多向细编碳／碳复合材料界面力学性能测试与表征

本文用自制装置研究了多向细编Ｃ／Ｃ复合材料纤维束性能，分析了工艺过程的影响。同时用界面微脱粘实验技术研究了Ｃ／Ｃ复合材料界面性能，给出了相应的理论模型和界面应力分布，提出了由界面脱粘力，纤维、基体和复合材料性能表征界面剪切强度的方法，为Ｃ／Ｃ复合材料优化设计提供了定量参数。结果表明：织物结构、织物编织工艺以及织物／基体复合对纤维的强度影响很大，降为原始纤维的２０％左右，对模量影响小。不同界面层次，纤维／基体的界面结合情况和界面剪切强度不同，Ｚ向纤维束中纤维／基体结合好，具有最高的结合强度，ＳＥＭ观察证实有大量基体碳在纤维上枝联。     

顶出法对细编穿剌碳／碳复合材料界面强度的研究

研制了一套表征碳／碳（Ｃ／Ｃ）复合材料界面力学性能的单丝顶出测试系统,实现了对碳纤维的单丝顶出测试。利用该仪器测定了不同工艺条件下制备的几组Ｃ／Ｃ复合材料样品的界面粘接性能,研究了界面剪切强度和复合材料拉伸强度之间的关系。     

顶出法对细编穿刺碳/碳复合材料界面强度的研究

研制了一套表征碳／碳（Ｃ／Ｃ） 复合材料界面力学性能的单丝顶出测试系统, 实现了对碳纤维的单丝顶出测试。利用该仪器测定了不同工艺条件下制备的几组Ｃ／Ｃ复合材料样品的界面粘接性能, 研究了界面剪切强度和复合材料拉伸强度之间的关系     

碳/碳复合基体中间相沥青EI

中间相沥青具有高残碳率、高密度、低的密度变化及易石墨化等优点，是较理想的碳／碳复合材料基体前驱体。本文从Ｃ／Ｃ复合制备工艺的角度，阐述了制备Ｃ／Ｃ复合材料用的中间相的主要特性，其中包括中间相的流动性，在碳化过程中的稳定化、、微观结构以及中间相基Ｃ／Ｃ复合材料的界面结构。     

化学气相沉积碳／碳复合材料性能研究

分析了化学气相沉积碳／碳（Ｃ／Ｃ）复合材料的刹车力矩和刹车速度的关系曲线及影响因素，结果表明，刹车力矩一刹车速度曲线上的初始力矩峰值随着摩擦界面温度的升高而增大，提高材料的石墨化度、改变刹车盘的结构、降低刹车比压的施加速度都可以降低初始力矩峰值，改善Ｃ／Ｃ材料的摩擦性能．Ｃ／Ｃ复合材料具有良好的自润滑性能，其磨损率仅为１．２×１０－３ｍｍ／次．它们具有较高的机械性能和热物理性能，完全可以满足飞机刹车的要求．     

高摩擦学性能碳／碳复合材料研制

探索了高摩热学性能碳／碳（Ｃ／Ｃ）复合材料的制备途径，设计出了高摩擦学性能Ｃ／Ｃ材料的组织模型，并按模型制备出了在碳纤维上分布着球状沉积碳组织的Ｃ／Ｃ材料，实验表明：这种Ｃ／Ｃ材料具有良好的摩擦磨损性能，刹车力矩和速度的关系曲线平稳，初始力矩峰值小，摩擦系数适中；磨损率小，摩擦面光滑；试样无分层、碎裂、掉块等失效情况。     

化学气相沉积碳／碳复合材料摩擦学行为研究

研究了化学气相沉积碳／碳（Ｃ／Ｃ）复合材料的摩擦磨损性能。全尺寸Ｃ／Ｃ复合材料刹车盘在不同的比压、能载、环境条件下试验结果表明：Ｃ／Ｃ复合材料的摩擦系数随着比压、能载的增大以及环境湿度的提高而减小。Ｃ／Ｃ复合材料具有良好的自润滑性能，磨损率仅为９．５×１０－４ｍｍ／面·次。其磨损是由机械磨损和氧化磨损共同作用的结果，氧化磨损为根本原因。     

碳／碳复合材料及其在航空上的应用前景

本文分四部分论述了碳／碳（以下称为Ｃ／Ｃ）复合材料及其发展形势：Ｃ／Ｃ复合材料的现状，工艺，性能及应用：Ｃ／Ｃ复合材料的制造工艺及其发展趋势：Ｃ／Ｃ复合材料的抗氧化保护涂层；Ｃ／Ｃ复合材料在航空上的应用前景。最后指出：Ｃ／Ｃ复合将逐渐由短期应用走向长期应用，制造工艺将由长时间走向短时间，抗氧化保护涂层将由单纯的表面涂覆走向立体多重涂覆，成本将大大降低，主要应用范围将逐渐由航天技术的结构功能材料发展     

碳／碳复合材料的发展前景

论述了国内外碳／碳复合材料（Ｃ／Ｃ）的优越性、性能、工艺、应用及其前景。     

碳/碳复合材料的生物相容性及生物应用

碳／碳复合材料继承了碳大有的生物相容性，又具有优良的力学性能，在生物医用材料领域有很大的应用前景。本文总结了医用碳碳／复合材料的研究现状，评述了碳／碳复合材料的生物相容性特点，并详细讨论了碳／碳复合材料生物医用所涉及到的模量、界面及表面改性等问题，对碳／碳复合材料的医用前景进行了展望。     

炭/炭复合材料纤维束界面层的形成过程

通过对炭/炭复合材料纤维束界面不同成型阶段结构和性能的研究, 探索束界面在制备过程中的形成规律. 采用顶出实验、SEM、Micro-CT、XRD以及Raman对不同成型阶段的炭/炭复合材料中纤维束/基体界面剪切强度、界面层结构进行了分析. 结果发现材料密度较低时, 石墨化程度增加不利于束界面剪切强度的提高; 随着材料密度的增大, 束界面剪切强度明显升高. 通过对其界面结构进行分析, 可以看出在沥青浸渍、炭化和石墨化的制备过程中, 炭基体优先在束内形成, 然后逐步向束界面层及束间空间发展, 最后束界面层组织结构趋于完善. 随着热处理温度的升高, 其界面层组织结构的石墨化程度逐渐增强, 其结晶程度也不断增强.     

Measurement and analytical validation of interfacial bond strength of PAN-fiber-reinforced carbon matrix composites

Carbon/carbon composites are well suited to high-friction applications due to their excellent mechanical and thermal properties. Since interfacial shear strength is critical to composite performance, characterization of fiber/matrix interface is a crucial step in tailored design of composites. This article presents a hybrid experimental/analytical study to evaluate the interfacial shear strength (IFSS) of PAN-fiber-reinforced carbon matrix composites. Microstructure was studied by light and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). A series of push-out tests were conducted to examine the fiber/matrix debonding process. The residual fiber displacement was confirmed by scanning electron microcopy (SEM). The validity of the calculated IFSS value was demonstrated by a simplified analytical approach, where the components contributing to the measured displacement were analyzed considering the mechanics of the indentation. The method described in this article has been successfully used for determining the IFSS of PAN-fiber-reinforced carbon matrix composites.     

Determination of interfacial mechanical properties of ceramic composites by the compression of micro-pillar test specimens

A novel method to determine the fiber-matrix interfacial properties of ceramic matrix composites is proposed and evaluated; where micro-pillar samples containing inclined fiber/matrix interfaces were prepared from a SiC fiber-reinforced SiC matrix composites and then compression-tested using the nano-indentation technique. This new test method employs a simple geometry and mitigates the uncertainties associated with complex stress state in the conventional single-filament push-out method or tensile unloading–reloading hysteresis loop analysis method for the determination of interfacial properties. Based on the test results using samples with different interface orientations, the interfacial debond shear strength and the internal friction coefficient are explicitly determined and compared with values obtained by other test methods. SEM observation showed that micro compression caused an adhesive type of debonding between the fiber and the pyrolytic carbon interface. The results suggest that the debonding/failure behavior of the micro-pillars followed the Coulomb fracture criterion. The determined interfacial debond shear strength is ~100 MPa, which appears to be smaller than that determined from fiber push-out test for similar composite systems. The difference can be explained by the effect of normal stress (clamping stress) on the apparent interfacial debond shear strength.     

SEM环境下纤维推出技术结合电子束云纹技术表征复合材料界面细观力学性能

纤维推出技术是研究复合材料界面细观力学性能的常用方法。本文将该方法在SEM环境下与电子束云纹技术相结合开发一套基于SEM环境下的纤维推出实验系统。利用该系统测试了SiC/Ti-15-3复合材料的界面剪切强度、摩擦应力、摩擦系数及残余应力分布等细观力学性能。结果表明:对于厚度为500 μm的SiC/Ti-15-3复合材料界面剪切强度为35 MPa,摩擦应力为32.8 MPa,纤维与界面间的摩擦系数为0.082,径向残余应力为?400 MPa。该系统在SEM环境可以实现直径为几微米的纤维推出,扩展了纤维推出技术的应用范围,提高了纤维推出过程的对准精度,减小了测量误差。并且与电子束云纹技术相结合,实时测量纤维推出后界面残余应力分布情况,为复合材料界面的设计、评估及优化提供必要的实验方法。      

碳纳米管纤维/环氧树脂复合材料的界面剪切强度及微观结构

研究了碳纳米管纤维的微观结构和拉伸性能,并进一步分析了其与环氧树脂形成界面剪切强度及微观结构。采用单丝断裂试验测试了碳纳米管纤维/环氧树脂复合材料体系的界面剪切强度,结合单丝断裂过程中的偏光显微镜照片、复合材料的拉曼谱图和断口扫描电镜照片,研究了碳纳米管纤维/环氧树脂复合材料界面的微观结构。结果表明: 碳纳米管纤维/环氧树脂复合材料的界面剪切强度约为14 MPa;在碳纳米管纤维和环氧树脂形成界面的过程中,环氧树脂可以浸渍纤维,形成具有一定厚度的复合相,这种浸渍过程和界面相的形成都有利于碳纳米管纤维与基体之间的连接。     

Grafting Low Contents of Branched Polyethylenimine onto Carbon Fibers to Effectively Improve Their Interfacial Shear Strength with an Epoxy Matrix

The mechanical properties of carbon fiber (CF) reinforced composites are greatly dependent on the interfacial strength between the CFs and matrix. To improve the interfacial adhesion of carbon fiber/epoxy composites, branched polyethylenimine (PEI) is grafted onto the CFs treated in a mixed acid at optimized process time. The chemical compositions and bonds of functionalized CFs are characterized by thermal gravimetric analysis, Fourier‐transform infrared, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The surface structures and morphologies of various CFs are analyzed by Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. Microbond test is adopted to evaluate the interfacial shear strength (IFSS) between the CFs and epoxy matrix. The results show that the CFs modified by low molecular weight PEI are better than those modified by high molecular weight PEI. The IFSS of PEI modified CFs can reach a maximum of 107.2 ± 14.3 MPa at a low functionalization degree compared with 78.1 ± 11.6 MPa of unmodified CFs. The branched structure and high density of active amine groups on the PEI chains are responsible for the improved interfacial strength.     

炭纤维特性与炭纤维/环氧树脂界面断裂能关联分析

采用基于WND(Wagner-Nairn-Detassis)能量模型的单丝断裂法,测试了5种国产炭纤维、2种国外炭纤维与航空结构用环氧树脂复合体系的界面断裂能,通过SEM,AFM,IR以及XPS等手段分析了7种炭纤维的表面物理化学特性,并研究了炭纤维特性与界面断裂能的关联。结果表明:对于所研究的炭纤维/环氧树脂体系,去除炭纤维表面上浆剂后界面断裂能下降,说明上浆剂可以在一定程度上提高界面的韧性。此外,实验范围内,纤维拉伸强度较高时,测得的界面断裂能较高,炭纤维表面粗糙度较高时,测得界面断裂能较高,说明纤维拉伸性能和表面粗糙度对界面韧性有重要影响,而与这两种因素相比,上浆剂的种类影响相对较小。研究结果为高性能国产炭纤维的研发和炭纤维/树脂匹配性的评价提供了重要的实验数据。     

碳纤维表面处理对C/PLA复合材料界面粘结强度的影响(Ⅱ)

对硝酸表面处理前后碳纤维增强聚乳酸（Ｃ／ＰＬＡ）复合材料的界面状态进行了研究。重点研究了碳纤维的硝酸表面处理对Ｃ／ＰＬＡ复合材料界面粘结强度的影响以及粘结机理。研究表明,硝酸表面处理可使复合材料的界面粘结强度大幅度增加,复合材料的冲击强度、弯曲强度、弯曲模量和剪切强度亦有不同程度的提高。ＸＰＳ研究发现,央纤维与ＰＬＡ基体间有化学反应发生。界面化学反应程度的增加是复合材料界面粘结强度提高的主要原因;此外,碳纤维表面粗糙度的增加也对界面粘结强度的提高有一定的贡献。     

Process and mechanical properties of carbon/carbon–silicon carbide composite reinforced with carbon nanotubes grown in situ

A hierarchical C_f/C–SiC composite was fabricated via in situ growth of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on fiber cloths following polymer impregnation and pyrolysis process. The effects of CNTs grown in situ on mechanical properties of the composite, such as flexural strength, fracture toughness, crack propagation behavior and interfacial bonding strength, were evaluated. Fiber push-out test showed that the interfacial bonding strength between fiber and matrix was enhanced by CNTs grown in situ. The propagation of cracks into and in fiber bundles was impeded, which results in decreased crack density and a “pull-out of fiber bundle” failure mode. The flexural strength was increased while the fracture toughness was not improved significantly due to the decreased crack density and few interfacial debonding between fiber and matrix, although the local toughness can be improved by the pull-out of CNTs.