两亲聚合物改性PVDF膜处理含油废水的研究

合成了一种两亲聚合物并共混到PVDF中,通过相转化法(L-S)制备改性PVDF平板膜,研究了改性膜在含油废水处理中的应用.通过对浓度为80～240mg/L含油水的膜分离实验表明,改性膜比纯PVDF膜的截留率和水通量都有显著提高.纯PVDF膜除油率最高达89.1％,而改性膜除油率最高达97.0％.衰减趋稳后,纯PVDF膜水通量在20 L/(m2·h)左右,而改性膜水通量稳定在50 L/(m2.h)左右.     

PVC/PAN共混膜的制备与性能

采用溶液相转化法制备了聚氯乙烯(PVC)/聚丙烯腈(PAN)共混膜,研究了(PVC)/(PAN)共混体系的相容性,并通过红外光谱(FT-IR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等对PAN水解前后共混膜结构、形貌和性能进行了表征与分析。结果表明,(PVC)/(PAN)为部分相容体系,在成膜过程中产生明显界面微孔结构;共混膜中的PAN发生水解后,生成大量酰胺、羧酸、羧酸盐等亲水基团,改善了共混膜的亲水性(膜的水接触角从87.48°降低到65.12°),提高了共混膜的通透性(膜的纯水通量从84.17 L/(m2.h)升高到343.7 L/(m2.h))。     

改性聚偏氟乙烯超滤膜的制备与性能的研究

以接枝马来酸酐的改性聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF-g-MAH)为膜材料,采用浸没沉淀相转化方法制备超滤膜.在绘制PVDF-g-MAH-溶剂-水体系的三元相图基础上,研究并讨论铸膜液中溶剂体系、聚合物浓度以及添加剂浓度配比对膜性能和结构的影响,比较了接枝前后超滤膜的亲水性和抗污染性.研究结果表明:在聚合物-溶剂二元体系发生相分离过程中,4种溶剂体系所需非溶剂(水)的量的顺序为:DMAC>NMP>DMF>DMSO;以DMAC溶剂制备的铸膜液,制得的膜表面相对致密,纯水通量小,截留率高;随着聚合物浓度的提高,膜的通量下降,截留率提高;同时SEM照片也显示了随聚合物浓度的增加,超滤膜表层趋于致密,支撑层指状孔孔径缩小,孔数增多;超滤试验结果表明,在截留率相同的前提下,用PVDF制备的超滤膜纯水通量为104.6 L/(m2·h),而PVDF-g-MAH制得的超滤膜纯水通量为230L/(m2·h),同时对比了连续超滤BSA溶液12 h后的膜通量衰减状况,两种膜的通量的衰减率分别为36%和15.4%,表明以改性材料制备的超滤膜的亲水性和抗污染性能均得到提高.     

聚氯乙烯接枝烯丙基聚乙二醇的制备及成膜性能

以氯化亚铜(CuCl)/2,2'-联吡啶(BPy)为催化配位体系,N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAc)作为溶剂,通过原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)法在聚氯乙烯(PVC)分子链上接枝烯丙基聚乙二醇(APEG)。X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、红外光谱(FT-IR)和核磁共振(1H-NMR)表明:APEG单体成功地接枝到了PVC链上;改性材料经相分离法制备过滤膜,膜的孔径分布范围为0.117μm~0.247μm,接触角在300 s内由81°下降至64.4°;0.05 MPa跨膜压差下,初始纯水通量为1677 L/(m2·h);牛血清蛋白(BSA)液过滤试验共循环3次,0.05 MPa跨膜压差下,首次循环初始通量为737 L/(m2·h),经3次循环后BSA通量稳定在101 L/(m2·h),显示出较好的抗污染性能。     

热致相分离法制备亲水性聚丙烯中空纤维膜

通过热致相分离法(TIPS),利用亲水性聚合物聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)来提高聚丙烯(iPP)中空纤维膜的亲水性,并获得了不同PMMA浓度下的改性膜.利用FTIR、XPS、SEM及接触角测量仪等方法表征了iPP膜的组成、结构以及亲水性等性能.结果表明:PMMA的添加提高了膜的亲水性、水通量;当PMMA的添加量为10%(质量分数)时,接触角从125°降到67°,平均孔径从0.17μm增加到0.30μm,水通量为1 256L/(m2·h),相比于纯膜提高了167%.     

PVDF/PDA共混膜的制备及其性能研究

采用多巴胺自聚合原理生成聚多巴胺,通过聚多巴胺对PVDF膜进行共混改性,制得聚偏氟乙烯/多巴胺(PVDF/PDA)共混膜.采用SEM、纯水和酵母悬浊液超滤杯恒压过滤测试以及抗污染能力测试等对共混膜的结构和性质进行考察,同时探讨了不同共混浓度及不同PDA添加量对膜抗污染能力的影响.PDA添加量为0.3%(质量分数)时,纯水通量从PVDF对照膜的56.19L/(m2·h)提高至69.63L/(m2·h).通过重复过滤实验考察共混膜的抗污染能力,结果表明,加入PDA后共混膜的抗污能力有很大提高,PVDF对照膜的一次和二次通量恢复率仅为68.5%和56.4%,而PDA改性后的共混膜通量恢复率均在90%以上.     

Fenton处理下PVDF基体材料改性及其膜性能研究

采用了一种新颖的改性(Fenton处理)PVDF基体材料的方法,以提高膜的润湿性和耐污染性,并对改性机理做了探讨.结果表明,经Fenton处理后制得的膜亲水性得到了提高,纯水通量由34.6 L/(m2.h)提高到52.3 L/(m2.h),膜表面水接触角由75°降为62.5°,黏附功由91.64 mN/m提高到106.42 mN/m.同时,膜的截留性能也稍有上升,膜的Ji/J0由48.8%提高到69.3%;红外图谱进一步表明,经改性后的膜材料内部接上了丙烯酸(AAc)单体.     

聚乙烯醇缩丁醛超滤膜的制备

用聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)作为本体高分子材料,用浸没沉淀相转化法制备PVB不对称超滤膜;扫描电镜照片显示所制膜的超滤结构.研究了PVB本体浓度、制膜间隙、凝胶浴温度以及乙酸添加剂等因素对PVB不对称超滤膜性能的影响;比较了乙酸及聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮(PVP)作为添加剂对大孔径PVB超滤膜皮层结构的影响.当PVB本体浓度为12%时,膜的纯水通量及牛血清白蛋白(BSA)溶液通量分别为876.4 L/(m2.h)和89.8 L/(m2.h),此时膜对BSA的截留率为96.8%;PVB膜纯水通量随着制膜间隙的增加及凝胶浴温度的上升而降低;乙酸及PVP的添加均提高了PVB超滤膜的纯水通量,通量增加幅度分别为136%和171%.     

新型五孔PVDF共混改性膜抗污染性能研究

观察新型五孔PVDF共混改性纤维膜SEM形貌特征,测量改性膜的接触角和临界通量,1#(PVDF/PMMA/TPU)、2#(PVDF/PMMA/PVC)共混改性膜分别在次临界和超临界通量下进行过滤实验.结果表明:PVDF共混改性膜具有优良的微观结构,且1#共混膜性能较好;1#共混膜的接触角比2#共混膜小;1#、2#共混膜的临界通量分别为10和14L/(m2.h);1#共混膜比2#共混膜抗污染性能好;次临界通量下共混膜的运行比超临界通量下的稳定.两种共混膜分别在次临界通量下采用单独超滤和混凝+超滤工艺处理某市地表水,得出混凝+超滤工艺处理效果较好,且1#共混膜比2#共混膜处理效果好.     

含二氮杂萘酮结构聚芳醚砜酮超滤膜的研制

以新型耐高温特种工程塑料———含二氮杂萘酮结构聚芳醚砜酮(PPESK)为膜材料、N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮为溶剂配制铸膜液,采用相转化法在平板刮膜机上制备PPESK超滤膜,考察了PPESK含量、PPESK的特性黏数、添加剂含量和膜厚度等对超滤膜性能的影响.在0.1MPa的操作压力下,所制得PPESK超滤膜的纯水通量可高达约148L/(m2·h),对聚乙二醇10000的截留率高于93%.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Friction Stir Processing Strategies for Uniform Distribution of Reinforcement in a Surface Composite

Friction stir processing (FSP) is an important technique for preparing surface composites. Fabricating defect-free surface composites with uniform particle distribution by FSP is a challenging task. In this study, silicon carbide particles reinforced AA5083 alloy surface composites was fabricated using different FSP strategies including variation in process parameters, dual-tool processing and tool offset overlapping. Material flow of the processed material with reinforcement particles demonstrated that the distribution of particles was influenced by the stirring action of the probe as well as the extrusion of the plasticized material due to the movement of the tool. Process parameters, particularly rotational speed, showed a dominant influence on the distribution of silicon carbide particles.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

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