热浸镀高铬铸铁层热处理前后的组织及耐冲蚀磨损性能

通过热浸镀技术制备高铬铸铁涂层来提高材料的耐冲蚀磨损性能未见研究报道.采用热浸镀技术在碳钢表面制备了高铬铸铁涂层,利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射仪分析了涂层热处理前后的组织和物相,对涂层热处理前后的抗冲蚀磨损性能进行了比较,并观察了涂层冲蚀后的表面形貌.结果表明:涂层主要由γ-Fe,CrC和CrB组成,热处理后涂层中硬质相类型由CrC和CrB转变为Cr7C3和Cr23C6;热处理后涂层的抗冲蚀磨损性能与热处理前相比明显提高,磨损量仅为热处理前的60%.     

变形镁合金AZ80的腐蚀疲劳机理

根据挤压镁合金AZ80人工时效热处理(T5-177℃,16 h)前后分别在空气和NaCl介质中的疲劳寿命,研究了变形镁合金的腐蚀疲劳机理以及β相在腐蚀疲劳中的作用.结果表明:时效可导致AZ80组织β相体积分数增加、拉伸强度和硬度提高,可明显地提高在低应力水平下的腐蚀疲劳寿命.在空气中,疲劳裂纹萌生于表层和亚表面中的夹杂物;而在腐蚀介质中,腐蚀疲劳微裂纹萌生于试样表面的腐蚀坑,点蚀坑萌生于与β相相邻的α相.疲劳断口可见河流花样、二次裂纹、韧窝,具有解理特征.阳极溶解是挤压镁合金AZ80的腐蚀疲劳机制.     

N80油管钢腐蚀产物膜的力学性能研究

研究了气体分压、温度和缓蚀剂等腐蚀环境因素对油管钢N80腐蚀产物膜的硬度和膜基结合强度的影响,探讨了产物膜硬度、膜基结合强度与腐蚀速率的相关性,发现油管钢平均腐蚀速率随腐蚀产物膜硬度增大或膜基结合强度的提高而降低,并建立了产物膜硬度、膜基结合强度与平均腐蚀速率间的定量关系.研究表明,要减缓基体的腐蚀速率,腐蚀产物膜的力学性能必须大于某临界值;添加适当的缓蚀剂可以提高腐蚀产物膜的力学性能,从而起到有效控制油管钢腐蚀的作用.     

钝化液温度对铝阳极氧化膜性能的影响

对铝及其合金进行钝化处理是提高其耐蚀性的有效手段.研究了工业纯铝普通阳极氧化膜在不同温度钝化液(Alsur408)条件下处理的表面形貌、组织结构、厚度和耐腐蚀性规律.结果表明,阳极氧化的工业纯铝氧化膜表面有均匀的纳米级孔洞,经不同条件钝化后,在氧化膜表面生成钝化膜,厚度约为1μm;随着钝化温度增加,钝化膜逐渐增厚,表面形貌致密平整;当钝化液温度高于50℃时,表面裂纹明显,耐腐蚀性表现为先增强后减弱;当钝化液温度为40℃时,钝化膜表面平整致密,无微裂纹,自腐蚀电位为0.1V,耐腐蚀性最高.     

电力开关用钨材表面离子渗W-Ni-Al合金层的组织及性能

为了提高电力开关用钨材合金的耐摩擦和耐腐蚀性能,采用双辉渗方法在试样基体表面制备W-Ni-Al涂层,通过试验测试方式对比了各涂层结构下的钨表面性能差异性.结果 表明:在涂层内生成了具有致密结构的组织,几乎没有形成裂纹.提高渗金属的温度后,制备的涂层厚度持续增大.涂层中含有WNi2Al3、NiW22类组织.当表面被W-Ni-Al涂层覆盖后,硬度发生了显著提升;当载荷增大后,硬度也开始降低.W-Ni-Al涂层都获得了高于基体组织的摩擦系数.在1150℃下制备的涂层获得了最小的体积磨损率,只有基体的13.6％,表现出了优异的抗磨损性能.涂层组织发生了断裂,在磨痕表面形成了平行滑动方向的沟槽.与基体相比涂层腐蚀电位发生明显正移,腐蚀电流密度发生明显降低,涂层具备更优的耐蚀性能.     

弹簧用51CrV4钢渗氮层微观组织与摩擦性能分析北大核心CSCD

为提高弹簧用51CrV4钢表面的耐磨性能,对其进行不同时间和温度下的渗氮处理,实验测试其微观组织,硬度以及摩擦性能。研究结果表明:渗氮层形成了未被腐蚀的明亮化合物层,扩散层由于受到浸蚀作用而转变为黑色。基底只有一种α-Fe组织。渗氮处理后形成了γ-Fe4N相、CrN相等多个物相组织。随着渗氮时间的增加和渗氮温度的增加,渗氮层厚度表现出单调增加的变化规律。渗氮后试样硬度达到950 HV以上,相对于原始试样硬度发生了明显上升。经过450℃与20 h处理后获得最小磨损率和摩擦系数,此时试样形成了较为光滑的磨痕形貌,磨损程度很小,当硬度提高后可以获得更高的耐磨能力。当温度继续上升以及时间延长后,渗氮物发生了粗化的现象,引起表面硬度减小,最终降低了耐磨性。     

焊后热处理对高氧TC4/TC17钛合金线性摩擦焊接头组织及性能的影响

对高氧TC4/TC17钛合金线性摩擦焊接头进行热处理,研究了不同热处理温度对异质钛合金线性摩擦焊接头显微组织及力学性能的影响.结果表明:异质钛合金线性摩擦焊接头焊缝区在TC17侧形成亚稳定β相,在高氧TC4侧形成针状马氏体相.经过热处理后,板条状α相在晶界处析出,针状α相在晶粒内部析出,并且残余α相在保温过程中发生分解,随着热处理温度的升高,析出相逐渐长大.接头焊缝及热力影响区显微硬度在热处理后显著增加.裂纹尖端张开位移(Crack tip opening displacement,CTOD)试验结果表明:接头断裂韧性薄弱区域在焊缝区及TC17侧热力影响区,热处理温度的升高可以明显提高接头薄弱区域的断裂韧性.     

1000 ℃下热处理时间对内燃机用颗粒增强镍基合金组织和硬度的影响

为了提高内燃机用镍基合金的组织性能,选择镍基粉末合金作为测试材料,先利用热挤压固结成型方法获得具有致密组织结构的棒材,再进行1000℃不同热处理时间的处理.通过试验测试的手段研究其微观组织和硬度.结果 表明:热挤压态镍基合金晶粒大小均匀性较差,发生了小晶粒聚集现象.热挤压处理后的合金出现了大量的高密度位错,并且发生了相互堆积的情况.经过热挤压后镍基合金的力学强度得到明显的提升.热处理时间至8h时,形成了更大的晶粒,但生长速率发生了减小.经过8h热处理后,晶粒尺寸进一步变大,但速率发生了减缓,大部分纳米颗粒都分布于晶粒中和晶界区域,粒径约35 nm.逐渐延长热处理时间后,硬度发生了快速减小.热处理时间到8h时,合金获得了稳定的硬度,经过96 h热处理后的试样硬度达到了最小.     

弹簧用51CrV4钢渗氮层微观组织与摩擦性能分析

为提高弹簧用51CrV4钢表面的耐磨性能,对其进行不同时间和温度下的渗氮处理,实验测试其微观组织,硬度以及摩擦性能。研究结果表明:渗氮层形成了未被腐蚀的明亮化合物层,扩散层由于受到浸蚀作用而转变为黑色。基底只有一种α-Fe组织。渗氮处理后形成了γ-Fe4N相、CrN相等多个物相组织。随着渗氮时间的增加和渗氮温度的增加,渗氮层厚度表现出单调增加的变化规律。渗氮后试样硬度达到950 HV以上,相对于原始试样硬度发生了明显上升。经过450℃与20 h处理后获得最小磨损率和摩擦系数,此时试样形成了较为光滑的磨痕形貌,磨损程度很小,当硬度提高后可以获得更高的耐磨能力。当温度继续上升以及时间延长后,渗氮物发生了粗化的现象,引起表面硬度减小,最终降低了耐磨性。     

热处理对新型Ni-Fe基高温合金烟灰/气腐蚀行为的影响

以针对700℃超超临界燃煤锅炉用高温耐热材料而开发的一种新型Ni-Fe基合金为研究对象,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM),能谱分析(EDS)及X射线衍射(XRD)等方法分析合金组织结构、腐蚀产物形貌、元素分布和腐蚀产物物相,研究两种热处理制度对合金在模拟锅炉烟灰/气环境中高温腐蚀行为的影响。结果表明,750℃腐蚀500 h后,两种热处理试样表面氧化膜结构完整,腐蚀产物基本一致,主要为富Fe、Cr氧化物,另有少量Al2O3、Ti O2及Ti、Mo的内硫化腐蚀产物,但截面腐蚀形貌差异较大。由不同热处理造成的合金组织结构的变化影响了合金的腐蚀速率,腐蚀前400 h内,1#试样氧化膜较厚,腐蚀增重较大,400 h后,沿晶界内腐蚀现象的加剧导致2#试样的腐蚀增重曲线与1#趋于一致。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Assessment of intakes of mixtures of radionuclides

Australia has several uranium mines and a large number of mineral sand mines, with associated processing facilities. Exposures resulting from these mining and processing operations usually involve intakes of mixtures of radionuclides. This work describes the development of a suite of first order, linear compartment models, based on the ICRP Publication 66 respiratory tract model, and an analytical solution to the decay equations, for assessing the consequences of such intakes. The computer programs based on these models directly compute excretion, organ retention and organ and whole-body doses for intakes of either single radionuclides or any mixture of radionuclides belonging to the same radioactive decay chain. The intake can be via inhalation, ingestion or injection, and can be acute, chronic or of limited duration. The starting concentration and degree of secular (dis)equilibrium can be specified for each radionuclide. No assumptions need to be made about the relative magnitudes of the radioactive half-lives of the different nuclides.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Numerical study of methods of linearization of the output characteristics of radio-frequency sensors of the level of dielectric media

Different constructions of the sensing elements of radio-frequency level sensors based on sections of long lines are numerically investigated by means of the Matlab program for the purpose of minimizing the measurement error caused by the nonlinearity of the output characteristic. It is shown that the nonlinearity is lowest for U-shaped designs. The nonlinearity factor KN may be regulated by varying the capacitance of a correcting capacitor connected to the input of the sensing element and (or) the length of one of the sections of the long line. In selecting an optimal capacitance of the correcting capacitor KN ≤ 0.15% for control media with dielectric permittivity in the range 2.2–30.     

Possibilities of Decreasing the Errors of Determination of the Height of the Pole of a Sessile Drop of Melt

We analyze the possibilities of decreasing the errors of measuring the height of the pole of a sessile drop of melt above its equator by determining the position of the equator according to the midpoints of vertical chords of the image of the drop. The optimal distance between these chords and the edge of the image of the drop is chosen within 10–20% of the radius of the equator. The proposed method guarantees the same level of errors of evaluation of the height of the pole and the radius of the equator, which enables one to substantially increase the accuracy of evaluation of the capillary constant and the surface energy of the melt according to the geometric parameters of the sessile drop.     

Analysis of anisotropy of properties on the basis of studies of texture of coarse-grained ingots of thermoelectric materials

An analysis of anisotropy of the properties of a Bi₂Se_0.3Te_2.7 solid solution was carried out using construction of demonstrative surfaces for thermoelectric effectiveness and thermal expansion coefficients. It is shown that the texture is an important factor forming anisotropy of properties and technological fitness of ingots for manufacturing modules. Anisotropy of properties based on the studies of the ingot textures obtained using the float-zone method and Bridgman method (growing thermoelectric plates in a flat cavity) was studied.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.