全固态电致变色智能窗的研究进展

电致变色材料被认为是最有开发前景的智能材料之一,本文结合本实验室的研究成果,简要介绍了电致变色智能窗的结构及变色原理,着重阐述了WO3电致变色材料和固态电解质的最新研究动态,展望了电致变色材料及其器件的应用前景。     

基于智能变色的发射率可调型薄膜研究进展

介绍了基于电致变色和热致变色的可变发射率薄膜及器件的基本原理及目前的研究现状,重点总结了三氧化钨(WO3)、导电高分子(CPs)、钙钛矿型复合氧化物(A1-xBxMO3)、二氧化钒(VO2)等四类典型红外发射率可变材料。最后针对电致变色和热致变色分别提出了存在的具体问题,对我国智能变色发射率可调型薄膜及器件的发展进行了展望。     

电致变色性和智能窗的发展及应用

对电致变色现象及机理、电致变色器件的构成、电致变色使用的材料等方面的国内外研究现状及发展趋势作了介绍和论述。最后对电致变色器件的应用前景作了展望。     

吩噻嗪衍生物电致变色材料的合成及其性能研究

合成了系列10-N取代的吩噻嗪衍生物(phenothiazine derivatives,PDs),利用氢谱、碳谱、红外光谱等方法对其结构进行表征,并使用电化学工作站和紫外光谱对其电化学性质作了初步研究。组装了以PDs作为阳极电致变色材料,紫罗精作为阴极电致变色材料的新型阴极-阳极复合电致变色器件。当施加2.4V电压时器件阴极材料显示蓝色,而施加反向电压时阳极材料显示为红色,颜色可逆转换且其响应时间250ms,循环次数超过104,可实现寻址。PDs作为阳极材料具有优良的电致变色性能并且廉价环保,是一种令人瞩目的新型电致变色阳极材料。     

电致发光与电致变色

电致发光和电致变色材料作为目前最有前景的智能材料之一，在过去的几十年里被广泛研究，而相关的器件也已经上市。简要介绍了电致发光和电致变色的发展历史和种类、原理和器件结构及其应用前景。     

电致变色材料的变色机理及其研究进展

电致变色材料是目前公认的最有发展前途的智能材料之一。简要介绍了无机电致变色材料（如WO3、MoO3、NiO、IrOx等）和有机电致变色材料（如紫罗精、稀土酞花菁、聚苯胺等）这两种不同类型的变色材料及其研究现状，阐述了电致变色现象及其变色机理，并展望了其应用前景和发展方向。     

电致变色材料及应用

电致变色材料在大面积信息显示、无功耗贮存及灵巧调光窗口的应用领域，具有良好的前景。本文介绍了电致变色现象及其特点，并对变色机理、材料与器件的制备，以及应用等方面的研究状况作了评述。     

基于氧化钨和氧化镍的电致变色器件研究进展

电致变色器件(Electrochromic Devices, ECDs)是一种颜色变化受电压调控的智能装置, 具有工作温度范围宽、光学对比度高、可逆双稳态性能好、驱动电压低和能耗低等优点, 在智能动态调光窗、全彩色电子显示屏、防眩光护目镜、自适应双隐身伪装以及可视化储能等领域展现出了巨大的应用潜力。阴极着色材料氧化钨(WO₃)和阳极着色材料氧化镍(NiO)是两种被广泛研究的无机电致变色材料, 由WO₃和NiO薄膜组成的互补型电致变色器件在大规模智能窗的应用中具有极高的商业价值。改善电致变色器件的综合性能如光学调制范围、响应速度、循环寿命和耐候性等问题一直备受关注。本文围绕互补型电致变色器件的结构组成, 综述了基于WO₃和NiO的电致变色全器件的近期研究进展。首先分别阐述了WO₃和NiO薄膜的电致变色机理和衰退机制, 讨论了改进制备工艺、元素掺杂改性、设计纳米结构和引入复合材料这四种薄膜性能优化策略的作用和最新研究进展, 其次, 按照器件的组成成分和结构设计介绍了互补型电致变色全器件的分类体系, 总结了各组分材料的选择和器件结构对器件综合性能的影响, 最后对电致变色器件的应用前景和发展趋势进行了展望。     

电致变色材料的变色机理及其研究进展

电致变色材料是目前公认的最有发展前途的智能材料之一.简要介绍了无机电致变色材料(如WO3、MoO3、NiO、IrOx等)和有机电致变色材料(如紫罗精、稀土酞花菁、聚苯胺等)这两种不同类型的变色材料及其研究现状,阐述了电致变色现象及其变色机理,并展望了其应用前景和发展方向.     

氧化钼电致变色材料与器件

电致变色材料具有可逆的颜色转变特性, 在智能窗、显示器、防眩后视镜、电子纸、军事伪装等领域应用广泛。相对于其它种类的显示器件, 电致变色显示器件具有色彩丰富、对比度高、无视盲角、断电后仍显色等优点。作为一种典型的阴极着色电致变色材料, 氧化钼具有响应时间短和着色态更接近于人眼对光线的敏感波段等优点, 使得由氧化钼组成的电致变色器件具有重要的研究价值。本文简要介绍了电致变色、电致变色材料与器件的定义及其应用, 尤其电致变色技术最近在智能手机上得到了示范应用, 表明电致变色技术未来有良好的发展前景。然后, 详细综述了氧化钼薄膜的制备、氧化钼的改性、氧化钼电致变色器件的研究进展。最后提出了氧化钼电致变色薄膜与器件当前存在的问题和解决的途径, 并对其发展前景进行了展望。     

Recent advances in thermoelectric materials

Thermoelectric materials are crucial in renewable energy conversion technologies to solve the global energy crisis. They have been proven to be suitable for high-end technological applications such as missiles and spacecraft. The thermoelectric performance of devices depends primarily on the type of materials used and their properties such as their Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and thermal stability. Classic inorganic materials have become important due to their enhanced thermoelectric responses compared with organic materials. In this review, we focus on the physical and chemical properties of various thermoelectric materials. Newly emerging materials such as carbon nanomaterials, electronically conducting polymers, and their nanocomposites are also briefly discussed. Strategies for improving the thermoelectric performance of materials are proposed, along with an insight into semiconductor physics. Approaches such as nanostructuring, nanocomposites, and doping are found to enhance thermoelectric responses by simultaneously tuning various properties within a material. A recent trend in thermoelectric research shows that high-performance thermoelectric materials such as inorganic materials and carbon nanomaterials/electronically conducting polymer nanocomposites may be suitable for power generation and energy sustainability in the near future.     

多功能电致变色器件:从多器件到单器件集成

电致变色是在外加电场驱动下通过材料氧化还原反应可逆地改变颜色或光学性质的现象。自发现电致变色现象以来, 由于其具有色彩丰富、节能环保和智能可控等优点, 电致变色技术已应用于智能窗、智能显示、防炫目后视镜等领域。随着近些年光电技术的快速发展, 涌现了一系列具有高度集成特性的产品, 电致变色技术也朝着功能化智能化的方向发展: 结合绿色能源技术, 使自供能电致变色系统进一步降低了建筑能耗; 利用电致变色可视化的优点, 电致变色与其他功能器件的集成使信息读取更加快速便捷; 由于电致变色器件与多种功能器件具有相似的结构、电化学原理和活性成分, 电致变色器件也逐渐从单一的色彩变化, 向变色红外调控、变色储能及变色致动等多功能的方向发展。电致变色多功能集成也极大地推动了电致变色技术的进一步发展。本文详细综述了电致变色原理的多器件/单器件多功能集成系统的前沿进展, 例如自供能电致变色、电致变色传感、电致变色红外调控以及电致变色储能等方向, 并介绍了不同类型多功能电致变色器件集成模式、结构设计和性能优化, 同时也针对电致变色多功能应用所面临的挑战与未来可能的发展方向进行了总结与展望。     

Flexible thermoelectric materials and devices: From materials to applications

With the ever-growing development of multifunctional and miniature electronics, the exploring of high-power microwatt-milliwatt self-charging technology is highly essential. Flexible thermoelectric materials and devices, utilizing small temperature difference to generate electricity, exhibit great potentials to provide the continuous power supply for wearable and implantable electronics. In this review, we summarize the recent progress of flexible thermoelectric materials, including conducting polymers, organic/inorganic hybrid composites, and fully inorganic materials. The strategies and approaches for enhancing the thermoelectric properties of different flexible materials are detailed overviewed. Besides, we highlight the advanced strategies for the design of mechanical robust flexible thermoelectric devices. In the end, we point out the challenges and outlook for the future development of flexible thermoelectric materials and devices.     

导电聚合物在纳米太阳能电池中的应用研究

导电聚合物以其特殊的性质及种种优点而越来越广泛地应用于光电化学太阳能电池,文中主要介绍了导电聚合物作为全固态太阳能电池的电解质以及作为纳米光电化学太阳能电池敏化剂的应用研究。     

Toward Flexible Polymer and Paper‐Based Energy Storage Devices

All‐polymer and paper‐based energy storage devices have significant inherent advantages in comparison with many currently employed batteries and supercapacitors regarding environmental friendliness, flexibility, cost and versatility. The research within this field is currently undergoing an exciting development as new polymers, composites and paper‐based devices are being developed. In this report, we review recent progress concerning the development of flexible energy storage devices based on electronically conducting polymers and cellulose containing composites with particular emphasis on paper‐based batteries and supercapacitors. We discuss recent progress in the development of the most commonly used electronically conducting polymers used in flexible device prototypes, the advantages and disadvantages of this type of energy storage devices, as well as the two main approaches used in the manufacturing of paper‐based charge storage devices.     

Chemical modification of the electronic conducting states in polymer nanodevices

Organic materials offer new electronic functionality not available in inorganic devices. However, the integration of organic compounds within nanoscale electronic circuitry poses new challenges for materials physics and chemistry. Typically, the electronic states in organic materials are energetically misaligned with the Fermi level of metal contacts. Here, we study the voltage-induced change in conductivity in nanoscale devices comprising a monolayer of polyelectrolyte macromolecules. The devices are fabricated using integrated shadow masks. Reversible switching is observed between conducting (ON) and non-conducting (OFF) states in the devices. The open design of our devices easily permits chemical modification of the polyelectrolyte, which we show has a pronounced effect on the ON-OFF switching. We suggest that the switching voltage ionizes the polymers, creating a conducting channel of electronic levels aligned with the contact Fermi level.     

Electrochromism: An emerging and promising approach in (bio)sensing technology

Electrochromism (EC) is a unique property of certain materials that undergo an electrochemical-induced change in colouration. During the last decades, electrochromic materials (ECMs) have been applied in a variety of technologies ranging from smart windows to information displays and energy storage devices. More recently, ECMs have attracted the attention of the (bio)sensing community thanks to their ability to combine the sensitivity of electrochemical methods with the intuitive readout of optical sensors. Although still a nascent technology, EC-based sensors are on the rise with several targets (e.g. cancer biomarkers, bacteria, metabolites and pesticides), which have already been detected by (bio)sensors using ECMs as transducers. In this review, we provide the reader with all the information to understand EC and its use in the development of EC-based biosensors.     

Hybrid nanocomposite materials for energy storage and conversion applications

Functional Hybrid materials based on conducting polymers and inorganic photo-electroactive species provide a wealth of opportunities for the development of novel materials with improved properties. Polyoxometalates are one type of well-known inorganic species with most interesting photo-electrochemical activity. They are perfect models for nanometer-sized oxide quantum-dots both concerning structure, topology and electrochemical and photochemical properties. Yet, they have not been applied as materials because of their molecular nature (i.e., soluble in most solvents or electrolytes). In our group we have recently developed a research line dealing with the integration of these fascinating clusters in conducting polymer matrices to yield functional hybrid materials. Our past emphasis was on electroactivity for energy-storage applications but these materials can also be used, as it is shown here, for photoelectrochemical applications.     

Conducting polymer 1-dimensional nanostructures for FET sensors

In this review we have highlighted advantages of 1-dimensional nanostructures for field effect transistor (FET)/chemiresistor based sensors and advantages of conducting polymer as material of construction over other nanomaterials. Here we have ensembled different techniques used for the fabrication, assembly/alignment, functionalization and sensing applications of conducting polymer nanowire/tube/junction based FET sensors for gas and biomolecule detection. The advantages and disadvantages of various fabrication, functionalization, and assembling techniques are discussed. We evaluate how such devices have enabled the achievement of improved sensor performance in terms of high sensitivity, selectivity and low detection limits. Finally, we conclude by highlighting overall merits of different techniques and challenges researchers face in the field of conducting polymer 1-dimensional nanostructures-based sensors and also predict the future direction in which research efforts are likely to flourish.