不同种类气隙偏心故障对汽轮发电机转子不平衡磁拉力的影响

结合理论推导和数值仿真计算分析了径向气隙偏心对汽轮发电机转子径向不平衡磁拉力及其振动特性的影响。首先通过分析气隙静偏心、气隙动偏心以及气隙动静混合偏心情况下气隙磁场的变化,分别推导得到不同气隙偏心所引起的转子径向不平衡磁拉力表达式,并分析了转子的振动特征,然后利用电机有限元软件Ansoft Maxwell建立了实验室SDF-9型隐极故障模拟发电机的二维模型,计算得到了转子水平及竖直方向的径向不平衡磁拉力变化情况,并与理论分析和部分实验振动响应进行了对比,结果基本吻合。结果表明,气隙静偏心将产生二倍频不平衡磁拉力作用于转子上;气隙动偏心根据转子表面凹凸数量分为合外力为零及合外力不为零两种情况,当合外力不为零时,将产生一倍频不平衡磁拉力作用于转子;气隙动静混合偏心将同时产生一倍频和二倍频不平衡磁拉力作用于转子上(考虑动偏心时合外力不为零的情况)。同时随着偏心程度的增大,不平衡磁拉力也随之增大。     

定子匝间短路位置对发电机定子振动特性的影响

对气隙静偏心和定子短路故障的相对位置对定子振动特性的影响进行解析分析、数值计算和实验研究。首先推导得到了包含定子绕组短路位置信息的作用于定子单位面积的磁拉力解析表达式,分析得到了定子短路位置对磁拉力的影响;然后建立了算例发电机正常运行、气隙静偏心故障、气隙静偏心与定子匝间短路复合故障下的有限元模型,对不同短路位置下的定子磁拉力进行了仿真计算。并实测了MJF-30-6型故障模拟发电机定子不同短路位置的定子振动信号,三者结果相互吻合。结果表明:气隙静偏心与定子匝间短路复合故障下,同等故障程度时,发电机定子振动幅度与短路位置有关,短路位置越接近最小气隙处,各倍频振动幅度越大,越远离最小气隙处,各倍频振动幅度越小。     

气隙静态偏心与定子短路复合故障对发电机定子振动特性的影响

分析了汽轮发电机在正常运行、气隙静态偏心故障、定子匝间短路故障、气隙静态偏心与定子匝间短路复合故障下的定子径向振动特性,以及各故障参数发展对定子振动特性的影响。首先对各情况下的气隙磁密进行了推导,得到引发定子振动的单位面积磁拉力表达式。然后分析了复合故障下定子径向振动特性及其与对应故障参数的变化关系。最后实测了SDF-9型故障模拟发电机的定子振动数据,结果与理论分析基本吻合。研究表明,正常情况和气隙静态偏心故障下发电机定子只有二倍频振动,但静偏心对应的二倍频振动幅值较正常情况要大;定子短路故障与复合故障下发电机定子都将产生二倍频、四倍频与六倍频径向振动,但复合故障所对应的振动幅值较大;复合故障下随着定子短路或气隙静态偏心程度的加剧,定子径向变形趋势及二倍频、四倍频与六倍频振动幅值均将增大;随着电机励磁电流的增大,定子径向变形趋势及二倍频、四倍频振动将增大,而六倍频振动则基本不变。     

气隙偏心对汽轮发电机定转子振动特性的影响

分析了气隙偏心故障时汽轮发电机定转子径向振动特征。首先通过分析发电机气隙偏心时气隙磁场变化,计算得到气隙磁导和气隙磁密表达式,然后得到作用于转子的不平衡电磁力特性和作用于定子的脉振电磁力特性,最终得到定转子径向振动特征。对于转子,静偏心将激发转子2倍机械转频的振动;动偏心将激发转子与转子机械转频同频的振动。对于定子,静偏心将激发定子2倍机械转频的振动;动偏心或动静复合偏心将激发定子1倍、2倍、3倍、4倍机械转频的振动。并实测了SDF-9型故障模拟发电机静偏心时振动信号,与理论分析结果基本吻合。     

异步电机静偏心状态电磁激励力的建模分析与实验研究

为了建立异步电机磁-固耦合动力学模型,并准确预测电机在不平衡运行状态下的气隙径向电磁激励力,推导转子-气隙系统的拉格朗日-麦克斯韦能量方程,采用4阶龙格库塔法计算异步电机存在静偏心时的转子振动响应的数值解,根据转子实际振动偏心计算各阶次不平衡电磁力波,最后分析转子主轴系统弯曲刚度以及初始静偏心大小对气隙磁场和径向电磁力的影响。通过实验研究验证了理论建模和数值计算的准确性。结果表明,在异步电机静偏心状态下,气隙磁场受转子振动偏心影响而发生改变,电机转子弯曲刚度越小且初始静偏心越大,气隙磁场的分布就越不均匀,导致电机定子受到的径向电磁激励力也会越大。因此,该模型和数值解有助于提高异步电机不平衡电磁力的计算精度,对细长主轴异步电机尤其有效。     

励磁绕组短路下关键运行参数差异对汽轮发电机转子动力学特性的影响

分析了励磁绕组短路下,关键运行参数差异对汽轮发电机转子动力学特性的影响。关键运行参数包括短路程度、短路位置,以及电机负载率;转子动力学特性包括转子不平衡磁拉力激励特性、径向振动响应特性,以及转子铁芯动力学响应规律。基于柔性转子不平衡磁拉力激励与振动响应的理论分析、有限元仿真计算,以及动模试验来探索不同运行参数造成动力学特性差异的规律。结果表明：正常情况下转子不平衡磁拉力趋于零,转子振动以常规基频和定子传递过来的各偶次倍频为主;励磁绕组匝间短路下,转子不平衡磁拉力及其振动响应将产生新的奇次倍频成分,且通频振动幅值增大。随着短路程度或负载的增加,转子不平衡磁拉力与振动响应的基频将增大;短路位置越靠近大齿处,转子不平衡磁拉力与振动幅值越大;转子铁芯大齿的外表面和内槽表面边沿为动力学响应的危险位置。     

偏心故障下动车组牵引电机转子振动特性分析

气隙偏心和质量偏心是动车组牵引电机中普遍存在的两类偏心故障,而由此产生的不平衡磁拉力和机械不平衡力常诱发更为复杂的转子动力学行为,危害列车牵引驱动装置的安全可靠运行。为此,该文建立了静动气隙偏心和转子质量偏心下牵引电机转子系统的Jeffcott模型;推导了静动气隙偏心下牵引电机带负载运行时气隙磁密分布和转子铁芯表面Maxwell应力分布,并给出了可适用于静动气隙偏心、空载/负载运行和任意磁极对数的电机不平衡磁拉力统一解析表达式;采用四阶定步长Runge-Kutta算法计算了某型动车组牵引电机转子在不平衡磁拉力和机械不平衡力作用下的动力响应,并详细讨论了初始静偏心、质量偏心、径向刚度以及转速对系统振动特性的影响规律。结果表明:偏心故障下该型牵引电机转子轴心轨迹呈现接近圆形的椭圆状,其中质量偏心、径向刚度和转子转速会影响轴心轨迹大小,而初始静偏心和径向刚度则使轨迹中心沿静偏心方向偏移。同时,气隙偏心的存在使得具有质量偏心故障的电机转子位移频谱中较明显地包含零频、转频、固有频率、二倍转频、二倍供电频率及其与转频的组合等分量。     

不平衡磁拉力对永磁同步电主轴动态性能影响机理研究

针对由于定转子气隙偏心引起的不平衡磁拉力影响永磁同步电主轴动态性能的问题。首先分析产生不平衡磁拉力的原因,其次根据电磁理论建立电磁不平衡磁拉力载荷模型,将气隙磁导展开为Fourier级数的形式,通过对定转子表面的Maxwell应力积分得到不平衡磁拉力的非线性解析表达式。基于Ansoft Maxwell电机仿真软件,建立永磁同步电主轴的有限元分析模型,以设定的气隙偏心量模拟不平衡磁拉力造成的气隙偏心,得到电主轴动态性能曲线。仿真结果表明:由于气隙偏心引起的不平衡磁拉力,导致永磁同步电主轴齿槽转矩增大,气隙磁密幅值增大,电主轴振动加剧。     

基于定子振动特征的转子绕组短路故障识别

分析了汽轮发电机转子绕组匝间短路故障和转子不平衡故障时定、转子径向振动特征。当转子绕组匝间短路故障发生时,转子基频振动增加,定子二倍频振动减小;当转子不平衡故障发生时,转子基频振动增加,定子二倍频振动增加,不同于转子绕组匝间短路故障时的定子振动特征。在此基础上提出了基于定子振动信号的转子绕组匝间短路故障识别方法,与传统的单纯利用转子振动信号的诊断模型相比,可有效识别转子绕组匝间短路故障和转子不平衡故障。最后实测了SDF-9型故障模拟发电机定、转子径向振动信号,与理论分析结果基本吻合。     

水轮发电机组横/轴有限元振动分析

针对机械和电磁故障引起的水轮发电机组轴系振动问题,基于单节点4自由度Euler梁,将轴向位移纳入整体结构建立了单节点5自由度机组转子-轴承系统有限元模型。利用Newmark-β和Newton-Raphson相结合方法对系统进行求解,借助轴心轨迹图分别讨论了是否考虑轴向自由度和轴向电磁力下质量偏心、静偏心对系统横向振动特性的影响。结果表明：轴向自由度的加入对系统运动轨迹形态及大小起到了积极改变作用。轴向电磁力与动、静偏心下不平衡磁拉力形成电磁激励耦联效应,二者共同作用使系统横向运动振幅明显增大。因此,在水轮发电机组轴系建模及分析过程中应充分考虑轴向自由度及相关荷载作用影响。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Assessment of intakes of mixtures of radionuclides

Australia has several uranium mines and a large number of mineral sand mines, with associated processing facilities. Exposures resulting from these mining and processing operations usually involve intakes of mixtures of radionuclides. This work describes the development of a suite of first order, linear compartment models, based on the ICRP Publication 66 respiratory tract model, and an analytical solution to the decay equations, for assessing the consequences of such intakes. The computer programs based on these models directly compute excretion, organ retention and organ and whole-body doses for intakes of either single radionuclides or any mixture of radionuclides belonging to the same radioactive decay chain. The intake can be via inhalation, ingestion or injection, and can be acute, chronic or of limited duration. The starting concentration and degree of secular (dis)equilibrium can be specified for each radionuclide. No assumptions need to be made about the relative magnitudes of the radioactive half-lives of the different nuclides.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

卧式金属罐容量的测量结果不确定度

本文根据多年的实践检定经验 ,参照JJF1 0 59- 1 999《测量不确定度评定与表示》以及《测量不确定度表达 1 0讲》 ,对卧式金属罐容量的测量结果不确定度进行了评定。     

盐酸浓度不确定度的评估

通过对盐酸浓度标定的过程分析，找出影响结果的各个分量，进行不确定度的评定，按照计量技术规范给出标准的表示法。     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.