乳液模板法制备聚酰亚胺中空微球及其形貌调控EI北大核心CSCD

以聚酰胺酸(PAA)为前驱体、甲基硅油(SO)为油相、乙醇和水作为沉淀剂,采用乳液模板法制备了聚酰亚胺(PI)中空微球。重点研究了沉淀剂中乙醇的比例、PAA溶液的固含量及PAA溶液/SO体积比对微球粒径和形貌的影响;采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、红外光谱和热重分析仪对微球的形成过程、粒径和形貌、化学结构和热稳定性进行了表征。当沉淀剂中乙醇/水体积比为1:1、PAA溶液固含量为6%、PAA溶液/SO体积比为1:1时,PI微球的粒径为4.75μm。制备出的PI中空微球均具有较好的热稳定性,其起始热分解温度为442℃。     

丁香精油β-环糊精微胶囊制备工艺条件的优化

介绍了丁香精油的性能和其作为食品防腐剂的局限性。以β-环糊精(β-CD)为壁材制备了丁香精油微胶囊,通过正交试验对微胶囊制备工艺条件进行了优化。结果表明:微胶囊制备比较适宜的条件为β-CD与水比质量比为1∶6,芯材与壁材体积质量比为1∶6,溶媒乙醇的体积分数为60%,丁香精油与溶媒体积比为1∶20,微胶囊化的温度为60℃,时间为2.5 h。由此可得到包合得率为76.86%,包埋率为22.32%,粒径50~80nm的微胶囊颗粒。     

超重力反应结晶法制备纳米ZnS正交试验研究

本文采用超重力反应结晶法制备纳米硫化锌粒子,以反应物浓度、反应温度、初始pH值、RPBR转速、气液流量比为影响因素,分别选取2个水平,进行正交试验研究,考察了各因素对产品粒径影响的程度.结果表明:各因素对产品粒径影响的显著性顺序为:反应温度＞气液流量比＞RPBR转速＞初始pH值＞反应物浓度.其中,反应温度和气液流量比对产品粒径有显著影响,RPBR转速和初始pH值对产品粒径有一定影响,而反应物浓度则基本无影响.这为制备可控粒径的纳米ZnS提供了理论依据.     

正交法探讨均相碱催化制备生物柴油的优化条件

以菜籽油为原料,甲醇钠为催化剂,二异丙醚为共溶剂,通过酯交换法制取生物柴油,并考察了醇油摩尔比、催化剂用量、共溶剂用量、反应时间和温度对生物柴油产率的影响.通过正交试验得出菜籽油与甲醇酯交换反应的最优条件为:醇油比为6:1,甲醇钠催化剂用量为油重的1.2%,共溶剂与油的摩尔比为1.2 :1,反应温度60℃,反应时间80min,低速120r/min搅拌强度下,转化率达到96.45%.制得的生物柴油各理化指标均符合美国和德国生物柴油测试标准.     

内源乳化法制备海藻酸钠/羽毛蛋白复合微球的工艺研究

通过单因素试验对内源乳化凝胶化法制备海藻酸钠/羽毛蛋白复合微球的工艺参数进行了研究,探讨了海藻酸钠与羽毛蛋白的质量比,乳化剂Span80的用量、油(液体石蜡)/水两相体积比、纳米碳酸钙与海藻酸钠质量比等参数对复合微球形貌与粒径分布的影响。结果表明:最佳的工艺参数为:固定海藻酸钠浓度为37.5g/L时,海藻酸钠与羽毛蛋白质量比为2∶1、油水比为2∶1、乳化剂用量为海藻酸钠质量的4%、纳米碳酸钙用量为海藻酸钠质量的13.3%。在此条件下制备的微球形态良好,粒径分布均匀,平均粒径大小为184μm左右。     

淀粉/秸秆纤维缓冲包装材料的制备及其性能

利用模压成型法制备出可替代聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料(EPS)的淀粉/秸秆纤维缓冲包装材料。通过正交实验探讨了不同配比的原材料对新材料密度及力学性能的影响,获得主要的影响因素及各组分的最优配比。结果表明:随PVA添加量增加,缓冲材料密度先减小后增大,而材料抗压强度逐渐增大;发泡剂含量越高,材料密度越小而抗压强度越低;秸秆纤维与淀粉比例为1:2时材料抗压性能较好。采用静态压缩实验比较淀粉/秸秆纤维缓冲材料与EPS力学性能的差异,并利用体式显微镜分析了淀粉/秸秆纤维缓冲材料微观结构与EPS的差异,提出两种材料差异产生的原因及改善方法。     

油酸改性Y2O3超细粉的制备及分散性研究

以硝酸钇为钇源,用共沉淀法制备Y2O3超细粉。为改善其在有机相中的分散性和相容性,以乙醇作为分散介质用油酸对其表面改性,研究了改性温度、油酸用量和改性时间对粉体亲油化度的影响,采用XRD,FI-IR,激光粒度分析仪等手段对粉体表征。结果表明:改性前后粉体的晶型不变,油酸成功接枝到粉体表面;当改性剂物料比为0.15∶1,改性温度在60~70℃,改性时间为3h时,改性效果最好,亲油化度达到65.4%;与改性前相比平均粒径变小,分布更窄,粉体在有机相中更加分散。     

纤维聚苯乙烯泡沫颗粒轻质土的制备及力学性能

为促进轻质土在岩土工程中的广泛应用,添加改性聚丙烯纤维改善其力学性能,通过无侧限抗压强度试验分析探讨了纤维聚苯乙烯泡沫（EPS）颗粒轻质土强度-变形特性、受压破坏模式和无侧限抗压强度的影响因素,并运用SEM从微观层次上分析了其力学机制。结果表明:不同EPS颗粒、纤维及水泥掺量时,纤维EPS颗粒轻质土的应力-应变曲线不同;EPS和水泥掺量是强度的主要影响因素,其次为纤维掺量;强度随EPS掺量的增大而显著降低,随水泥掺量增大而显著提高;未加纤维的EPS颗粒轻质土松散且易破碎,强度骤然丧失;添加纤维能提高轻质土的峰值强度、残余强度、整体性和韧性,改善其脆性破坏模式;但EPS掺量较高（大于干土质量的3%）时,纤维与水泥土粘结有限,EPS颗粒轻质土力学性能改善效果较弱;EPS颗粒为空心蜂巢结构,纤维表面布满针状的水泥水化物并形成空间网状结构。所得结论表明纤维改善了轻质土力学性能。      

制备莫来石泡沫陶瓷的工艺因素

采用红柱石和a—Al2O3为原料,以聚苯乙烯粒子（EPS）为造孔剂,通过烧结法制备莫来石泡沫陶瓷。借助XRD和SEM分析获得莫来石相的组成和形貌,通过正交试验,探讨了粘结剂加入量、造孔剂粒度及球磨时间等工艺参数对泡沫陶瓷结构和性能的影响,在此基础上进一步讨论造孔剂加入量对密度和强度的影响。结果表明：粘结剂加入量对密度和强度的影响较大,造孔剂粒度次之,球磨时间影响最小。1450℃烧结,红柱石和氧化铝按质量比80：20,EPS粒径小于0．60mm、加入9wt％造孔,可以制备性能优良的莫来石泡沫陶瓷,其表观密度0．52g／cm3,孔隙率为83％,抗折强度1．54MPa。     

水性油墨分散剂N-牛脂基-1, 3-丙撑二胺基氯乙酸钠的合成及性能研究

制备了N-牛脂基-1, 3-丙撑二胺基氯乙酸钠（N-EDSC）,通过单因素实验和正交试验研究了合成N-EDSC的最佳条件：n(SD): n(N-ED)= 1:1,催化剂的质量分数为2.5%,反应温度为70 ℃,反应时间为15 h。通过红外光谱对目标产物N-EDSC的结构进行分析,表明目标产物确为N-EDSC;对N-EDSC水溶液的表面张力进行测试,表明N-EDSC具有强亲水性,有利于其在水性体系中的分散。通过吸光度和粒径分析N-EDSC在水性油墨中的分散性,结果显示在水溶性油墨色浆中添加N-EDSC的质量分数为1.2 %时,分散效果较佳。     

大颗粒交联聚苯乙烯白球的聚合工艺

研究了大颗粒交联聚苯乙烯白球的制备工艺,着重探讨了搅拌速度、反应温度、分散剂类型及用量、引发剂用量、致孔剂的用量、搅拌桨的大小与位置高低等因素对其粒径大小及分布的影响,确定了产品粒径主要位于1.5mm～3.5mm范围内的聚合工艺条件为:油相/水相的体积比为2∶1,聚乙烯醇的含量为3%,磷酸钙的用量为0.45%,过氧化二苯甲酰用量为0.9%,固体石蜡的用量为24%,实行分段控制搅拌速度、分段控温,同时要求搅拌桨位于油层以下1cm～2cm处。     

Colloidal Properties of Crude Oils Studied by Dynamic Light-Scattering

Colloidal properties and kinetics of asphaltene aggregation in three crude oils using a dynamic light-scattering method adapted to opaque fluids were investigated. The technique makes it possible to measure the size of particles suspended in nearly nontransparent liquid media. The studied native crude oils were found to have persisting colloidal particles. The observed particles are assumed to be asphaltene/resin aggregates. Using n-heptane as a precipitant, asphaltene aggregation kinetics in crude oils was studied. Experimental measurements of the particle size as a function of time in solutions with different oil/precipitant ratios are reported. The aggregation kinetics accelerates with increasing precipitant concentration. The oil sample with a large amount of paraffins is on the edge of instability and exhibits a slow asphaltene aggregation process without precipitant. Aggregation in the two other oils starts only at some threshold concentration of the precipitant, lasts a short time, and results in the formation of stable-in-size particles. The results obtained prove that dynamic light scattering is an effective method to test petroleum colloid stability.     

Measurement of 100 nm and 60 nm Particle Standards by Differential Mobility Analysis

The peak particle size and expanded uncertainties (95 % confidence interval) for two new particle calibration standards are measured as 101.8 nm ± 1.1 nm and 60.39 nm ± 0.63 nm. The particle samples are polystyrene spheres suspended in filtered, deionized water at a mass fraction of about 0.5 %. The size distribution measurements of aerosolized particles are made using a differential mobility analyzer (DMA) system calibrated using SRM^® 1963 (100.7 nm polystyrene spheres). An electrospray aerosol generator was used for generating the 60 nm aerosol to almost eliminate the generation of multiply charged dimers and trimers and to minimize the effect of non-volatile contaminants increasing the particle size. The testing for the homogeneity of the samples and for the presence of multimers using dynamic light scattering is described. The use of the transfer function integral in the calibration of the DMA is shown to reduce the uncertainty in the measurement of the peak particle size compared to the approach based on the peak in the concentration vs. voltage distribution. A modified aerosol/sheath inlet, recirculating sheath flow, a high ratio of sheath flow to the aerosol flow, and accurate pressure, temperature, and voltage measurements have increased the resolution and accuracy of the measurements. A significant consideration in the uncertainty analysis was the correlation between the slip correction of the calibration particle and the measured particle. Including the correlation reduced the expanded uncertainty from approximately 1.8 % of the particle size to about 1.0 %. The effect of non-volatile contaminants in the polystyrene suspensions on the peak particle size and the uncertainty in the size is determined. The full size distributions for both the 60 nm and 100 nm spheres are tabulated and selected mean sizes including the number mean diameter and the dynamic light scattering mean diameter are computed. The use of these particles for calibrating DMAs and for making deposition standards to be used with surface scanning inspection systems is discussed.     

种子溶胀法合成微米级单分散聚苯乙烯微球

采用种子溶胀法合成1~10μm单分散聚苯乙烯微球,研究单体与种子微球的不同质量比、聚合温度、分散介质中乙醇浓度以及搅拌速度对聚苯乙烯微球粒径和粒径分布的影响。结果表明,随着单体与种子质量比的增大和聚合温度的升高,微球粒径越大,粒径分布变宽;合成聚苯乙烯微球的适宜条件是单体与种子的质量比范围为0.5~3.5,聚合温度为70~75℃,搅拌速率为150~350 r/min,乙醇在分散介质中的质量分数为10%~15%;合成的粒径分别为6、7、8μm的聚苯乙烯微球的球形度大于96%,粒径相对标准偏差小于5%。     

影响聚苯乙烯离聚体水基微乳液颗粒大小和稳定性的因素

以乙酰磺酸为磺化剂备磺化度为３ｍｏｌ％－１５ｍｏｌ％的磺化聚苯乙烯,并加水将ＳＰＳ化成水包油的稳定水基微乳液。研究了ＳＰＳ溶液的乳化初始浓度,中和方式、离子含量和乳液放置时间ＳＰＳ水基微乳液中分散相颗粒尺寸和乳液稳定性的影响,也研究了影响分散相颗粒尺寸分布的因素。     

混合沉淀剂对YAG:Ce荧光粉性能的影响

采用沉淀法,以不同配比的NH4HCO3+NH3.H2O作为混合沉淀剂制备了YAG:Ce荧光粉。利用激发光谱、发射光谱、XRD和TEM对其光学特性和形貌进行了研究。结果表明,使用混合沉淀剂可提高YAG:Ce荧光粉的发光强度,当混合沉淀剂为1mol/L碳酸氢铵+4mol/L氨水时,荧光粉的发光强度最大,样品的生成物为纯YAG相粉体,其粒径分布均匀,分散性良好,呈球形,颗粒大小为1μm左右。     

Copper biosorption from aqueous solutions by sour orange residue

In this study, copper uptake by sour orange residue (SOR) was investigated. Equilibrium isotherms and kinetics were obtained and the effects of solution pH, temperature, and particle size were studied in batch experiments. Equilibrium was well described by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms and kinetics was found to be best-fit pseudo-second order equations. Maximum uptake was observed at pH 5. With an increase in temperature from 20 to 50 degrees C, copper removal decreased about 20%. Additional chemical treatment of the biosorbent by NaOH, increased the biosorption capacity. It was found that increase in biosorbent particle size had no significant effects on the final equilibrium concentration, but decreased biosorption rate.     

Measurement of particle-size distribution and volume fraction in concentrated suspensions with photon migration techniques

The determination of the particle size distribution and the volume fraction in concentrated suspensions from the multiwavelength measurement of isotropic-scattering coefficients by use of frequency-domain photon migration techniques is demonstrated for three different polydisperse polystyrene suspensions. When a Newton-type inverse algorithm is used, the successful recovery of the particle size distribution, in the form of a Weibull function, and the volume fraction of polystyrene suspensions is achieved. Our results are in excellent agreement with dynamic light-scattering size distribution measurements. On consideration of the particle mass conservation as an additional constraint penalty term in the inverse algorithm, it is shown that the quality of the particle size distribution reconstruction can be improved. Because no calibration is needed, photon migration techniques are especially suited for on-line measurement of the particle size distribution and the volume fraction in the chemical- and the pharmaceutical-based industries.     

Application of the small-angle approximation to ocean water types

The small-angle approximation to the radiative transport equation is applied to particle suspensions that emulate ocean water. A particle size distribution is constructed from polystyrene and glass spheres with the best available data for particle size distributions in the ocean. A volume scattering function is calculated from the Mie theory for the particles in water and in oil. The refractive-index ratios of particles in water and particles in oil are 1.19 and 1.01, respectively. The ratio 1.19 is comparable to minerals and nonliving diatoms in ocean water, and the ratio 1.01 is comparable to the lower limit for microbes in water. The point-spread functions are measured as a function of optical thickness for both water and oil mixtures and compared with the point-spread functions generated from the small-angle approximation. Our results show that, under conditions that emulate ocean water, the small-angle approximation is valid only for small optical thicknesses. Specifically, the approximation is valid only for optical thicknesses less than 3.     

单分散聚苯乙烯乳胶粒的制备及其二维胶体晶体的自组装

以自合成的平均粒径为95.7 nm、粒径分布指数为0.047的聚苯乙烯乳胶粒为种子,采用种子乳液聚合方法制备出单分散的聚苯乙烯乳胶粒,探讨了控制胶粒粒径大小及分布的方法及制备条件.结果表明,在种子乳液聚合中,通过控制单体加入量和乳化剂的补加速度,可以得到单分散聚苯乙烯乳胶粒;当没有新的胶束生成且乳胶粒子没有发生聚结时,乳胶粒尺寸和分布有自身变窄的倾向,得到了平均粒径为261.6 nm、粒径分布指数为0.021的单分散乳胶粒.采用毛细管作用力驱动的微粒自组装技术进行单分散胶粒的组装,获得了二维有序聚苯乙烯胶体晶体,并用场发射扫描电子显微镜表征了其二维有序结构.