20CrMnTi钢输出轴断裂原因分析

对某BM4输出轴使用断裂失效件进行了理化检验和失效分析。结果表明:该输出轴断裂失效主要是由于工件在渗碳淬火过程中,淬透性严重不足,造成基体组织存在大量的粒状贝氏体和块状铁素体,从而使材料强度大幅度降低;另输出轴原材料中大量存在的非金属夹杂物也增加了材料的脆性;而原材料严重的带状组织,使材料的横向抗拉强度进一步降低;上述因素综合作用最终造成输出轴在承载时发生早期断裂失效。     

汽车变速箱输出轴断裂失效分析

针对某汽车变速箱输出轴断裂失效问题,运用失效分析方法,开展了宏观痕迹分析、断口分析、化学成分分析、金相检验,硬度测试及氢含量测定。结果表明:汽车变速箱输出轴断裂为延迟断裂,输出轴尾部螺纹处表面渗碳层较高硬度的回火马氏体组织为延迟断裂提供"必要条件",这与螺纹处局部处理工艺的控制不合理相关;一定的外加静拉应力、自身残余应力和氢含量为延迟断裂的"充分条件"。最后提出了改进与预防措施。     

输出轴断裂失效分析及启示

某输出轴发生断裂,经过对断轴的UT超声波探伤,从断口、金相及对相关热处理资料的调查分析,综合评述了该输出轴断裂失效的原因,总结并提出了今后检验工作中应注意的几个问题.     

液体黏性软启动装置输出轴的有限元分析

针对液体黏性软启动装置的工作特点,要求输出轴传动力矩和输出转速变化范围较大,轴变形应该保持在较小范围内,输出轴的性能对液体黏性软启动装置正常工作有重要影响,需要对输出轴的结构作进一步分析.通过建立液体黏性软启动装置输出轴的Pro/E三维模型,采用有限元软件ANSYS Workbench对启动装置的输出轴进行有限元分析,确定输出轴的变形和应力状况,计算输出轴的模态和疲劳损伤.仿真结果表明：输出轴损伤最大部位位于较粗轴端键槽一侧.提出了一些改进措施,为液体黏性软启动装置输出轴的结构设计和疲劳寿命估算提供参考依据.     

轴的选材与失效案例分析

从实例出发对轴类零件选材不当导致的失效进行了讨论和分析.着重从材料、金相组织,断口学等方面进行了比较详细的分析,重点阐述了选材与失效的关系.轴类选材错误常导致显微结构和力学性能不能满足使用要求,尤其是疲劳性能大大下降最终导致使用过程中轴的早期疲劳断裂.基于上述分析从失效分析的角度提出了避免轴类零件早期失效的一些措施.     

某汽车轮毂轴断裂原因分析

某汽车在行驶过程中,其后轮毂轴在安装轴承附近发生断裂,该车累计行驶里程为17km,轮毂轴材料为65Mn弹簧钢。通过外观检查、断口宏微观观察、能谱分析、化学成分分析、硬度检测和金相检验等实验,确定了轮毂轴的失效性质及失效原因。结果表明:轮毂轴失效性质为疲劳断裂;轮毂轴内部存在锻造裂纹是轮毂轴发生疲劳断裂失效的主要原因;锻造裂纹的产生可能为切削量不足导致轮毂轴原材料料头端部存在块状缺陷。     

某泥浆泵35CrMo钢被动轴断裂失效分析

某泥浆泵动力端35CrMo钢被动轴在工作过程中发生断裂失效。通过宏观观察、化学成分分析、力学性能测试、扫描电镜分析、金相检验、夹杂物和疏松缺陷分析等方法对被动轴断裂失效原因进行了分析。结果表明:泥浆泵动力端被动轴心部存在大量的枝晶组织、夹杂物与孔隙疏松等缺陷及不均匀组织,这显著降低了被动轴的力学性能,这是造成被动轴过载脆性断裂失效的主要原因。     

HXD1机车牵引电机转轴组件断裂失效分析

HXD1型电力机车的牵引电机转轴和小齿轮轴采用圆锥过盈配合传动结构(下称转轴组件),使用中该组件出现了早期断裂失效.本文通过理化检测、断口和配合面宏/微观形貌观察等失效分析技术对失效组件进行了分析.结果表明,材料成分、组织和显微硬度正常,小齿轮轴和电机转轴的失效形式分别为高周疲劳断裂和微动疲劳断裂.造成组件失效的原因和过程是,小齿轮轴近齿端油槽-油孔交界线处有较大的结构应力集中,油槽底部周向加工刀痕造成附加应力集中,在应力集中和旋转弯曲疲劳载荷作用下油孔边两个应力集中点萌生了疲劳裂纹并扩展;随小齿轮轴裂纹的不断扩展转轴组件结构刚度减小,继而诱发了与小齿轮轴匹配的电机轴配合面的微动疲劳,电机轴疲劳裂纹萌生于微动区的边缘处;电机转轴先于小齿轮轴完全断裂.基于本文的分析结果提出了提高组件抗疲劳断裂的技术措施.     

40Cr钢合闸支撑轴弯曲失效分析

采用化学成分分析、金相检验、硬度测试以及拉伸试验等方法,对某40Cr钢二级合闸支撑轴的弯曲失效原因进行了分析。结果表明:由于该支撑轴设计图纸标注的硬度范围太宽,使加工者无法明确确定的热处理工艺,导致所制造支撑轴的硬度和抗拉强度偏低,从而在磨合试验过程中发生弯曲失效。通过适当降低支撑轴回火温度,提高其硬度和抗拉强度,较好地解决了支撑轴磨合试验过程中弯曲失效问题。     

进料泵传动轴断裂分析

采用显微组织分析、扫描电镜分析和拉伸试验等方法对进料泵传动轴的断裂进行了失效分析。结果表明,泵轴断裂属疲劳失效,轴中段键槽处在制造过程中存在淬火裂纹是导致疲劳断裂的主要原因。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。