玻璃纤维/聚丙烯复合材料层合板拉深成型性

为研究纤维增强树脂复合材料零部件快速成型,加速复合材料零部件大规模产业化量产,以玻璃纤维/聚丙烯复合材料层合板为实验对象,首先利用设计加工的拉深成型模具,进行了玻璃纤维增强热塑性树脂复合材料（Glass fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin composite,GFRTP）板材外表面纤维方向和模具长轴方向为0°和90°的试件在不同温度和不同拉深深度条件下的深拉深成型实验,将成型件制备金相试件在光学显微镜下进行微观组织观察,并对试件的成型情况和不同拉深力-行程曲线进行分析。其后进行了GFRTP板材外表面纤维方向和模具长轴方向为0°、45°和90°的试件的不同温度下的浅拉深成型实验,并对成型后的试验件进行了室温条件下的拉伸性能测试,对其拉伸失效情况及具体力学性能进行了对比分析。试验结果表明,在室温25℃到基体树脂的熔融温度165℃之间,随着温度的升高,板材的极限拉深深度增大,最大拉深力呈下降趋势。在选取的试验温度范围内,85℃时试件成型性能较好且0°试件优于90°试件,温度对拉深成型试件的皱曲改善不明显。浅拉深成型试件拉伸力学特性受试件铺层纤维方向的影响较大,防止皱曲等缺陷的发生对GFRTP板材拉深成型十分重要。     

纤维参数对纤维取向及塑件变形影响模拟研究

采用Moldflow软件对短玻纤增强聚丙烯复合材料注塑成型矩形平板塑件的成型过程进行模拟,重点研究纤维含量(A)、纤维长径比(B)和纤维间相互作用系数(Ci)对平均纤维取向(D)和制品变形(E)的影响,进一步探究短纤维增强聚合物注塑成型的特点.研究表明:A、B对D及E的影响较复杂,且存在一个最佳值;随着B的增大,D先增大后减小,再增大;而E随B的增大呈先增大后减小的趋势(B=1除外);随着Ci的增大,D呈减小,E呈先减小后增大的趋势.收缩是引起塑件变形的主要因素.塑件变形在三维空间的Z方向的变形量最大,在熔体流动(X方向)及垂直流动方向(Y方向)的变形量均相对较小.     

玄武岩纤维特征参数对混凝土单轴受拉性能的影响

考虑玄武岩纤维体积分数和长径比两个主要因素,通过直接拉伸试验,研究玄武岩纤维对混凝土轴心受拉破坏形态、应力-应变全曲线、受拉荷载变形性能和韧性的影响。结果表明：玄武岩纤维增强混凝土单轴受拉破坏呈明显的塑性特征,玄武岩纤维显著增强了混凝土在轴心受拉荷载作用下的韧性;与普通混凝土(NC)相比,随着玄武岩纤维增强因子的提高,轴心受拉应力-应变全曲线特征点和断裂能均呈先增大后减小的趋势;基于轴心受拉应力-应变全曲线分析,提出关于纤维体积分数和长径比的玄武岩纤维混凝土轴心受拉应力-应变本构模型,可供玄武岩纤维混凝土结构和构件的非线性分析和工程设计参考。对比分析拉压比、折压比和单轴拉伸破坏断裂能3种韧性指标,发现断裂能可以准确评价玄武岩纤维增强混凝土(BFRC)受拉韧性,BFRC韧性较NC最大提升率为43.0%。     

用液晶高分子作光导纤维涂层

在熔融状态下呈液晶性的“热致液晶高分子”,和通常的塑料一样可以进行注射成型和挤压成型。它是一种不用加填料等增强材料,而是靠分子取向达到高强度化的“自身增强聚合物”。尽管有这么多的优异特性,但其实用化却较晚。其原因之一是“自身增强”的分子取向方向同直角方向的机械特性约差一个数量级,成为各向异性很大的     

用共编纱制备热塑性复合材料

介绍了一种制备增强纤维/热塑性纤维混杂纤维束的新方法——共编法,通过改变编织工艺参数、纤维丝束大小、纤维种类、编纱和轴向纱的数量等制备了一系列GF/PP共编纱。以此共编纱,成功地制备出GF/PP复合材料板材,并研究了成型压力、成型温度以及保温时间等对复合材料的预浸及板材质量的影响;同时,对增强纤维种类、丝束大小及其含量等对复合材料中空隙含量的影响也进行了研究;采用圆形模型探讨了GF/PP共编纱中树脂对玻璃纤维的预浸过程,提出了影响预浸效果的主要因素。     

UHMWPE纤维混凝土动态压缩力学性能研究

试验研究了一种捻制超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)纤维增强的新型纤维混凝土动态压缩力学性能。研制了4种纤维体积掺量(0.3%、0.5%、0.7%、1.0%)的C70等级纤维混凝土,采用Φ100 mm分离式霍普金森压杆进行冲击压缩试验,研究了纤维混凝土在140~255 s~(-1)应变率下的动态压缩力学性能。试验结果表明:UHMWPE纤维混凝土抗压强度、峰值应变和弹性模量具有明显的应变率敏感性;纤维混凝土抗压强度应变率敏感性弱于素混凝土,但其弹性模量应变率敏感性强于素混凝土;动态强度增长因子与应变率对数呈线性关系,具体关系与纤维掺量相关。     

超声振动对玻纤增强聚丙烯复合材料注射成型特性的影响

为了研究超声振动对纤维增强复合材料注射成型特性的影响,利用自行开发的超声辅助可视化注射成型实验装置对不同玻纤(GF)含量的GF增强聚丙烯(PP)复合材料进行了超声外场作用下的可视化实验,观测分析了超声功率对复合熔体充填流动行为的影响。此外,通过对试样不同部位的金相观察,分析了超声功率对复合材料纤维取向的影响。结果表明:超声功率会对复合材料注射成型的充填流动行为及制品的纤维取向产生影响,而复合材料纤维含量对超声振动的效果也有直接影响。在纤维含量较低时,超声振动对基体材料微观形态的作用为影响复合材料充填流动性及纤维取向的主因;在纤维含量较高时,超声振动对纤维的作用为影响复合材料充填流动性及纤维取向的主因。研究结果为复合材料超声辅助成型技术的发展提供了依据。     

短炭纤维取向预浸物(H.P.F prepreg)

一、纤维增强塑料中纤维取向的重要性用于纤维增强树脂(FRP)的增强纤维,在使用时,应有下列原则:“把最少量(纤维)配置到满足成型品力学性能(应力方向和量值)所需求的必要的方位上。例如,FRP的物性(弹性模量)与纤维的取向之间,如图1所示,增强纤维对FRP物性的提高赋予作用,增强纤维的取向方向一脱离应力方向,其物性急剧降低。因此,要获得高性能的FRP,就必须根据成型制品     

混杂纤维增强混凝土材料的力学性能和耐久性能研究

采用聚丙烯纤维和碳纤维掺杂的方法制备了单纤维和混杂纤维增强混凝土材料。利用电子万能试验机对单纤维和混杂纤维增强混凝土材料样品进行了抗弯强度和劈裂抗拉强度试验;采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对样品的拉伸断口形貌进行了观察;采用NEL扩散试验测试了样品的氯离子扩散系数。结果表明,混杂纤维增强混凝土材料HFRC-B的抗弯性能、劈裂抗拉强度和耐久性能均优于单掺聚丙烯纤维增强混凝土PFRC-A和单掺碳纤维增强混凝土CFRC-B,HFRC-B样品的抗弯强度可达8.4 MPa,劈裂抗拉强度平均值可达3.78 MPa,氯离子扩散系数为2.26×10~(-12) m~2/s,综合性能优异;SEM分析表明,碳纤维、聚丙烯纤维与混凝土基体结合良好,碳纤维的拔出效应以及聚丙烯纤维自身的韧性保证了混杂纤维增强混凝土材料的高强度和高韧性,提升了混杂纤维增强混凝土材料的抗拉强度和抗弯性能;混杂纤维增强混凝土材料的耐久性能优于单纤维增强混凝土材料,显示了混杂纤维的正混杂效应,混杂纤维有效降低了混凝土中微裂纹的生成和扩展,改善了混凝土的阻裂效应,提高了混凝土材料的耐久性能。     

"利乐包"塑木托盘的有限元分析

采用塑木挤出成型技术,将打碎的"利乐包"挤压成型,选择其板材加工成托盘。根据林派检测报告相关数据:弹性模量、静曲强度以及塑木材料弯曲强度,基于ANSYS有限元分析软件,对托盘板材在静态承重与叉车叉起时的力学性能和承载性能进行分析。结果表明:1.1 t的承载下,板材不会开裂,满足实际使用要求。     

Strain hardening behavior of lightweight hybrid polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fiber reinforced cement composites

Experimental results on the strain hardening and multiple cracking behaviors of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fiber reinforced cementitious composites under bending are reported in this paper. Different hybrid combinations of PVA fibers with different lengths and volume fractions are considered to reinforce the mortar matrix. Among different hybrid combinations, the composite containing 2% thicker PVA fibers of 12 mm length and 1% thinner PVA fibers of 6 mm length and the composite containing 2% thicker PVA fibers of 24 mm length and 1% thinner PVA fibers of 6 mm length showed the best performance in terms of highest ultimate load, largest CMOD (crack mouth opening displacement) at peak load and multiple cracking behavior. The effects of four types of light weight sands on the strain hardening and multiple cracking behavior of hybrid fiber composites are also evaluated in this study. It has been observed that the ultimate load and CMOD at peak load for all light weight hybrid fiber composites are almost the same irrespective of volume fractions of light weight sand. The composites containing finer light weight sands exhibited higher ultimate load than those containing coarser light weight sands. It is also observed that the hybrid fiber composite containing normal silica sand exhibited higher ultimate load than the composites with light weight sands.     

Cracking mechanisms in durable sisal fiber reinforced cement composites

Fiber reinforced cement composite laminates with long sisal fibers were manufactured using a cast hand lay up technique. A matrix with partial cement replacement by metakaolin and calcined waste crushed clay brick was used in order to improve the durability aspects. Mechanical response was measured under tension and bending tests while crack formation was investigated using a high resolution image capturing procedure. Crack spacing was measured using image analysis and correlated with the applied strain under both the tensile and bending response. Various stages of loading corresponding to initiation, propagation, distribution, opening, and localization of a crack system in the specimen are discussed. The effect of flexural cracking on the location of neutral axis during the bending tests was measured using strain-gages.     

钢筋活性粉末混凝土简支梁受弯力学性能试验与计算

活性粉末混凝土（RPC）与普通混凝土（OC）相比，具有超高的强度、高韧性和优异的耐久性，其构件承载力与刚度计算方法必然不同于普通混凝土构件。该文对4根钢筋活性粉末混凝土简支梁开展受弯性能足尺试验，获得了梁的开裂弯矩、极限弯矩及荷载-跨中位移曲线，揭示了RPC简支梁受弯变形特征与破坏模式，推导了钢筋RPC简支梁的开裂弯矩与正截面受弯承载力计算公式。结果表明:钢纤维RPC极限压应变为4394 με~5200 με，开裂应变为690 με~820 με，均远大于普通混凝土；由于添加了钢纤维，公式推导时必须考虑RPC拉区拉应力的影响，推导所得开裂弯矩、正截面受弯承载力及刚度公式计算值与试验值吻合较好，计算公式具有较高的精度，可用于钢筋RPC梁的设计计算。     

水灰比对PVA纤维增强水泥基复合材料性能和显微结构的影响

对3种不同水灰比(0.2,0.4,0.65)形成的聚乙烯醇(PVA)纤维增强水泥基材料,通过三点弯曲试验,结合表观裂缝形状和裂缝处PVA纤维形态,研究了水灰比对材料弯曲性能的影响;通过对断裂面处纤维表面、纤维嵌入端和纤维拉断或拔出端的SEM影像分析,从微观层面研究了水灰比对PVA纤维-基体界面显微结构的影响。弯曲试验结果表明:随着水灰比增加,跨中部位裂缝数量明显增加,裂缝处拔出的纤维数量增多而拉断的数量减少,材料的弯曲韧度和开裂强度到弯曲强度的增强幅度提高。界面显微结构表明:随着水灰比增加,基体结构由致密变疏松,界面粘结力减弱,桥接裂缝的PVA纤维状态由瞬间猝断转变为滑动拔出且表面有轻微刮削,纤维对材料增强增韧的效率显著提高。     

Mechanical behavior of hybrid steel-fiber self-consolidating concrete: Materials and structural aspects

This work presents the preliminary results of an experimental investigation on the mechanical behavior of self-consolidating concrete reinforced with hybrid steel fibers in the material and structural scale. Straight and hooked end steel fibers with different lengths and diameters were used as reinforcement in fiber volume fractions of 1.0 and 1.5%. In the fresh state the concrete was characterized using the slump flow, L-box and V-funnel tests. To determine the effect of the hybrid reinforcement on the plastic viscosity and shear yield stress a parallel plate rheometer was used. Following, the mechanical response was measured under tension and bending tests. In the flexural test, the movement of the neutral axis was experimentally determined by strain-gages attached to compression and tensile surfaces. Furthermore, the mechanical response of the material under bi-axial bending was addressed using the round panel test. During the test the crack opening was measured using three linear variable differential transformers (LVDT’s). The cracking mechanisms were discussed and compared to that obtained under four point bending and direct tension. The obtained results indicated that the fiber hybridization improved the behavior of the composites for low strain and displacement levels increasing the serviceability limit state of the same through the control of the crack width. For large displacement levels the use of the longer fibers led to a higher toughness but with an expressive crack opening. Due to its structural redundancy the round panel test allowed the formation of a multiple cracking pattern which was not observed in the four point beam tests. Finally, the obtained material’s properties were used in a nonlinear finite element model to simulate the round panel test. The simulation reasonably agreed with the experimental test data.     

Strengthening RC beams with composite fiber cement plate reinforced by prestressed FRP rods: Experimental and numerical analysis

This paper deals with the development of a new strengthening system for reinforced concrete beams with externally-bonded plate made of composite fiber cement reinforced by rebars made of fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) [1]. The proposed strengthening material involves the preloading of FRP rod before mortar casting. The paper presents experimental and numerical analysis carried out on many large-scale beams strengthened by well-known reinforcement techniques, such as externally bonded Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Plastic (CFRP) plate and the Near Surface Mounted (NSM) technique, which are compared to the proposed new strengthening material through four-point bending tests. Results are analyzed with regard to the load-displacement curve, bending stiffness, cracking load, yield strength and failure load. The developed numerical model is in agreement with the experimental results. It clearly shows the effects of prestressed FRP rod on cracking mechanisms and internal strength distribution in the analyzed beams.     

Comparative evaluation of early age toughness parameters in fiber reinforced concrete

Early age strength development is a major consideration for design and construction processes such as the shotcrete mixtures used for tunneling applications. Adding the fibers to high strength concrete helps in resisting potential early age thermal and shrinkage cracking in addition to maintaining long-term strength. The post cracking tensile strength is one of the critical safety parameters to insure a safe level of ground support. Results of several bending tests on early-age fiber reinforced concrete are presented as load–deflection responses. A strain softening response is used to model the behavior of different types of fiber reinforced concrete and simulate the experimental flexural response. Closed form equations for moment–curvature response of a rectangular beam in conjunction with crack localization rules are utilized. As a result, the stress distribution that considers a shifting neutral axis can be simulated which provides a more accurate representation of the residual strength of the fiber cement composites. The analysis is performed to evaluate effects of age and fiber type on back calculated tensile stress strain response, along with experimental and simulated flexural load–deflection curves. The back-calculated tensile post cracking strengths are compared and correlated with the corresponding parameters used by ASTM, JCI, and RILEM methods and scale factors for the elastic methods are proposed which are in-line with the current fib Model Code. Caution must be exercised in application of results from the standard test methods due to the overestimation of the residual strength parameters that are based on elastic approaches.     

基于数字图像相关的钢纤维增强水泥基复合材料的冲击损伤特性

本文采用数字图像相关（DIC）技术对钢纤维增强水泥基复合材料三点弯落球冲击试验过程中试件表面位移场和应变场进行计算与研究,基于开裂点附近位移变化确定初裂冲击次数,并对全场水平应变值进行统计分析,得到冲击过程的损伤程度因子（D_f）表征曲线,进一步探讨纤维掺量对试件弯曲冲击损伤的影响规律。试验结果表明：钢纤维的掺入对水泥基材料破坏次数的提高较初裂次数更明显;D_f曲线能够较好反映冲击荷载作用下试件弯曲冲击破坏各阶段;试件弯曲冲击损伤过程经历缓慢、加速、再缓慢三个阶段;纤维掺量越多,D_f曲线发展越缓慢,冲击损伤三阶段中的再缓慢阶段所占比例越大,即钢纤维增韧作用主要表现在三阶段损伤过程中的再缓慢阶段。     

Reinforcement effects of polyvinyl alcohol and polypropylene fibers on flexural behaviors of sulfoaluminate cement matrices

The fracture behavior of unoiled/uncoated polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fiber reinforced sulphoaluminate cement (SAC) matrices was experimentally investigated and compared with those of polypropylene (PP) fiber reinforced SAC and PVA fiber reinforced Portland cement (PC) matrices in this study. In the experimental investigation, three-point bending tests were carried out for notched fiber reinforced cement beams. Special attentions were paid on their deflection-hardening and multiple crack patterns. The different flexural behaviors between the plain SAC and PC matrices were evaluated using the double-K fracture model. The results indicate that the PVA fiber reinforced SAC matrices exhibited better flexural behaviors when compared with the PVA fiber reinforced PC matrix having comparable matrix strength. The bond strength between SAC matrix and PVA fiber are relatively better than that between the counterpart PC matrix and PVA fiber, while the bond strength between SAC matrix and PVA fiber is obviously stronger than that between the SAC and PP fibers.     

Mechanism for tensile strain hardening in high performance cement-based fiber reinforced composites

The mechanism responsible for the improvement in tensile strain capacity of FRC (fiber reinforced concrete) as a result of the addition of high volume fraction of discontinuous fibers was investigated, using energy changes associated with cracking. The energy terms considered include: matrix fracture energy, matrix strain energy. debonding energy, fiber strain energy and fiber frictional energy.

Assuming that the first observed crack is also the failure crack, it was found that multiple cracking occurs in high performance FRC. In such composites the energy needed to open the critical cracks exceeds the energy needed to form a new crack. The analysis predicts that the major energy term determining this behavior is the fiber debonding energy.

Multiple cracking was observed in fiber reinforced small densified DSP (particles) containing a high volume fraction (higher than 3%) of fine and short steel fibers. Because crack localization did not occur during multiple cracking, very large increases in total strain capacity were achieved with increasing fiber volume fraction. At 12% fiber volume fraction, a total strain capacity of about 0·2% was measured from flexures tests; an increase of about 15 to 20 times over that of the plain matrix.