一种抑制传感死区的Sagnac分布式传感器

提出了一种能抑制传感死区的Sagnac分布式光纤传感结构,利用2x2耦合器实现光路的循环.运用琼斯矩阵对光路进行了分析,指出只要延迟光纤的长度选择合适,就能消除传感光纤中的传感死区,排除信号中伪零频点对信号解调的干扰.在八个不同的点分别进行扰动定位监测,对得到的信号经滤波平滑后在局部最小值附近运用最小二乘法拟合,以确定零频点的位置.实验结果表明该系统能实现扰动定位,平均误差最大值为68 m,最小为3 m,证明了结构的正确性,表明该结构可用于远距离管道泄漏检测.     

基于光纤光栅的波分复用系统设计

设计了两种基于光纤布拉格光栅的波分复用(WDM)系统,一种为基于光纤光栅的四路波分复用系统,另一种为结合光分插复用器(OADM)的四路波分复用系统。给出了基于Opti System的波分复用光传输系统仿真模型,对复用及解复用后的光信号进行仿真得出了光谱图,对传输性能及Q因子、误码率、眼图等参数进行分析。在第二种结构中光纤光栅作为色散补偿器、光反射器和滤波器使用,可以实现任一波长的上载和下路。两种波分复用系统眼图张开良好,误码率均低于10e-9。证明了波分复用系统的正确性和设计方案的可行性。     

基于通信光缆的光纤油气管线预警系统

提出了一种以光纤分布式扰动传感器为核心,通过随油气管线一同敷设的标准通信光缆为传感介质的新型光纤管线预警系统.该系统利用激光干涉的原理对扰动信号进行实时探测,从而实现对挖掘、偷盗和第三方破坏等事件导致的扰动的实时监测和定位,从而达到管线安全预警的功能.该预警系统成功研制后分别在津唐输油处石油管线和杭州至嘉兴天然气管线进行了多次外场测试,该系统能在长达60 km的管线上实现250 m的定位精度,具有很好的定位稳定性.其测试结果表明:与传统油气管线监测手段相比,该系统具有无需外场供电、本质安全、灵敏度高,监测距离长、可定位以及可预警监测等技术优势,是未来油气管线监测的发展趋势.     

光纤光栅传感技术及其在石油工业中的应用

阐述了光纤光栅温度和应变传感的响应机理．对光纤光栅多参量区分测量技术和光纤光栅传感网络复用与解调技术进行了综合评述．结合光纤光栅传感技术的本质突出优势和石油工业特点,讨论了其在油气生产中温度和压力测量、测井技术、地震波检测、长距离石油管道监测等方面的应用．     

光纤法-珀传感器并联复用的互相关解调

为了实现光纤法-珀传感器并联复用信号的高精度、绝对腔长解调,提出了一种改进的互相关解调法。该方法采用了特殊的相关因子,使得它与复用输出信号的互相关函数在传感器各腔长处为单峰从而有利于腔长比较接近的传感器的分辨;采用分段黄金搜索法减少了计算量,解调速度快。在宽带光源、光谱仪等组成的解调系统中对两只传感器复用进行了实验验证,结果表明:该系统可以实现光纤法-珀传感器并联复用信号的解调,能分辨的传感器之间的最小腔长差小于6ìm,腔长波动小于0.07ìm。     

基于光纤传感技术的易燃易爆气体泄漏监测研究

针对目前易燃易爆气体泄漏监测手段的不足,提出了一种使用光纤光栅传感技术进行实时监测的方法。根据实际工况搭建了管道输气系统,使用空气作为传输介质模拟了易燃易爆气体发生泄漏的过程。通过对监测点管道的振动加速度进行采集,利用降噪和傅里叶、变换的信号处理手段,对振动波形进行分析。结果表明:在管道发生泄漏时,管道振动的振动加速度会发生一定程度的减小,振动主频会略微变大。通过光纤光栅传感技术,对振动特征参数进行分析和计算,可实现管道泄漏点准确定位。     

基于光纤传感器的输油管道远程安全监测系统研究

鉴于Bragg光纤光栅传感器的温度和应变敏感特性,将其引入远程安全监测系统,设计开发确保油气管道安全传输的远程监测系统。该系统设计包括硬件部分和软件部分,其中硬件设计主要是对光纤光栅传感器、信号解调与分析、数据通信与传输、数据处理与分析中心四大系统的详细设计;软件设计采用LabVIEW语言编程,实现动态监测和实时分析两大功能。试验表明该系统有助于确保输油管道安全运行,工程实用价值较高。     

预应力混凝土梁腐蚀断丝水下监测试验研究

采用人工通电加速腐蚀的方法模拟混凝土梁内预应力钢筋的自然断裂过程从而获得真实的断丝声发射信号,应用高频声发射传感器和分布式光纤监测系统从水下采集预应力钢筋断裂时产生的声信号,分析信号的时频域特征和时域统计特征参数,结果表明：断丝信号的超声波段在水中传播时发生频散,应采用20 kHz以下的时域统计特征识别断丝信号;铠装光缆可以接收到在水中传播的断丝信号,其在时频图上表现为一条竖直的条带,并且能量主要集中分布于100～200 Hz。采用时域统计特征参数分析光纤监测信号时,需要设定较小的门槛值截取信号进行分析;对于光纤水声监测工况来说,峰值指标的信噪比较低,裕度和峭度指标更适合于用来识别断丝信号。该研究为开发预应力混凝土结构断丝水下声光纤监测系统奠定了基础。     

基于小波能谱和小波信息熵的管道异常振动事件识别方法

提出了基于小波能谱和小波信息熵的油气管道异常振动事件识别方法。基于Mach-Zehnder光纤干涉仪原理的分布式光纤油气管道安全监测系统实时检测管道沿途振动信号,对测量的时间序列进行小波变换,根据小波系数计算小波能谱与小波信息熵,通过小波能谱和小波信息熵值两种测度识别不同的管道安全异常事件。港枣线成品油管道的现场实验结果表明,该方法可以快速有效地识别管道周围发生的泄漏及其他异常情况,其总体识别准确率达到98.5%,有效降低了误报警率,具有较强的在线工况识别能力。     

光纤光栅周界安防系统在海风环境中的应用

光纤光栅周界安防系统利用光栅传感器来感知布防区域的振动信号,再经过分析判断对入侵行为进行及时预警。当系统安装于起风频繁、风力较大的海边环境时,需要在准确预警入侵行为的同时,减少大风干扰引起的错误报警情况。该文以某一海风环境的网片安装方式周界系统为研究对象,比较了入侵信号和海风信号的异同,由于大风产生的扰动,影响范围较大,该文结合区域信息,先对大风环境进行判断,再为发生扰动的监测单元分配对应的报警策略,能够有效提升系统的预警效果。     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Friction Stir Processing Strategies for Uniform Distribution of Reinforcement in a Surface Composite

Friction stir processing (FSP) is an important technique for preparing surface composites. Fabricating defect-free surface composites with uniform particle distribution by FSP is a challenging task. In this study, silicon carbide particles reinforced AA5083 alloy surface composites was fabricated using different FSP strategies including variation in process parameters, dual-tool processing and tool offset overlapping. Material flow of the processed material with reinforcement particles demonstrated that the distribution of particles was influenced by the stirring action of the probe as well as the extrusion of the plasticized material due to the movement of the tool. Process parameters, particularly rotational speed, showed a dominant influence on the distribution of silicon carbide particles.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

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