淀粉/壳聚糖/聚乙烯醇/明胶共混膜的制备及表征

制备了淀粉(CST)/壳聚糖(CS)/聚乙烯醇(PVA)/明胶(GEL)共混膜,测定了其透光性、透水汽性、吸水性及保水性;通过红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线衍射(XRD)表征了聚乙烯醇-壳聚糖(PVA-CS)、聚乙烯醇-明胶(PVA-GEL)、聚乙烯醇-淀粉(PVA-CST)共混膜的特性。结果表明,PVA、CS、GEL与CST之间具有较强的相互作用。CS、GEL和CST的加入使PVA的结晶度降低。当CS/PVA/GEL/CST质量比为2/2/1/5%时,透光率最大,为86.7%;当CS/PVA/GEL/CST质量比为2/2/1/25%时,透水汽率最大,为1317.921g/m2;当CS/PVA/GEL/CST质量比为2/2/1/25%时,吸水率最大,为971.1%;当CS/PVA/GEL/CST质量比为3/1/1/5%时,保水率最大,为1168.9%。     

聚乙烯醇/壳聚糖共混膜的制备及表征

用溶液共混法制备聚乙烯醇/壳聚糖(PVA/CS)共混膜,对共混膜进行了IR、DSC表征和吸水率、透光率、力学性能等进行测定.结果表明: PVA与CS分子链间在共混膜中有一定的相互作用,相容性好;CS的引入有利于改善PVA的吸水性、透光率和综合力学性能,但热稳定性有所降低.     

静电纺壳聚糖/聚乙烯醇纳米纤维膜的制备及表征

通过静电纺丝技术首次将溶解在1%(体积分数)超低浓度乙酸溶液中的3%(wt,质量分数,下同)壳聚糖(CS)与溶解在去离子水中的11%聚乙烯醇(PVA)溶液进行混合,在20～22kV高压静电场下制备出直径在70～300nm之间、CS含量高达60%,具有均匀结构的CS/PVA纳米纤维膜。通过旋转流变仪、扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、红外光谱、热重分析和万能试验机等手段对其混合溶液进行表征。结果表明:CS/PVA纳米纤维膜的形貌与CS和PVA的混合比例有关,当CS含量低于60%时,纤维形貌良好,当CS含量高于60%时,纤维中存在有液滴以及纺锤体。另外,CS与PVA之间存在强有力的氢键作用并具有很好的相容性,PVA可以降低壳聚糖的结晶性利于静电纺过程的进行;并且该CS/PVA纳米纤维膜具有较好的热稳定性和弹性,随着PVA比例的增加其最大拉伸强度可达到9.98MPa。     

水杨酸-壳聚糖/聚乙烯醇共混膜的制备及性能

采用溶液共混法制备了一系列不同水杨酸含量的水杨酸-壳聚糖/聚乙烯(SA-CS/PVA)共混膜,用红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和原子力显微镜(AFM)等对共混膜进行表征,并对其透气性和力学性能进行测试。结果表明,当水杨酸含量≤30%时,SA与CS、PVA具有良好的相容性;水杨酸的加入使共混膜表面的粗糙度增加;共混膜的透气性、拉伸强度和断裂伸长率随水杨酸含量的增加而减小。     

聚乙烯醇/壳聚糖共混膜渗透汽化性能研究

制备了聚乙烯醇(PVA)/壳聚糖(CS)共混膜,用渗透汽化膜技术实现了甲醇/碳酸二甲酯二元共沸物的有效分离,研究了共混组成、操作温度、原料组成对膜分离性能的影响,结果表明,随着共混膜中CS含量的增加,膜的渗透通量增大,分离系数先增大后减小,当共混膜中CS含量为66%时,该膜具有优异的渗透汽化性能,有较大渗透汽化分离指数PSI值=660.8g/(m2.h).操作温度升高,膜的渗透通量增大,分离系数略微减小;随着原料中甲醇含量的增大,膜的渗透通量增大,分离系数减小.该共混膜在分离甲醇/碳酸二甲酯二元共沸物时得到的渗透侧甲醇的浓度远大于对应饱和蒸汽的浓度,表明用膜法渗透汽化分离是优于精馏分离的.     

新型PVA/CS/SA复合水凝胶的制备与性能

以聚乙烯醇(PVA)、壳聚糖(CS)、海藻酸钠(SA)等天然物料制备PVA/CS/SA复合水凝胶。通过实验推断出不同质量比、不同剂量的交联剂、不同pH、不同反应温度对复合凝胶的作用,结果表明当PVA∶CS∶SA为8∶4∶1时,水凝胶的品貌最优,综合性能达到最佳。红外分析表明,PVA与CS以及SA之间形成了较强的氢键;DSC分析结果表明,PVA/CS/SA复合膜的热稳定性比壳聚糖膜更强。     

光交联壳聚糖-(PVA-SbQ)共混膜的制备与性能表征

聚乙烯醇一苯乙烯基吡啶盐缩合物(PVA-SbQ)是一种新型光敏聚合物,在紫外光诱导下发生光二聚反应形成大分子网状结构.通过溶液共混法,在壳聚糖(CS)膜中引入具有光二聚特性的PVA-SbQ,成膜后在紫外灯辐照下进行光交联反应,制备了光交联壳聚糖-(PVA-SbQ)共混膜.用扫描电镜、X射线衍射、傅立叶红外等对膜的结构进行表征,并对膜的力学性能、吸湿率、透光率等性能进行研究.实验结果表明:光交联壳聚糖-(PVA-SbQ)共混膜的表面形态比较独特;CS与PVA-SbQ分子间存在一定的氢键相互作用;光交联后,共混膜形成网状结构,有效地改善了壳聚糖膜的力学性能、吸湿性和紫外屏蔽性能.     

季铵化壳聚糖-聚乙烯醇阴离子交换膜的性能

碱性直接甲醇燃料电池(ADMFC)具有电极反应速率高,甲醇渗透率低的优点,阴离子交换膜是ADMFC的核心之一.以壳聚糖(CS)和环氧丙基三甲基氯化铵为原料合成季铵化壳聚糖,将其与聚乙烯醇(PVA)共混后制得一系列不同配比的季铵化壳聚糖(QCS)/聚乙烯醇阴离子交换膜,对膜的导电率和甲醇渗透系数进行了测试和分析.结果表明:季铵化壳聚糖与聚乙烯醇有较好的相容性,所制季铵化壳聚糖(QCS)/聚乙烯醇共混膜结构致密均匀,膜的吸水率和溶胀度随季铵化壳聚糖含量增大而减小,离子导电率随季铵化壳聚糖含量增大而提高,80℃时季铵化壳聚糖含量为60%的共混膜导电率最高可达2.5×10-2 S/cm.膜的甲醇渗透系数低于Nafion膜.     

羟丙基纤维素/壳聚糖共混膜的制备与性能

采用溶液共混法制备了一系列不同比例的羟丙基纤维素(HPC)/壳聚糖(CS)共混膜,研究了羟丙基纤维素含量对共混膜的力学性能、吸湿性能、透光性能等的影响。结果表明,HPC/CS共混膜的断裂伸长率随着HPC含量的增加而增加,而拉伸强度则先提高后下降,且在含量为40%时共混膜的拉伸强度达到最大;共混膜在可见光区300nm~800nm的最大透光率均大于70%;随着HPC含量的增加共混膜的吸水率大大降低。     

壳聚糖基抗菌复合膜的制备与性能

目的制备一种以壳聚糖为主要成分的抗菌薄膜,并研究其性能。方法壳聚糖、聚乙烯醇(PVA)、纳米二氧化钛和甘油等通过流延法制成膜,将壳聚糖与聚乙烯醇的质量比、纳米二氧化钛用量、甘油用量以及干燥温度等4个因素作为试验因素,通过正交试验,以抗菌性、水溶性和力学性能作为指标,对其性能进行评价。结果当壳聚糖与PVA质量比为8∶2,纳米TiO_2质量分数为0.75%,甘油质量分数为0.5%,干燥温度为70℃时,抗菌复合膜的综合性能最好。结论加入聚乙烯醇和纳米二氧化钛并以壳聚糖为主要成分的抗菌薄膜具有较好的抗菌性、水溶性和力学性能,且具有抗菌缓释性。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Assessment of intakes of mixtures of radionuclides

Australia has several uranium mines and a large number of mineral sand mines, with associated processing facilities. Exposures resulting from these mining and processing operations usually involve intakes of mixtures of radionuclides. This work describes the development of a suite of first order, linear compartment models, based on the ICRP Publication 66 respiratory tract model, and an analytical solution to the decay equations, for assessing the consequences of such intakes. The computer programs based on these models directly compute excretion, organ retention and organ and whole-body doses for intakes of either single radionuclides or any mixture of radionuclides belonging to the same radioactive decay chain. The intake can be via inhalation, ingestion or injection, and can be acute, chronic or of limited duration. The starting concentration and degree of secular (dis)equilibrium can be specified for each radionuclide. No assumptions need to be made about the relative magnitudes of the radioactive half-lives of the different nuclides.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Numerical study of methods of linearization of the output characteristics of radio-frequency sensors of the level of dielectric media

Different constructions of the sensing elements of radio-frequency level sensors based on sections of long lines are numerically investigated by means of the Matlab program for the purpose of minimizing the measurement error caused by the nonlinearity of the output characteristic. It is shown that the nonlinearity is lowest for U-shaped designs. The nonlinearity factor KN may be regulated by varying the capacitance of a correcting capacitor connected to the input of the sensing element and (or) the length of one of the sections of the long line. In selecting an optimal capacitance of the correcting capacitor KN ≤ 0.15% for control media with dielectric permittivity in the range 2.2–30.     

Possibilities of Decreasing the Errors of Determination of the Height of the Pole of a Sessile Drop of Melt

We analyze the possibilities of decreasing the errors of measuring the height of the pole of a sessile drop of melt above its equator by determining the position of the equator according to the midpoints of vertical chords of the image of the drop. The optimal distance between these chords and the edge of the image of the drop is chosen within 10–20% of the radius of the equator. The proposed method guarantees the same level of errors of evaluation of the height of the pole and the radius of the equator, which enables one to substantially increase the accuracy of evaluation of the capillary constant and the surface energy of the melt according to the geometric parameters of the sessile drop.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

Analysis of anisotropy of properties on the basis of studies of texture of coarse-grained ingots of thermoelectric materials

An analysis of anisotropy of the properties of a Bi₂Se_0.3Te_2.7 solid solution was carried out using construction of demonstrative surfaces for thermoelectric effectiveness and thermal expansion coefficients. It is shown that the texture is an important factor forming anisotropy of properties and technological fitness of ingots for manufacturing modules. Anisotropy of properties based on the studies of the ingot textures obtained using the float-zone method and Bridgman method (growing thermoelectric plates in a flat cavity) was studied.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.