电弧等离子体法在纳米材料制备中的应用

电弧等离子体法可广泛用于多种纳米粉末、纳米管及纳米薄膜的制备。介绍了电弧等离子体法制备纳米材料的基本工作原理及其在制备各种纳米材料的应用，分析了电弧等离子体法的特点与优势，并展望了其发展前景。     

直流电弧等离子体法制备纳米材料的研究进展

纳米材料由于具有特殊的光学、力学、磁学、电学、超导、催化等特性而被广泛应用于电子、机械装置、药物传输、催化剂等众多领域。直流电弧等离子体法是一种制备高纯度纳米材料的有效手段,通过在两电极之间的电弧放电产生高温,使反应室中的气体变为等离子体态,原材料蒸发分解成气态原子,过饱和的蒸汽流动到反应室中温度较低的部位,并重新成核生长成所需的纳米粒子。使用直流电弧等离子体法制备纳米材料具有操作简单、成本低、合成速度快、产物纯度高、环境友好等优点。在电弧法制备纳米材料的过程中,改变相关实验参数,会对产物的粒径、形貌等特性产生影响;特别是在制备碳纳米材料时,改变实验条件还会得到如碳纳米管、石墨烯、碳纳米角等不同形貌的碳纳米材料。因此,需要从纳米颗粒的生长机理入手,找到不同纳米材料的最佳合成条件,实现其可控制备。如今,电弧法制备纳米材料的研究重点已由单纯的制备方法研究发展到深入分析其机理与探究可控合成的工艺条件,从而实现粒径可控、颗粒分布均匀纳米材料的规模化制备。此外,电弧法相比其他方法具有独特的优点,探索用电弧法制备新型纳米材料也是目前研究的焦点。近年来,使用电弧法制备纳米材料取得了众多成果。在碳纳米材料领域,不但实现了富勒烯、碳纳米管的制备,而且实现了高品质单层石墨烯和碳纳米角的制备。在金属纳米材料领域,制备出了高品质的纳米银粉和镍粉等。此外,难熔金属由于熔点高,使用其他方法难以制备出相关种类的纳米材料。而电弧区温度可以达到104K,使用电弧法可制备出Mo、Cr、V、W等多种难熔金属的纳米材料。在陶瓷纳米材料领域,成功制备了SiC、TiC等高性能陶瓷纳米材料。实现电弧法可控制备纳米材料需要对纳米颗粒的形成及生长机理进行深入探究,相关工作也在不断推进。最近,研究者们使用数值模拟等辅助手段来模拟电弧过程,可以得到电弧区的温度、压力、速度分布情况,模拟的实验结果对解释纳米材料的生长机理起到非常重要的作用。本文主要介绍了使用直流电弧等离子体法制备碳纳米材料、金属纳米材料及陶瓷纳米材料的研究进展,并对纳米粒子的形成机理做了深入分析;阐述了电弧等离子法制备纳米材料存在的问题,并提出了相应的解决策略;最后,对电弧法制备纳米材料向着大规模、低成本可控制备的发展进行了展望。     

电化学法制备纳米材料的研究现状

分析了国内外制备纳米材料的现状,电沉积纳米晶体的优点、方法.重点介绍了利用模板法、电解电镀法、石墨电弧法、直流碳弧法、超声电化学法、直流电弧等离子蒸发-冷凝法、电沉积法制备纳米线、纳米管、纳米多层膜、纳米合金、纳米枝晶和纳米材料的基本方法、合成原理、技术要点以及一些表征等.比较了各种方法的异同点、优缺点及其在不同条件下得到的形态各异的产品.给出了相关技术参数,指出了纳米材料的未来发展方向.     

纳米微粉的制备

纳米材料是指由极细晶粒组成,特征维度尺寸在纳米数量级(约1nm～100nm)的固体材料.大多数纳米晶体块材料的制备技术是由粉体到体材料,因此,纳米微粉的制备是纳米材料研究的重要方向.常用的纳米粉体制备方法有化学法和物理法两种.化学法有沉淀法、乳浊液法、溶胶-凝胶法、控制化学元素法、光化学法、辐射化学、光催化法等;物理方法有机械合金法、物理粉碎法及电弧高频感应、激光、等离子体、超声波等方法.通过这些方法可以制备出各种具有纳米尺寸的金属微粉、氧化物陶瓷微粉和碳化物、氮化物等非氧化物陶瓷微粉.本文主要介绍常用的几种制备纳米微粉的方法.     

由煤或焦炭制备纳米碳质材料的新进展

评述了以煤为碳源制备富勒烯、纳米碳管、竹节形碳管、铁嵌入的纳米碳棒和由碳包覆的金属纳米粒子等各种纳米材料。认为：等离子体电孤放电法是由煤制备各种纳米碳质材料最常用的方法，随电弧条件及电极性质的不同，所制备的纳米碳质材料可有各种不同形态及结构、由于煤是分子固体而石墨是晶格固体，两种碳源的反应机理有明显不同。在等离子体电弧加热时，煤分解并产生许多具有简单芳烃结构的分子，在纳米碳质材料的形成过程中，这些分子可能作为纳米碳质材料的结构单元，同时原煤中的矿物质在合成过程中也起着重要作用，因此煤本身的性质对纳米材料的制备极为重要。煤是成本低廉且储量最丰富的碳源，将是大规模工业化生产纳米碳质材料最好的碳源之一。     

碳纳米洋葱制备方法的研究进展

碳纳米洋葱是继富勒烯与碳纳米管之后的又一新型碳纳米材料,在润滑剂、磁性材料等领域具有广阔的应用前景.综述了碳纳米洋葱的主要合成方法(电弧放电法、等离子体法、电子束照射法、热处理法、热解法和化学气相沉积法)及其特点,讨论了碳洋葱的形成机理,并简单介绍了碳纳米洋葱的性能及其应用.     

等离子体电弧法制备的带状纳米锌的表征

约束弧等离子体电弧法用等离子体高温热源激发高能粒子的化学反应,并与骤冷技术结合构成一个制备金属纳米粉体或化合物纳米粉末材料的等离子体过程,能极好地制备高溶点(例:Ni,Fe,C等)或低溶点(例:Al,Zn等)的纳米粉末,是当前极具工业化生产应用前景的方法之一。用约束弧等离子体电弧法制备了纳米Zn粉末,用XRD,TEM,TG,DTA技术研究了纳米Zn粉末的结构、晶粒大小、晶粒形貌和热稳定性。结果表明,该粉体平均粒径小于42 nm,晶粒形貌为带状,热稳定性好。此外该粉体具有高比表面积,可用作化学反应的催化剂。     

纳米金属包覆材料研究进展

纳米金属材料的表面包覆和修饰是纳米材料学的一个新型研究方向。其制备方法主要有物理吸附法、表面沉积法、电弧放电法、等离子体聚合法、激光化学气相沉积法、乳液聚合法等。包覆结构主要用透射电镜直接观测和成分对比分析等间接手段表征。由于其独特的性质,主要应用在陶瓷增韧、双金属粉末和非线性光学性质等方面。     

等离子体发生器制备纳米微粒

介绍了等离子体发生器化学气相反应法(CVD)的工作原理和直流电弧主电路,并对此法制备金属纳米和金属纳米氧化物过程中温度、颗粒形态的控制进行了分析。     

电弧等离子体法制备纳米Ce-NiO的气敏特性

用Ｈ２＋Ａｒ电弧等离子体法制备纳米Ｃｅ－ＮｉＯ并研究其气敏特性。实验结果表明：与通常用作氧敏传感器的Ｐ型ＮｉＯ半导体材料相比，Ｈ２＋Ａｒ电弧等离子体法制备的纳米Ｃｅ－ＮｉＯ气敏材料表现出一定的ｎ型导电性，对乙炔具有很好的选择性和较高的灵敏度；其气敏特性与纳米Ｃｅ－ＮｉＯ晶粒的显微结构有关。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Assessment of intakes of mixtures of radionuclides

Australia has several uranium mines and a large number of mineral sand mines, with associated processing facilities. Exposures resulting from these mining and processing operations usually involve intakes of mixtures of radionuclides. This work describes the development of a suite of first order, linear compartment models, based on the ICRP Publication 66 respiratory tract model, and an analytical solution to the decay equations, for assessing the consequences of such intakes. The computer programs based on these models directly compute excretion, organ retention and organ and whole-body doses for intakes of either single radionuclides or any mixture of radionuclides belonging to the same radioactive decay chain. The intake can be via inhalation, ingestion or injection, and can be acute, chronic or of limited duration. The starting concentration and degree of secular (dis)equilibrium can be specified for each radionuclide. No assumptions need to be made about the relative magnitudes of the radioactive half-lives of the different nuclides.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Analysis of anisotropy of properties on the basis of studies of texture of coarse-grained ingots of thermoelectric materials

An analysis of anisotropy of the properties of a Bi₂Se_0.3Te_2.7 solid solution was carried out using construction of demonstrative surfaces for thermoelectric effectiveness and thermal expansion coefficients. It is shown that the texture is an important factor forming anisotropy of properties and technological fitness of ingots for manufacturing modules. Anisotropy of properties based on the studies of the ingot textures obtained using the float-zone method and Bridgman method (growing thermoelectric plates in a flat cavity) was studied.