专家在南千叶群岛的伊图鲁普岛（日称为择捉岛）上发现了储量丰富的稀有战略金属铼矿，引起轰动。其原因是因为铼的价值超过白金，没有它就无法生产现代化飞机。据了解，铼主要用于生产航空发动机叶片、制造类似陀螺仪的高精设备、合成高辛烷值汽油。美国和德国还获得了制造铼过滤器净化汽车尾气的专利技术。     

基于BP神经网络的汽油辛烷值预测

辛烷值是汽油最重要的品质指标,传统的测试方法不适合在线测试。BP神经网络通过训练和学习可以实现预测的功能。本文介绍了BP神经网络的相关知识及其在汽油辛烷值预测中的应用。通过对网络输出结果的分析,证明了该网络的有效性。     

100万吨／年ARGG凝置关于节能减捧的探讨

ARGG是以常压渣油等重油为原料，采用具有特殊反应性能RMG、RAG系列催化剂及相应的工艺条件，通过提升管或床层反应器，最大量地生产富含低碳烯烃的液化气和高辛烷值汽油的新型催化转化工艺技术。ARGG在生产过程中会产生各种金属元素和危害气体等。本文主要以ARGG装置为例，介绍催化裂化的反映机理、工艺流程，重点介绍催化裂化过程中在节能减排方面存在的问题，并提出一些节能减排的建议。     

上海石油仪器厂研制的SYP2101汽油辛烷值测定机

汽车工业的发展,对车用汽油的质量提出了更高的要求,使得商标号为93号汽油使用比例不断增加。从环境保护上说要求汽油无铅化,从外向发展来说也要求尽快减少使用70号汽油。因此,对测试车用汽油重要性能指标——辛烷值(或抗爆指数)的测量仪器提出了要求。上海石油仪器厂为满足汽车制造、石油炼制、交通、商业、出口商检、技术监督等部门对辛烷值检验的需求,研制开发了SYP2101气油辛烷值测定机。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Assessment of intakes of mixtures of radionuclides

Australia has several uranium mines and a large number of mineral sand mines, with associated processing facilities. Exposures resulting from these mining and processing operations usually involve intakes of mixtures of radionuclides. This work describes the development of a suite of first order, linear compartment models, based on the ICRP Publication 66 respiratory tract model, and an analytical solution to the decay equations, for assessing the consequences of such intakes. The computer programs based on these models directly compute excretion, organ retention and organ and whole-body doses for intakes of either single radionuclides or any mixture of radionuclides belonging to the same radioactive decay chain. The intake can be via inhalation, ingestion or injection, and can be acute, chronic or of limited duration. The starting concentration and degree of secular (dis)equilibrium can be specified for each radionuclide. No assumptions need to be made about the relative magnitudes of the radioactive half-lives of the different nuclides.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Analysis of anisotropy of properties on the basis of studies of texture of coarse-grained ingots of thermoelectric materials

An analysis of anisotropy of the properties of a Bi₂Se_0.3Te_2.7 solid solution was carried out using construction of demonstrative surfaces for thermoelectric effectiveness and thermal expansion coefficients. It is shown that the texture is an important factor forming anisotropy of properties and technological fitness of ingots for manufacturing modules. Anisotropy of properties based on the studies of the ingot textures obtained using the float-zone method and Bridgman method (growing thermoelectric plates in a flat cavity) was studied.     

Numerical study of methods of linearization of the output characteristics of radio-frequency sensors of the level of dielectric media

Different constructions of the sensing elements of radio-frequency level sensors based on sections of long lines are numerically investigated by means of the Matlab program for the purpose of minimizing the measurement error caused by the nonlinearity of the output characteristic. It is shown that the nonlinearity is lowest for U-shaped designs. The nonlinearity factor KN may be regulated by varying the capacitance of a correcting capacitor connected to the input of the sensing element and (or) the length of one of the sections of the long line. In selecting an optimal capacitance of the correcting capacitor KN ≤ 0.15% for control media with dielectric permittivity in the range 2.2–30.     

Possibilities of Decreasing the Errors of Determination of the Height of the Pole of a Sessile Drop of Melt

We analyze the possibilities of decreasing the errors of measuring the height of the pole of a sessile drop of melt above its equator by determining the position of the equator according to the midpoints of vertical chords of the image of the drop. The optimal distance between these chords and the edge of the image of the drop is chosen within 10–20% of the radius of the equator. The proposed method guarantees the same level of errors of evaluation of the height of the pole and the radius of the equator, which enables one to substantially increase the accuracy of evaluation of the capillary constant and the surface energy of the melt according to the geometric parameters of the sessile drop.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.