具有政府回收约束的闭环供应链回收再制造决策模型

在回收和再制造的闭环供应链中,一个第三方替制造方从用户中买回废旧产品。为了激励废旧产品的回收再制造,政府对制造商设定一个最低回收率,并且对制造商的回收进行奖惩;同时考虑第三方的回收努力,建立了基于第三方负责回收的多级再制造闭环供应链模型,设计了政府与制造商之间的奖惩函数;讨论比较了制造商不回收废旧产品、没有政府奖惩时回收再制造废旧产品和考虑政府约束时回收再制造废旧产品等3种情形下的最优策略,并且分析了参数变化对回收率和供应链成员企业收益的影响;结合国内某家电制造商废旧家电回收再制造的运作情况进行了仿真计算与分析。     

面向再制造的废旧产品回收渠道模式研究

研究了一个由制造商、销售商和第三方回收机构组成的再制造闭环供应链,提出并探讨回收废旧产品的3种混合回收渠道模式,构建了相关收益函数模型,利用Stackelberg主从博弈模型,以制造商向其他方收取的回购价为自变量,选取整个闭环供应链体系下的废旧产品回收率、制造商利润以及整个闭环供应链的利润和零售商销售的零售产品价格等指标作为可比对象,推导出其相关指标关于回购价的目标函数,在其他条件不变的情况下进行对比分析。结论显示制造商与零售商混合回收渠道模式最佳。然后通过具体算例分析对结论进行了进一步证明和现实意义解释。文章研究意义在于帮助处在循环产业链的企业如何选择回收渠道模式,作出最有利于企业利益的决策模式。     

制造商主导下差别主体努力的闭环供应链决策研究

针对再制造节约成本和努力水平对闭环供应链成员回收决策产生影响的问题,构建制造商主导下M模式、R模式和T模式3种不同主体回收模式,利用Stackelberg博弈知识,建立模型,采用数学优化法求解闭环供应链废旧品回收过程中单位价格、回收数量以及回收商利润的最优值,运用对比分析法得出闭环供应链混合回收的最优决策。研究表明,再制造节约成本较大对主体回收均有促进作用;回收努力成本系数的增加,使节点企业利润和闭环供应链系统整体利润均呈现下降趋势,最终利用算例求解,检验结论的合理性。研究为供应链各个主体的最佳定价策略提供有效的参考。     

废旧汽车零部件再制造回收模型优化研究

建立废旧汽车零部件回收与再制造智能交易平台,对我国废车市场的建设和完善以及汽车零部件再制造产业链的发展具有重大的工程实用价值。为研究适用于第三方平台的回收模式和策略,本文构建了由制造商、再制造商、销售商、回收平台和激励政策共同组成的再制造闭环供应链回收模型,通过利润函数来揭示再制造供应链中各企业的定价策略和相关变量的关系。分别利用逆向归纳法和多目标遗传算法求解该模型,并以废旧汽车变速箱为案例,验证和比较了2种算法的可行性和优劣性。仿真分析结果表明,基于多目标遗传算法求解下制定的回收策略优于逆向归纳法,预期闭环供应链整体回收率和企业利润可得到全面优化,为再制造产业链各参与者的回收决策提供了具有现实意义的理论依据。     

考虑渠道权力结构和产品双重差异的再制造闭环供应链最优定价决策

针对具有不同渠道权力结构和回收拆解产品质量差异、新产品与再制造产品价格差异的再制造闭环供应链,主要研究其成员企业最优定价决策问题。构建了包含制造/再制造商、零售商、消费者和回收拆解商的三级再制造闭环供应链决策模型;采用Stackelberg主从博弈确定不同渠道权力结构下各成员企业的最优定价策略及其利润,并重点探讨废旧产品回收率τ、产品替代系数δ两个关键参数对它们的影响;将该决策模型应用到汽车发电机再制造闭环供应链案例。研究结果表明：1） 对于3种渠道权力结构,当制造/再制造商和零售商为主导者时,其自身利润和再制造闭环供应链总利润均最大;而当回收拆解商为主导者时,其自身利润和总利润却最小;2） 随着τ和δ的提高,单位新产品与再制造产品的最优批发价、最优零售价均增加,单位废旧产品的最优回收价则降低;制造/再制造商和零售商的利润下降,回收拆解商的利润上升,导致再制造闭环供应链的总利润呈U形。研究能够为各成员企业的最优定价决策提供有效支持与参考。     

第三方负责回收再制造闭环供应链契约设计

以博弈论为基本研究方法,考查了制造商、销售商和第三方物流服务商构成的Stackelberg再制造闭环供应链中,节点企业为了取得最优利润,如何确定产品的批发价、销售价,废旧产品的回收价和回收转移价等,发现在分散决策(非合作博弈)下系统的利润要低于集中决策(合作博弈)下系统的利润。通过设计收入费用共享契约,增加了产品的销售量和废旧产品的回收量,提高了制造商、销售商、第三方物流服务商的利润和消费者的效用,实现了Stackelberg再制造闭环供应链系统的协调。     

3种混合回收渠道下的闭环供应链定价模型研究

在制造商和零售商同时负责回收、制造商和第三方同时负责回收、零售商和第三方同时负责回收3种情形下,以博弈论为研究方法,分别建立制造商主导的闭环供应链定价模型,求得3种情形下闭环供应链系统各成员的最优利润策略,并对3种回收模式的定价策略做了进一步比较,得到一些对闭环供应链回收渠道选择有益的结论.     

不同市场主导者下的以旧换再回收模型

为探究闭环供应链的定价决策问题,基于市场上不同主导者与废旧品回收渠道,建立了4种以旧换再回收模型,并对比分析了各个模型中制造商与零售商的定价决策。研究表明,1) 企业权力越大,议价能力就越强,企业的利润就越大;2) 再制造产品的定价、废旧品的回收价仅与废旧品的回收渠道有关,与市场主导者无关;3) 制造商回收时,潜在消费者能获更多的以旧换再返利,但是会损害初始消费者的利益;4) 制造商可以通过适当的降低新产品的耐用性、提高消费者对于再制造产品的接纳度等方式促使更多的消费者参加以旧换再活动,增大废旧品的回收率,进一步的把再制造产品推向市场。     

具有产品再制造的闭环供应链动态运作模型

考虑了一类同时具有再分销、再制造和再利用的闭环供应链,并建立了其动态运作模型.供应链由一个制造商和一个供应商组成,废旧产品的回收及对废旧产品的再处理均由制造商完成.采用离散概率分布描述最终产品废旧的可能性,闭环供应链的运作是动态的且满足诸如供应链成员之间协调、各成员运作收益最大等多个目标.设计了一个数值算例验证模型的有效性,并就回收率对闭环供应链的运作性能的影响进行了分析.结果表明,闭环供应链的整体运作性能随着回收率的增大而增加.     

公平关切下再制造闭环供应链的动态演进

再制造闭环供应链中的零售商通常认为,制造商利润的实现依赖于其产品销售努力和废旧品回收努力,因而会对收益分配的公平性表现出极大的关注。利用博弈理论对零售商公平关切下再制造闭环供应链定价决策、效率和公平度的动态演进进行了研究。研究得到:零售商若公平关切,则其应及时将此信息传递给制造商;在公平关切信息对称下,零售商在不影响与制造商合作的前提下,可通过增加公平关切强度来增加自身利润、效用及供应链效率和公平度;在零售商公平关切信息未明情况下,制造商最好应采用降低产品批发价格和提高废旧品回收价格的策略。     

Joint effects of remanufacturing channel design and after-sales service pricing: an analytical study

We conduct an analytical study on remanufacturing channel design and after-sales service pricing, which jointly affect the sustainability and profitability of the supply chain. We model a supply chain with one manufacturer and one independent retailer. The manufacturer, as the Stackelberg game leader, engages in remanufacturing to take advantage of production cost savings. The collection of the used products can be carried out by either the manufacturer or the retailer. After-sales service, for example, extended warranty, is offered with the product and is sold separately. The service provider can be either the manufacturer or the retailer. We use game theoretic models to answer an important research question: How do remanufacturing and after-sales service jointly affect channel selection decisions? We explore the benefits of joint decision making in terms of remanufacturing efficiency and after-sales service performance. We find that it is most efficient for the retailer to collect the used product for remanufacturing and to offer after-sales service, because the retailer simultaneously makes decisions regarding remanufacturing and after-sales service and thus reduces double marginalisation in the supply chain. We also demonstrate numerically how the costs of collecting used products and providing after-sales service impact channel selection decisions.     

报废汽车回收再制造企业特征属性与生产性服务需求匹配预测

为了应对报废汽车回收再制造行业的快速发展,将报废汽车回收再制造产业链与生产服务相结合,提出将报废汽车回收再制造企业特征参数与多种生产性服务进行匹配的预测模型。通过调查问卷方式获得原始样本数据,并采用主成分分析方法进行数据处理,建立遗传算法 BP神经网络混合模型,然后对模型进行训练和测试,实现对生产性服务需求匹配的预测功能。     

Capacitated dynamic production and remanufacturing planning under demand and return uncertainty

This paper considers a stochastic dynamic multi-product capacitated lot sizing problem with remanufacturing. Finished goods come from two sources: a standard production resource using virgin material and a remanufacturing resource that processes recoverable returns. Both the period demands and the inflow of returns are random. For this integrated stochastic production and remanufacturing problem, we propose a nonlinear model formulation that is approximated by sample averages and a piecewise linear approximation model. In the first approach, the expected values of random variables are replaced by sample averages. The idea of the piecewise linear approximation model is to replace the nonlinear functions with piecewise linear functions. The resulting mixed-integer linear programs are solved to create robust (re)manufacturing plans.     

Real option approach to evaluate cores for remanufacturing in service markets

Acquisition of cores is important for the success of remanufacturing business, but evaluating the value of cores is difficult due to many uncertain issues in the remanufacturing system. In this paper, we examine the value of cores using the real option valuation (ROV) approach, which well captures the production flexibility and represents different operations options in remanufacturing. First, in a system where the demand of remanufactured products is low, we focus on the uncertainty of price. We compare the cases where disposing cores occurs only at the expiration time and before that. The model also identifies under which circumstances disposing core early brings in more benefit. Furthermore, we study a remanufacturing system where demand and return are both uncertain. In this case, a spread option is used for evaluating the marginal value of obtaining additional cores. This approach also brings the advantage of linking the correlation between demand and return, which in fact is often exhibited in remanufacturing. The numerical experiments indicate that this correlation has an impact on collecting policies. This study illustrates the possibility of using ROV for core pricing modelling, and the study results also provide some managerial insights in managing returned cores.     

Using game theory for analysing pricing models in closed-loop supply chain from short- and long-term perspectives

Closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) management is an environmental approach to supply chain management that aims to prevent hazardous material from entering the nature by means of creating a reverse flow. This paper studies the short- and long-term behaviour of agents in implementing the appropriate collecting strategy in a two-echelon CLSC. In short-term, based on the Stackelberg game, several novel pricing models for different collecting strategies are proposed and compared. Then, the optimal policies of the pricing decisions are determined for each model. The long-term behaviour of companies in implementing collecting process is examined by evolutionary game theory and the most stable strategy is selected. Furthermore, a numerical example is presented to compare the different collecting structures. Finally, a managerial insight is provided to indicate the effect of key parameters such as remanufacturing rate, marketing elasticity and government subsidies on selecting the appropriate strategy.     

Dynamic product acquisition in closed loop supply chains

We consider a closed-loop supply chain where demand can either be satisfied by manufacturing new products or by buying back used products from customers and upgrading their functionality by remanufacturing. A joint buy-back pricing and manufacturing–remanufacturing decision model at the operations–marketing interface is presented that allows for dynamic parameters, e.g. product life cycles and seasonal aspects. The model allows the identification of beneficial opportunities for buying back and storing used products for immediate and future recovery. We present a new deterministic, dynamic, continuous-time optimisation model, derive necessary and sufficient optimality conditions, and develop a solution algorithm to find the cost-minimising manufacturing and remanufacturing policies as well as buy-back strategies for used products based on Pontryagin's Maximum Principle. It is shown that, in general, an optimal policy will include time intervals where returns are acquired so as to synchronise demand and remanufacturing, where returns are acquired and stored for future remanufacturing, and intervals where demand is satisfied by a mix of manufactured and remanufactured products. Furthermore, we discuss several reactive and proactive acquisition and remanufacturing heuristics and show under which conditions they are optimal. The findings are illustrated by numerical examples.     

Remanufacturing as a means for achieving low-carbon SMEs in Indonesia

Remanufacturing can reduce the energy intensity and associated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions significantly and increase the eco-efficiency of product systems by utilizing recovered end-of-life parts. This paper presents the GHG mitigation potential of technically feasible remanufactured alternators in Indonesian small- and medium-sized enterprizes. Life cycle assessment approach and Weibull ++8 software have been used to calculate environmental and quality parameters. Since existing remanufactured alternators have not been found to meet the technical criterion for customers’ satisfaction, a number of alternative remanufacturing strategies have been explored to identify an option that has not only reduced GHG emissions but also has satisfied reliability, durability and warranty period criterion. Three improvement scenarios involving three different remanufacturing strategies were investigated in this case study, and yielded useful insights in order to come up with a technically feasible remanufacturing strategy for reducing a significant amount of GHG emissions. The improvement scenario III, which maximizes the use of used components, was found to offer technically and environmentally feasible remanufacturing solutions. Overall, this research has found that about 7207 t of CO₂ -eq GHG emissions and 111.7 TJ embodied energy consumption could potentially be avoided if 10 % of alternators in Indonesian automobile sector are remanufactured using technically feasible remanufacturing strategy.     

Effects of carbon emission regulations on remanufacturing decisions with limited information of demand distribution

Policy-makers are developing regulation policies to drive down carbon emissions from industries. Independent remanufacturers (IRs), which remanufacture recycled products/components/parts, must manage and evaluate economic costs generated by the production under future carbon emission regulations. We present three optimisation models to determine the remanufacturing quantity that maximises the total profits under three common carbon emission regulation policies: (a) mandatory carbon emissions capacity, (b) carbon tax and (c) cap and trade. These models include sales revenue, remanufacturing cost, disposal cost, inventory holding cost, shortage cost and carbon emission cost. The max–min approach is used to solve the models, which assume limited information on demand distribution. We investigate how the three regulation policies affect remanufacturing decision-making for IRs and we also solve some numerical examples where we vary the magnitudes of incentives, penalties and stringency of constraints to provide implications to policy-makers. The results indicate that remanufacturers should aim to improve yield rate to maximise the profit irrespective of the implemented carbon emissions policy. Policy-makers should prefer the carbon tax policy, if any of the other two policies must be performed, a remanufacturing discount such as a higher carbon emission cap or lower penalty should be implemented to better promote the development of remanufacturers.     

Fatigue remaining life estimation for remanufacturing truck crane Jib structure based on random load spectrum

For remanufacturing truck cranes with the characteristic of single piece production, the coupling effect of multi‐physical fields and the correlation of multi‐defect modes are also faced in service. This causes that the safety of crane jib structures has great volatility and uncertainty and is difficult to be judged by fatigue test and damage test. To solve the above problems, an approach of fatigue remaining life evaluation based on random load spectrum is presented. By collecting operating cycle times corresponding to characteristic parameter values during the given time period, the small‐sample measured load spectrum is acquired. Six probability distribution models are used to fit the lifting weight sample in characteristic parameters and the optimal distribution model based on Akaike's information criterion (AIC) is obtained. With the Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) method, a random sample of lifting weight is determined within the fixed inspection cycle. In addition, combining with the rated lifting weight table of truck crane, the corresponding jib length and working range are confirmed. Through defining random values of character parameters and matched operating cycle times, a random load spectrum is gained, thus enabling the extension of measured load spectrum. Depending on the remanufacturing information database, the remanufacturing information of truck crane are retrieved to determine fatigue dangerous cross sections and critical points of jib structures. In order to reflect the variation of structure stress level, the equivalent cross sections of dangerous cross sections are constructed. The first principal stress–time history simulation model for critical points is established, and the rain‐flow counting technology is adopted to extract the two‐dimensional stress spectrum from simulation results. Using the Paris formula combined with the greatest risk principle, the fatigue residual life of jib structure is estimated. Furthermore, the fatigue remaining life evaluation system for jib structure of remanufacturing truck crane is developed for easier application of the proposed method. Finally, as an illustrative example, jib structures of ZLJ5551JQZ110V remanufacturing truck crane are provided to demonstrate the validity and feasibility of this method and system.     

The integral decision on production/remanufacturing technology and investment time in product recovery

This paper examines the financial impact of technological decisions firms face when introducing a new product which, as firms increasingly assign responsibility for the recovery of their used products, must be expanded to include their influence on available options on how to deal with used products. The integrated choice between a low (disposal) or high (remanufacturing) level of product recovery and, in the second case, at which time to start remanufacturing activities and whether the firm would dispose of initial product returns or store them until start time result in three generic options: (a) design for single use, (b) design for reuse, and (c) design for reuse with stock-keeping. After introducing a basic dynamic framework consisting of a product life cycle for the demand and a similar development for an external return stream, the Net Present Values of the relevant payments connected with each option are given and optimal policies for options (b) and (c) are derived. An extensive numerical study is used to examine the potential benefits from using the inventory and the applicability of simple heuristic rules for stock-keeping and for determining when to start remanufacturing.