缺陷对单搭胶接接头力学性能的影响

通过单向拉伸试验对比分析了两种接头的破坏模式及载荷-位移曲线, 研究了T700/TDE85复合材料单向层合板单搭接胶层内缺陷对接头破坏行为的影响。试验结果表明, 接头破坏的主导模式为界面破坏, 胶层中微小缺陷对接头强度的影响不大。为研究接头的失效机制, 采用有限元方法对两种接头失效进行数值分析, 模拟了接头搭接区界面剥离应力及剪切应力分布情况, 并分析了缺陷位置变化及面积变化对接头强度的影响。结果表明, 随着缺陷位置距接头搭接区自由端部越近, 接头强度越小, 且缺陷位置距接头搭接区自由端部2.5 mm以内, 缺陷对接头强度影响较大; 接头强度随缺陷面积的增大而减小, 并且缺陷面积占搭接区面积的比率在4.4%以内, 缺陷对接头强度的影响较小; 数值计算结果与实验结果吻合较好。     

焊点间距对胶焊接头应力应变分布和强度的影响

采用数值分析和试验研究方法考察了焊点间距对两种胶焊中应力应变分布和接头强度的影响。结果表明,高弹性模量胶粘剂胶焊接头中,增大焊点间距,焊点就三小耐的妆区边缘胶层中的应力应变略有增大,低弹性模量释粘剂胶焊接头中,焊点应力集中程度和搭接区边缘胶层中的剪应变值都随焊点间距的增加而增大,增加焊点间距,两种接头的胶层中度都将降低。试验所得接头断裂时的名义应力随焊点间距的增加而略有减小,与计算结果吻合良好。     

TC4钛合金焊接接头组织不均匀性与疲劳性能

对TC4钛合金电子束焊接四种典型熔凝区形状(钉形、漏斗形、楔形和钟罩形)焊接接头的微观组织进行了观察分析,并采用多晶局域梯度模型表征焊缝组织不均匀性,通过疲劳实验,建立焊接接头的组织不均匀性和疲劳性能的关系。结果表明:焊缝上端纵向柱状晶长度尺寸梯度变化较大的楔形形貌焊接接头疲劳寿命较低,梯度变化较小的钟罩形焊缝形貌接头疲劳寿命较高;疲劳裂纹多萌生于横向区域硬度梯度变化较大的热影响区和熔合线区域。     

边缘定位胶焊接头的应力应变分布和强度研究

采用强塑性有限元分析和试验研究方法,考察了焊点间距对两种搭接区边缘定位胶焊接头中应力应变分布及接头强度的影响。结果表明：两种接头中两焊点处的应力应变分布基本相同;采用环氧树脂基胶粘剂时,应力变主要分布在搭接区边缘,改变焊点间距基本不影响接头搭接区边缘处的应力应变值;     

扩展有限元方法与内聚力模型耦合下斜接修补复合材料的胶层损伤和缺陷

将扩展有限元方法（XFEM）与内聚力模型（CZM）耦合用于斜接修补复合材料的胶层分析,实现了对复合材料与修补胶层之间的脱粘以及胶层内部裂纹扩展现象的描述,模拟得到的结构强度与试验结果吻合较好。对复合材料与胶层的界面缺陷和胶层内部缺陷展开分析,讨论了缺陷长度和缺陷位置对结构强度的影响。结果表明：在相同条件下,结构具有界面缺陷比具有胶层内部缺陷更加危险;结构强度受缺陷长度和与缺陷尖端相邻复合材料铺层角度的共同影响,随着缺陷长度的增加而降低,降低速率大于缺陷长度增长比例;当缺陷位置不同时,结构强度主要与缺陷对应位置的平均剪应力水平相关。最后,通过参数分析讨论了界面剪切强度的影响。     

缝合参数对复合材料T型接头拉脱承载能力的影响

利用二维平面应变模型对缝合增强试验件进行失效分析,采用内聚力模型模拟界面的破坏情况,通过在分层的上下界面加入非线性弹簧元来模拟缝线的增强作用,非线性弹簧元的力学性能(桥联律)由细观力学方法获得。有限元分析结果与试验值吻合较好。在此基础上,对缘条区的缝合增强进行缝线的材料、直径和缝合密度的参数化分析,研究各参数对T型接头拉脱承载能力的影响。结果表明:缝合可显著提高T型接头的拉脱承载能力,同时能使其在较大的加载位移下仍保持较高的承载性能。T型接头的拉脱承载能力随缝线直径和缝合密度的增大而增大,且直径和密度的影响显著。缝线的拉伸强度是影响缝线性能最主要的因素, T型接头的拉脱强度随缝线拉伸强度的升高而升高。T型接头的拉脱强度随缝线拉伸模量的降低而升高,但拉伸模量的影响较拉伸强度的影响小。      

转速对6061铝合金搅拌摩擦搭接焊接头组织和力学性能的影响

目的 研究不同转速条件下6061铝合金搅拌摩擦搭接焊接头组织和力学性能的变化规律，为工程实践应用提供参考。方法 在不同旋转速度(800、1 200、1 500 r/min)下对4 mm厚的6061铝合金进行搅拌摩擦搭接焊实验，固定进给速度和轴肩下压量，研究搅拌头转速对接头宏观组织、微观组织和力学性能的影响。结果 所有接头均没有出现明显缺陷，当转速为1 500 r/min时，搅拌区晶粒尺寸细化明显，最大失效载荷达到母材的75%，上板和下板的硬度曲线都呈“W”形;当转速为800 r/min和1 200 r/min时，下板硬度曲线呈“V”形。随着转速的增大，有效搭接宽度逐渐增大，接头的平均拉剪强度也在增大，所有接头都在前进侧断裂，断裂形式均为拉伸断裂。结论 转速的提升增加了焊接热输入量和机械搅拌作用，促进了有效搭接宽度的增大和晶粒尺寸的细化，但未能改变钩状缺陷的形成及延伸方向。当转速为1 500 r/min时，热输入量较大，搅拌区范围相对较大，下板存在更大面积的搅拌区，其硬度规律与上板的相似。所有接头均为拉伸断裂，断裂位置在热影响区附近，说明搭接接头连接良好。     

5052铝合金胶接接头静强度及疲劳性能研究

运用实验方法研究了胶接接头的静强度及其疲劳性能。对胶接接头进行静力学实验,并在此基础上选用6种不同载荷水平对胶接接头进行疲劳实验,获得了接头的载荷-寿命(F-N)曲线。试验结果表明:胶接接头静强度为同尺寸铝合金板静强度的77.5%,说明胶接接头有较高的静强度。当疲劳载荷水平大于最大静载荷平均值的50%时,接头F-N曲线呈线性趋势变化;随着疲劳载荷水平的不断提高,接头失效形式更多地表现为混合破坏。通过分析疲劳失效接头刚度变化可知:在各疲劳载荷水平下,接头刚度的线性趋势变化在整个疲劳周期内占很大比例,疲劳载荷水平越低,接头刚度降低越慢;接头刚度的变化表明在接头内产生了裂纹并逐步扩展。     

摩擦压力对Super304H/T92摩擦焊焊接接头性能的影响

利用连续驱动摩擦焊技术焊接Super304H和T92钢管,焊接接头具有良好的显微组织和力学性能。考察摩擦压力对焊接接头显微组织和力学性能的影响,研究表明:随着摩擦压力增加,焊合区和热影响区晶粒尺寸没有明显变化,热影响区碳化物析出相的数量略微增加,显微硬度逐渐增大,冲击韧性逐渐降低,拉伸断裂位置和拉伸强度没有变化。     

含矩形边缘分层缺陷层合板的压缩性能

对含矩形边缘分层缺陷层合板的压缩性能进行试验研究和理论分析, 考察了层合板厚度(含铺层形式)、 分层位置、 形状、 面积以及环境等因素对压缩强度的影响, 并采用分层扩展以及软化夹杂两种模型对含分层层合板的压缩强度进行了计算和破坏机理分析。结果表明: 厚板对边缘分层缺陷不敏感, 中等厚度和薄层合板比较敏感; 缺陷的位置和形状对层合板压缩强度有一定的影响; 湿热环境改变了含缺陷板的压缩破坏机理, 并对中等厚度板和薄板的压缩强度有明显的影响。两种模型中软化夹杂模型效果较好, 可用于工程设计计算。      

A modeling study on residual stress-induced interfacial debonding and stress–strain behavior of weakly bonded UD composites

Residual stress-induced interfacial debonding and its influence on stress–strain behavior of unidirectional fiber-reinforced brittle matrix composites with weak interface were studied using mini-composite model by means of the two-dimensional shear lag analysis combined with a Monte Carlo method. Damages (fracture of fiber, matrix and interface) were accumulated intermittently, resulting in serrated stress–strain curve. In this process, the residual stresses changed the strain, order and location of occurrence of damages, and consequently the shape of stress–strain curve and strength of composite. Under the existence of compressive and tensile axial residual stresses in fiber and matrix, respectively, the fracture of the matrix and the debonding from the fracture-ends of matrix were enhanced, while the fracture of fiber and the debonding from the fracture-ends of fiber were suppressed. The residual stress-induced premature fracture of the matrix, followed by debonding, reduced the strength of composite.     

Investigation into Z-Pin Reinforced Composite Skin/Stiffener Debond under Monotonic and Cyclic Bending

Skin/stiffener debonding has been a longstanding concern for the users of stiffened composite panels in long-term service. Z-pinning technology is an emerging solution to reinforce the composite assembly joints. This work experimentally characterizes the progressive debonding of Z-pinned skin/stiffener interface with the skin under static bend loading. The three-stage failure process is identified as: flange edge debonding, pin/laminate debonding, and ultimate structural failure. Three different distribution patterns were compared in terms of the static debonding properties revealed the affirmative fact that locating pins in high normal stress regions, that is close to the flange edges in skin/stiffener structures, is more beneficial to utilize the full potential of Z-pinning reinforcement. The unit strip FE model was developed and demonstrated effective to analysis the effect of Z-pin distribution on the ultimate debond load. On the other hand, the evolution of fatigue cracks at Z-pinned skin/flange interface was investigated with a series of displacement-controlled fatigue bending tests and microscopic observations. Results show that Z-pinning postpones crack initiations at low displacement levels, and the remarkable crack-arresting function of pins enables the structure a prolonged fatigue life. However, pins become less effective when the maximum displacement exceeds the crack initiation level due to gradually pullout of pins.     

Seawater effects on transverse tensile strength of carbon/vinylester as determined from single-fiber and macroscopic specimens

The main objective of this work is to characterize the effect of seawater immersion on the transverse tensile strength of a carbon/vinylester composite. A recently developed single-fiber test was used to determine the tensile strength of the fiber/matrix interface at dry and seawater saturated conditions. Measured loads at onset of fiber/matrix debonding were combined with finite element stress analysis to determine the tensile strength of the fiber/matrix interface. It was found that seawater exposure had an insignificant influence on the interface strength. The transverse tensile modulus and strength of macroscopic composite test specimens were slightly reduced by exposure to seawater. The modulus only slightly exceeds the lower bound estimate for both the dry and seawater saturated composite. This may be a consequence of insufficient load transfer between fiber and matrix due to interface voids. The fiber/matrix interface strengths measured at dry and seawater saturated conditions were used as input in the Cooper–Kelly micromechanical model to predict the transverse tensile strength of the composite. Predictions of strength at dry and seawater saturated conditions, based on measured fiber/matrix interface strengths, were unconservative, which again may be the results of voids at the fiber/matrix interface.     

Experimental determination of the structural properties and strengthening mechanisms of z-pinned composite T-joints

This paper presents an experimental investigation into the efficacy of z-pins to improve the structural properties of stiffened joints made of carbon/epoxy composite. Pull-off tests were performed on T-joints without z-pins or reinforced along the skin–stiffener bond-line with z-pins to volume contents of 0.5%, 2% or 4%. Testing was performed at different pull-off load angles between 0° and 45° to the stiffener to induce different proportions of normal (through-thickness) tensile and in-plane secondary bending stresses along the skin–stiffener bond-line. It was found that z-pins do not improve the stiffness or failure initiation load of T-joints, but they are effective at raising the ultimate failure strength, failure displacement, and absorbed energy capacity. These properties increase rapidly with the z-pin content, and maximum improvements of about 75% to the ultimate strength and over 600% to the total absorbed energy capacity were achieved at the highest pin content (4% by volume). The percent improvements to the structural properties are approximately the same for the different load angles, revealing that z-pins are equally effective at resisting bond-line cracking under normal tensile or secondary bending stresses. Fractographic analysis revealed that z-pins increase the joint properties by creating bridging tractions across the bond-line crack between the stiffener and skin. The z-pins ultimately fail by a combination of debonding/pull-out from the adherends.     

Experimental and numerical investigation of the debonding interface between an old concrete and an overlay

The paper focuses on debonding propagation along an interface, notably on the major influence of the interlocking between the two faces of the debonding interface. The aim of the study is to obtain the data necessary for relevant and efficient debonding modelling. The work associates experiment and simulation with the purpose of quantifying the interlocking along the interface. The overlay material investigated was a fibre reinforced mortar (FRM). Direct tension tests of notched FRM specimens were firstly conducted to obtain the tensile strength and the residual normal stress—crack width relationship. Its Young's modulus was determined from compression tests. The substrate-overlay interface was investigated by direct tension tests and flexure tests performed on composite substrate-overlay specimens. The direct tension tests provided the interface tensile strength and the relationship between debonding-opening and residual normal tensile stress. Three point flexural static tests informed on the structural behaviour of the interface. The debonding interface propagation was monitored using a video-microscope with a maximum enlargement of ×175. Using the identified and quantified parameters, modelling of the above mentioned static tests was carried out by the finite elements method using CAST3M code developed in France by CEA (Centre for Atomic Energy). The comparison of modelling and experiment results shows a good coherence and proves the important role of interlocking on the debonding mechanism.     

复合材料随机渐进失效分析与声发射监测

结合随机渐进失效分析方法和声发射监测对复合材料单向拉伸试件进行损伤分析。结果表明: 随机渐进失效方法能很好地反映复合材料失效的随机性和渐进性特征。受载初期, 复合材料失效的随机性特征明显, 在整个试件内均有失效产生。随着载荷的增加, 损伤不断累积, "随机临界核"形成, 复合材料很快失效, 且一旦有失效产生, 纤维断裂数的增加与声发射事件数的累积具有很好的一致性。比较基体开裂和界面脱粘对复合材料拉伸性能的影响: 界面脱粘比基体开裂更容易导致复合材料拉伸性能的下降, 当不存在基体开裂和界面脱粘时, 纤维断裂呈现"集簇"特征, 复合材料断裂的脆性特征较为明显。      

Estimating interface bonding strength in clad sheets based on tensile test results

The bond strengths of the three-layered aluminum/stainless steel/aluminum composite clad sheets produced by cold roll bonding were estimated by the tensile test results. The developed procedure was based on the drops in flow stress after the maximum point of the stress–strain curves, which are related to debonding of interfaces and signify the effect of bond strength on the tensile behavior. The shape of the stress–strain curve of a specimen heat treated at 600 °C to form a brittle intermetallic layer at the roll bonding interface was found to be analogous to those obtained from the tensile test of conventional one-layer specimens, which was considered to be a good evidence of interface debonding during tensile test of roll bonded sheets that show sharp flow stress drops. An important contribution of this work is correlating the tension test to peel test results by simple calculations based on the principles of mechanics of materials.     

Numerical Analysis of Stiffener Runout Sections

The recent trend of incorporating more composite material in primary aircraft structures has highlighted the vulnerability of stiffened aerostructures to through-thickness stresses, which may lead to delamination and debonding at the skin–stiffener interface, leading to collapse. Stiffener runout regions are particularly susceptible to this problem and cannot be avoided due to the necessity to terminate stiffeners at rib intersections or at cutouts, interrupting the stiffener load path. In this paper, experimental tests relating to two different stiffener runout specimens are presented and the failure modes of both specimens are discussed in detail. A thinner-skinned specimen showed sudden and unstable crack propagation, while a thicker-skinned specimen showed initially unstable but subsequent stable crack growth. Detailed finite element models of the two specimens are developed, and it is shown how such models can explain and predict the behaviour and failure mode of stiffener runouts. The models contain continuum shell elements to model the skin and stiffener, while cohesive elements using a traction-separation law are placed at the skin–stiffener interface to effectively model the debonding which promotes structural failure.     

Measurement and prediction of embedded copper foil fatigue crack growth in multifunctional composite structure

Copper strips embedded in glass/epoxy composite compose a discrete-path multifunctional load-bearing configuration which can conduct electricity. This combination of materials permits efficient packaging of increasingly large numbers of electrical systems being installed in aircraft and vehicle systems. It also allows systems such as large aperture antennas to be embedded within an aircraft’s load-bearing structural skin. The fatigue fracture of the embedded metal foil is of interest since composite materials tend to be more fatigue resistant. Copper embedded glass/epoxy coupons were manufactured and fatigue tested at 35% and 50% of the composite ultimate tensile strength. Nondestructive evaluation was used to measure copper crack growth and debonding at the copper-to-composite interface. The debonding plays a key role controlling the crack growth. A combined experimental-analytical methodology is defined for establishing relationships between crack tip opening angle (CTOA), crack size, and crack growth rate of the embedded copper via a combined experimental-analysis approach.     

高温复合材料舵面研制与试验验证

设计了一种蒙皮骨架结构高温复合材料舵面,并采用模压工艺制备了舵面,最后完成了舵面自由状态和固支状态下的固有模态测试,同时进行了静强度试验。采用三维实体单元,建立了舵面固有模态有限元分析模型,该模型分析的舵面固有模态与试验结果吻合良好,验证了有限元模型的有效性;并基于该模型研究了舵面在弯曲载荷下的破坏模式。试验结果表明: 舵面首先在根部树脂连接区发生树脂脱粘破坏,进而引起复合材料蒙皮与钛合金骨架的层间分层,从而导致整个舵面失效。有限元分析结果表明: 传感器质量分布对舵面的频率影响很大,但对其振型影响不大。应力分析结果表明: 根部树脂连接区的拉伸正应力导致此处树脂脱粘,有限元预测的破坏位置与试验结果一致。