我国煤电大气污染物控制现状及展望

"十二五"以来,我国煤电大气污染物的控制取得了很大的成就,烟尘、二氧化硫、氮氧化物排放总量和强度快速下降,控制水平达到世界先进水平。"十三五"乃至更长时期,煤电仍将承担国家大气污染物减排的重任。重点研发高性能、高可靠性、高适用性、高经济性污染物的控制技术、资源化技术、多污染物协同控制技术是未来我国煤电大气污染物控制的主要技术方向。预计到2020年,烟尘、二氧化硫、氮氧化物年排放量分别降至2×10~5~3×10~5 t、1×10~6~1.5×10~6 t、1×10~6~1.5×10~6 t。     

A proposed process scheme for recovering metal values from pigment manufacturing waste streams

 Effluents from pigment manufacturing operations contain highly toxic substances. These substances in their pure form are highly valuable industrial raw materials and their loss in the effluents is not only a pollution problem but also one implying economic loss. This article describes an approach, which highlights a policy that can allow elimination of a pollution problem with simultaneous economic benefits through recovery of the pollutants in readily marketable forms. This approach converts serious "liabilities into substantial assets" and is worth adopting in many cases. The case considered here is that of the effluent from a plant manufacturing the pigment, phthalocyanine green (PG). This effluent is highly acidic and contains copper and aluminium in chloride form. There is a serious disposal problem concerning this effluent. The work reported here was focussed on recovering the metal values in this effluent in a form which can be readily marketed. Particularly important is the fact that the aluminium value can be recovered in the form of zeolite 4A, which is an environment friendly additive in modern detergent formulations. Received: 1 July 1998 / Accepted: 30 September 1998     

Air Quality Prediction Based on Kohonen Clustering and ReliefF Feature Selection

Air quality prediction is an important part of environmental governance. The accuracy of the air quality prediction also affects the planning of people’s outdoor activities. How to mine effective information from historical data of air pollution and reduce unimportant factors to predict the law of pollution change is of great significance for pollution prevention, pollution control and pollution early warning. In this paper, we take into account that there are different trends in air pollutants and that different climatic factors have different effects on air pollutants. Firstly, the data of air pollutants in different cities are collected by a sliding window technology, and the data of different cities in the sliding window are clustered by Kohonen method to find the same tends in air pollutants. On this basis, combined with the weather data, we use the ReliefF method to extract the characteristics of climate factors that helpful for prediction. Finally, different types of air pollutants and corresponding extracted the characteristics of climate factors are used to train different sub models. The experimental results of different algorithms with different air pollutants show that this method not only improves the accuracy of air quality prediction, but also improves the operation efficiency.     

Minimization of air pollutants emissions by process improvement of catalytic reforming unit in an Iranian old refinery

The old oil refineries are largest chemical industries that are responsible for emission of several pollutants and GHGs. It is possible to minimize energy usage as well as air pollution by some process modification. The main objectives of this investigation were the minimization of air pollution and CO₂ emissions in catalytic reforming unit in an oldest and largest refinery in Iran. To assess the air quality, ten sampling stations were selected for measurement of CO, H₂S, SO₂, and PM₁₀ in ambient air. Also concentrations of C₁–C₅, H₂S, and CO₂ were measured in selected unit. In final, structural and process flaws were identified by analyzing real functional circumstances and they were modified. Results show that SO₂, H₂S, and PM₁₀ concentrations are higher than ambient air standard levels in all seasons. Also, according to achieved results, the cold separator gas flow rate is reduced from 38,936 kg/day (once-through gas process) to 9,649 kg/day (recycle gas process). Beside CO₂ and SO₂ emission rates will be reduced 1803 and 136.5 kg/day in this unit, respectively. Furthermore, the modification of this process causes prevention of 1654 kg CO₂ emission into the atmosphere, during each coke burning and catalytic regeneration.     

Air pollution assessment in urban areas and its impact on human health in the city of Quetta, Pakistan

Nowadays, air over major cities throughout the world has become overburdened with gases produced by automobiles. The death rate due to automobile pollution is increasing rapidly in the metropolitan areas. With passage of time, people realized that polluted air has serious effects on their health, climate and economics. Weather and climate have integrated impact on human activities resulting in worldwide concentration of the particulates of environmental pollution, viz., chlorofluorocarbons, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen oxide, lead and several other dust and gaseous particles. Like many other mega cities in the world the ambient air quality of Quetta, Pakistan is also deteriorating nowadays. Automobile exhausts and certain industrial pollutants produce O₃ by photochemical reactions. The particulate matter, particularly less than 10 μm in size, can pass through the natural protective mechanism of human respiratory system and plays an important role in genesis and augmentation of allergic disorders. Sources of air pollution in the area and the unique problem arising out of the emission from the vehicles, industries, etc. have been described. Ambient air quality was monitored along with micrometeorological data and the results are discussed. The status of air pollution in the area has been evaluated and a questionnaire survey was conducted to estimate the allergic symptoms and exposure to assess the respiratory disorders. The data are analyzed to evaluate the critical situation arising out of the emission of air pollutants and the impact on human health due to respirable diseases (RDs) in middle class sub-population (activity-wise) in the area assessed. A strategic air quality management plan has been proposed. For the mitigation of air pollution problems in the city, different measures to be adopted to maintain the balance between sustainable development and environmental management have been discussed. Air pollution has significant effects on exacerbation of asthma, allergy and other respiratory diseases.     

Analysis of environmental benefits resulting from use of hydrogen technology in handling operations at airports

Airports and nearby areas are currently facing an increasing pollution due to the growth of air transport traffic. Airport air pollution is produced not only by aircraft during landing and take-off cycles but also by the ground support equipment (GSE) during the airport handling activities. This paper investigates the potential of hydrogen as an alternative fuel for GSE vehicles to mitigate the airport air pollution. For this purpose, a methodology is developed to assess the environmental benefits attainable with the introduction of hydrogen technology for GSE vehicles powered by proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells. This methodology compares, for a given scenario, the direct emissions produced by fuel combustion and the indirect emissions related to fuel production for both diesel and hydrogen technologies. Steam methane reforming and electrolysis technologies are investigated for the production of gaseous hydrogen at the airport. The pollutants investigated comprise carbon monoxide, total hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxides, particulate matter and volatile organic compounds. The main inputs for the methodology are the number of air transport movements, the aircraft fleet mix, the turnaround times for handling operations, the type of GSEs used, and the ratio of GSE vehicles converted to hydrogen (type, power installed, etc.). A preliminary cost analysis of a ground power unit powered by PEM fuel cells is also presented. The airport planners and policy makers can use this study to define a feasible environmental policy based on the use of new technologies such as hydrogen.     

Emissions investigation for a novel medical waste incinerator

Medical waste constitutes one of the waste streams that should be dealt with special priority due to its potential negative impact on public health and on the environment. Incineration is a process that is widely used for the treatment of medical waste. However, self-supporting combustion of medical waste cannot avoid releasing many hazardous pollutants into our environment. The most favored solutions are firing additional fuels of high calorific value and direct purification by air pollution control devices (APCD). This process entails not only large first time investment but also an increase in the operation cost. A novel incinerator is proposed for better utilization of energy of the incineration process. Its originality is essentially due to combining a feeder, a rotary grate, a cylindrical gasifier and a “coaxial” secondary combustion chamber into a unique unit. The structure of the incinerator as well as the principle of the incineration process is presented in this paper. A full-scale trial of the novel incinerator with APCD was carried out from March to May 2008 to investigate how the distinct configuration influenced the incineration process. Data on PM, CO, NO_X, O₂ were recorded by a continuous emission monitoring system during the study period. Heavy metals and PCCD/Fs were also sampled and measured. Measuring results were compared with the China and U.S. EPA guidelines. The concentrations of contaminants were below their respective limits in emission control standards. Results from testing the novel medical waste incinerator confirmed that this technology has a good suitability for neutralization of medical wastes and purification of flue gases.     

化纤厂工艺生产空调设计

本文就化纤厂纺丝成形车间工艺生产空调的净化要求及其空气处理过程 ,后处理车间气流组织及其机械排风等几个技术问题 ,做些技术分析 ,并提出设计建议和推荐意见 ,跟一些同行商榷     

燃煤电厂超低排放湿法脱硫治霾影响分析

根据燃煤电厂湿法脱硫出口污染物排放浓度及其排放绩效,分析了超低排放湿法脱硫的治霾效果,阐明了湿法脱硫有利于减少SO₂、颗粒物、SO₃的排放量,这些污染物都是形成雾霾的前体物,表明超低排放湿法脱硫对雾霾治理有积极的贡献。同时,烟气超低排放具有协同治理有色烟羽的能力,对于有色烟羽治理应采取因地制宜的策略。煤电行业广泛开展烟气超低排放改造后,大气污染物排放量持续减少,空气环境质量逐年改善,湿法脱硫、烟气超低排放功不可没。     

室内污染控制技术研究进展

如何有效地控制室内污染、改善室内空气质量是目前急待解决的问题。本文针对室内污染的来源和特点，指出改善室内空气质量的关键在于消除室内外污染源、合理使用空调通风系统和采取空气净化技术，重点评述了目前主要的室内环境净化处理技术，包括物理吸附法、静电、非平衡等离子、负离子、臭氧、化学试剂、光催化、膜分离和生物净化技术，并分析了各技术的优缺点，同时对室内环境处理技术进行了展望。     

Emissions from Transportation and Fuels: The Importance of Initial and Real World Measurements for Policy Making in India

Air pollution is typically one of the by-products of a growing economy, especially in the developing world. India is no exception. This paper highlights the importance of acquiring reliable, real world data, which is necessary for making sound policy decisions. Using examples where real world emissions of nitrogen oxides exceed those obtained during vehicle emission test procedures, recommendations are made for India in designing and applying an air quality management system, which relates emissions, meteorology and atmospheric chemistry to ambient air quality concentrations. Specific recommendations are made to require Euro 6/VI vehicle emission standards by 2019 and nationwide ultra low sulfur fuels by 2015 (50 ppm) and 2017 (10 ppm). Controls of evaporative emission during refueling should be implemented by 2017. Recommendations are also made for improved initial vehicle emission testing, routine testing of fuels being sold in the marketplace, and an enforceable vehicle in use emission testing program.     

浅谈净化室内空气的方法

目前室内环境污染已成为影响人们健康的“隐形”杀手。本文介绍了室内空气污染物对人体的危害,对多种空气净化技术的优缺点进行了阐述,并对室内不同的污染物选择与之相应的空气净化设备给出了建议。     

Elements of Particle Technology in the Chemical Industry

Difficulties are encountered sometimes with new chemical products during manufacturing, handling, or marketing due to lack of knowledge in the particle technology area. The major problem discussed in this article is that, in most cases, this is due to the neglect of the mutual interactions between different unit operations during manufacturing and conveying in the design phase of these new products. Unlike the case with most other materials, it is not sufficient to know the present thermodynamic state of bulk powdery materials in order to determine their attributes since their “history” also affects the material's properties and behavior, often dramatically. The mutual effects between different operations such as bulk material handling, conveying, milling, and drying, as well as the property changes that occur during these processes, are discussed by presenting several case studies from the authors' own work and previous experiences. These include such properties as effective thermal conductivity, size distribution, flowability, caking, and surface activation in such operations as fluidized bed drying, pneumatic conveying, granulation, and tabletting. Finally, a flow sheet containing unit operations with powders is optimized using experience gained from these case studies.     

The role of cue utilisation and adaptive interface design in the management of skilled performance in operations control

The operational control of complex systems such as power control and air traffic control is increasingly relegated to advanced technology devices with the expectation that operations controllers will maintain oversight of system and intervene where appropriate. Moreover, the centralisation of operations control has resulted in the oversight of systems remotely, typically through a human–machine interface. This article discusses the principles that underlie the design of interfaces for remote systems, drawing on theories of skill acquisition to address the needs of less experienced operators who are increasingly being engaged as operations controllers. Specifically, adaptive interfaces are advocated that are designed to facilitate the progression to expertise. Using cue utilisation as an underlying theoretical perspective, interfaces can be designed to extract and emphasise the relationship between features and events that eventually form the basis of the cues employed by expert practitioners.     

Searching for efficient sink for air pollutants: studies on Mangifera indica L.

To control air pollution in industrialized area in the city of Udaipur studies were carried out to determine the toxic effects on physiological responses of an economically important tree species Mango (Mangifera indica L.), to roadside automobile pollution during September 2007 to October 2009. The data obtained indicate significant changes in all parameters studied of the leaf samples collected from roadside trees exposed to toxic automobile exhausts in comparison to control. The data were further analyzed by one-way ANOVA, which gave significant values. Trees play an important role, so naturally growing or planted trees function as bioindicators of air pollution. This helps in searching of an efficient sink for air pollutants.     

An intelligent air quality monitoring model in manufacturing

While low air quality may have negative effect on product quality in manufacturing, it has become a social concern as there are many reports on the result of worker exposure to low air quality. Manufacturing experienced a boom increase after World War I and II due to higher demands for products that gave birth to an unhealthy environment for workers. For example, Epidemiological investigations have linked unhealthy environment (air pollution) to adverse health effects such as respiratory diseases, and increased mortality and morbidity. These manufacturing systems represented less than 14% of the private employment and accounted for 42% of the nonfatal workplace illnesses. It is evident that manufacturing systems still have significant impact on the health of workers. Therefore, this study proposes a fuzzy Bayesian air quality monitoring model that is able to mimic human-like intelligent behavior in the environmental analysis. An illustrative example is demonstrated to present the application of the model.     

Aspen Plus-based simulation of a cement calciner and optimization analysis of air pollutants emission

The cement industry is a typical high energy consumption and heavy pollution industry, in which amounts of CO₂, NO, NO₂, and SO₂ discharge from the pre-calciner kiln system and cause severe greenhouse and acid rain effects. Meanwhile, reasonable division of the combustion environment in the calciner is the main method to control the formation of pollutant gases. In this article, a calciner process model in Aspen Plus is proposed based on the combustion mechanism analysis of the Dual Combustion and Denitration calciner (DD-calciner) and verified by industrial data. Then, for a concrete DD-calciner, the article studies the effects of the flow rate of coal and tertiary air on flue gas compositions and effects of the staging combustion technology on the NO _x , SO₂, and CO concentrations in the flue gas. Through comparing the model results with the relevant environmental standards, the optimization analysis for staging combustion parameters of the calciner is done, and the result shows that when the proportion of tertiary air entering the pyrolysis and combustion zone is controlled within the range of 57–65.52% (0.89 < α < 1.004), all the gas pollutants emit within accepted standards simultaneously. The calciner process model outlined in this article describes the key processes of the physical and chemical reactions in the calciner. It can be used to study the key operation and design parameters which influence the flue gas constituents, so as to provide data support for determining the pollutant emission reduction plan of the cement industries with a view to reduce air pollutant emission.     

凹版印刷工业的绿色节能技术

针对当前凹版印刷设备存在的耗能大、尾气排放污染等问题,通过对凹版印刷机热风干燥系统节能、印刷有机废气(VOCs)综合治理和凹印企业主要热源余热循环利用等主要相关技术的探讨,提出了切实可行的节能减排方案.在此基础上,进一步将热力燃烧式氧化器与热水二段型溴化锂机组相结合,解决了热力燃烧式氧化器运行成本较高的问题.研究结果表明,从热风干燥系统、有机废气综合利用、主要热源余热循环利用3个方面入手实施的节能减排方案,可以降低凹版印刷工业运行能耗的20%~40%.     

Collection and use of environmental data for transport management: a view from local authorities

Research undertaken by the Transportation Research Group at the University of Southampton is discussed, which studies the views, needs and requirements of local authorities as users of sensor grids for environmental monitoring. The study was undertaken through a combination of literature review and workshop activity. Representatives from local authorities were invited to participate in a workshop discussion. It was agreed that more detailed and comprehensive environmental data will be useful for transport planning, network management and traveller information provision. The detailed data can be used to provide a sound understanding of local environmental situations and to identify specific problem areas and times. For local authorities, monitoring noise level and air pollutants which have direct impact on human health such as PM₁₀, PM_2.5 and NO_x is more important than monitoring green house emission. Historic data on air pollution will be essential for local transport plans focusing on reduction of road-transport-related pollution. Real time environmental data will be needed to be integrated with existing traffic control and traveller information systems. Information on areas surrounding schools and hospitals are most desirable. However, there was a concern regarding negative information disseminated to the public.     

Spatial regression analysis of NOx and O3 concentrations in Madrid urban area using Radial Basis Function networks

This paper discusses the performance of Radial Basis Function networks (RBF) in a problem of spatial regression of pollutants in Madrid. Specifically, the spatial regression of NO_x and O₃ is considered, in such a way that, starting from a set of measuring points provided by the air quality monitoring network of Madrid, the complete surface of the pollutants in the city is obtained. This pollutant surface can be used as an initial step for modeling intra-urban pollution using land-use regression techniques for example. Also, different works has used a pollutant surface to study the patterns of pollution in different cities in the world and also to establish their air monitoring networks under mathematical criteria. The paper is focussed in analyzing the performance of RBF networks to obtain this first pollutant surface, so different RBF training algorithms are tested in this paper. Specifically, evolutionary-based RBF training algorithms are described, and compared with classical training algorithms for RBF networks with Gaussian kernels. The inclusion of meteorological variables in the RBF networks are also discussed in the paper. The experimental part of the article studies real results of the application of RBF networks to obtain a first pollutant surface of NO_x and O₃, using the data of the air pollution monitoring network of Madrid and the meteorological network of the city.