单泡声致发光现象——气泡的稳定性

被水中驻波声压捕获在声压波腹的单个气泡,能周期地发出宽度50ps～140ps的光脉冲,这种现象称为单泡声致发光。稳定的单泡声致发光的参数主要由振荡形状稳定性、质量扩散平衡、组分的化学平衡和高的能量集聚等条件确定。文章将根据上述四条件对气泡的动力学稳定性作简单讨论。     

单泡声致发光中稀有气体的特征光谱

1引言 声致发光是一种将声能转化为光能的复杂的物理化学过程.大量在空间和时间都随机、不稳定的声致发光是多泡声致发光.而空间上固定,时间上具有周期性的是单泡声致发光.一直以来,只在多泡声致发光中发现了明显的谱线,所以认为多泡声致发光和单泡声致发光出于不同的机制.但是D.J.Flannigan和K.S.Suslick[1]以85%的浓硫酸为单泡声致发光的工作液体,观测到了明显的Ar原子谱线.根据原子发光理论可以很好地解释Ar原子谱线.本文试图对不同温度下Ne,Kr,Xe原子气泡的单泡声致发光特征谱线进行了理论计算,期待实验的验证.     

单泡声致发光中声压与气泡最大半径的关系

1引言: 当一定幅度的超声波作用于水中时,水中的微小气泡会在声压的驱动下膨胀和塌缩,并不断成长为肉眼可见的气泡,这种现象就是声空化.当超声波的幅度继续增大,水中气泡的膨胀、塌缩更加激烈,会产生短暂发光,这就是声致发光.早期的观察到的声致发光都是来自大量空化泡的集体效应,所以称为多泡声致发光.1992年,Gaitan等人将超声波作用于除气水,实现了单个气泡在水中的悬浮、膨胀、塌缩和发光,发明了单泡声致发光[1],使得人们可以对发光的单个气泡的参数进行具体的研究.     

单泡声致发光中气泡运动的声压相关性

1.引言 在超声驻波的作用下,在除气水中可以实现单个气泡的超声悬浮,同时气泡也将会以驱动频率做膨胀塌缩运动,塌缩的剧烈程度随着声压的增加而变剧烈,当声压大到一定值时,在气泡的塌缩过程中就会发出光脉冲,这就是单泡声致发光(SBSL).既然SBSL是由于气泡的运动所产生的,那么研究气泡具体是如何运动的就变得十分重要,这将有助于了解声致发光的发光机理和过程.当然,影响声致发光的因素有很多,如声压、含气量、环境温度和压力、以及一些液体参数等等,其中激励声压是最根本的一个相关量.本文我们研究激励声压对气泡运动的影响.     

氯化铽水溶液中单泡声致发光的线光谱

0引言Gaitan等人在1992年首次实现了单个气泡的声致发光,即单泡声致发光[1](Single bubble sonoluminescence,缩写为SBSL)。而之前的气泡群声致发光现象称为多泡声致发光[2](Multi-bubble sonoluminescence,缩写为MBSL)。光谱测量一直是研究声致发光的有效手段之一。1995年,Matula等人[3]根据MBSL和SBSL的光谱,分析认为两者的区别是SBSL只有连续谱,而MBSL除了有连续     

单泡声致发光——气泡的动力学特性

单泡声致发光现象中，气泡动力学特性的研究是十分重要的。文章由简单的振子模型及能量守恒定律，导出了不可压缩、弱粘滞流体中纯径向振动气泡的Rayleigh—Plesset方程，利用龙格-库塔法计算了不同驱动声压下的R(t)曲线，并对崩溃相气泡的聚能效应做了讨论。     

溶液的杂质含量对单泡声致发光的影响

1引言: 在适当除气的液体中,单一气泡可以悬浮在超声驻波场的波腹处,并随声场的频率作周期性的膨胀和收缩,在收缩时将声能量高度集中,会产生发光的现象,称为单泡声致发光(Single Bubble Sonoluminecence)[1].这个现象的发现距今才十几年,还有许多地方需要探索和改进.     

单泡声致发光现象 - 气泡运动的Mie散射测量

单泡声致发光现象时间和空间的高重复性,为实验研究气泡动力学特性提供了可能。文章利用Dave倒推算法,计算气泡Mie散射光强随散射角和气泡半径的变化,并选择了散射角80°为实验测量位置。利用R P方程理论计算的R(t)曲线与Mie散射实测结果相拟合,定量研究了气泡平衡半径、压缩比及崩溃阶段气泡的能量转换,结果表明,随激励声压的增大,气泡所吸收的声能可能绝大部分转换成激波及热能,使泡内温度上升。     

瞬态单一声空化气泡的动力学过程及空化发光

1.引言 在1990年,Gaitan[1]发现悬浮在驻波声场中的单一空化气泡能象时钟一样精确地在每个崩溃时刻发出裸眼能看见的光--称之为声致发光.单泡声致发光现象从此引起了众多研究者的浓厚兴趣,很多科学家对其进行了深入而广泛的研究,得到了比较定量的数据,相关的理 论分析也得到快速的进展.     

声致发光纯氩气泡电离度的计算

1　引言　　自从发现单气泡声致发光 (SBSL )的现象 [1] 至今 ,已经有一些模型解释发光的机理 ,其中最有影响的冲击波 -部分等离子体 -韧致辐射的模型。最近有些人倾向于认为 [2 ] ,发光可能不是来自于气泡中心部位高温小区域 ,因为这个区域对应高温的时间太短 ,气体太少。为了弄清气泡内气体电离度的分布 ,从而了解气泡发光机制 ,本文利用简单的电离冷却机制 ,计算气泡内对应于不同表面张力的电子浓度分布。取不同表面张力系数是因为在用 Rayleigh-Plesset[3 ] 方程拟合气泡运动的半径时 ,比较好的结果都是取水的表面张力系数为 50 dyn/…     

Single bubble sonoluminescence and stable cavitation

A single bubble trapped at an antinode of an acoustic standing wave field in water can emit 50ps-140ps light pulses, called "single bubble sonoluminescence" (SBSL). It arouses much interest in physical acoustics because of its highly non-linear characteristics, high concentration of energy, and stable cavitation behavior. In this paper, bubble stability, the dynamic behavior of bubbles, non-invasive measurement of driving acoustic pressure and Mie scattering method are introduced.     

Luminescence of sodium atoms in aqueous solution during sonolysis in moving-single-bubble regime

Emission from excited sodium atoms (Na 589 nm) under the conditions of single-bubble sonoluminescence (SBSL) in the moving-bubble regime has been observed in aqueous NaCl solutions at concentrations within 2.5–6 mol/L. Atomic line emission in the gas phase was caused by the penetration of metal salt species inside the bubble, followed by the transition of Na atom to an excited state. Saturation with argon and a low temperature (from −10 to −15°C) of solution are factors that favor the SBSL of metal in solution of a nonvolatile salt. The results confirm the validity of the model of microdrop injection that explains the appearance of metal inside a bubble, its excitation, and subsequent atomic line emission during SBSL as related to deformations of the moving bubble.     

Visualization of bubble behavior and bubble diameter correlation for NH3–H2O bubble absorption

The objectives of this paper are to visualize the bubble behavior for an ammonia–water absorption process, and to study the effect of key parameters on ammonia–water bubble absorption performance. The orifice diameter, orifice number, liquid concentration and vapor velocity are considered as the key parameters. The departing bubbles tend to be spherical for surface tension dominant flow, and the bubbles tend to be hemispherical for inertial force dominant flow. A transition vapor Reynolds number is observed at a balance condition of internal absorption potential (by the concentration difference) and external absorption potential (by the vapor inlet mass flow rate). As the liquid concentration increases, the transition Reynolds number and the initial bubble diameter increase. The initial bubble diameter increases with an increase of the orifice diameter while it is not significantly affected by the number of orifices. Residence time of bubbles increases with an increase in the initial bubble diameter and the liquid concentration. This study presents a correlation of initial bubble diameter with ±20% error band. The correlation can be used to calculate the interfacial area in the design of ammonia-water bubble absorber.     

A study on numerical simulations and experiments for mass transfer in bubble mode absorber of ammonia and water

An absorber is a major component in the absorption refrigeration systems, and its performance greatly affects the overall system performance. In this study, both the numerical and experimental analyses in the absorption process of a bubble mode absorber were performed. Gas was injected into the bottom of the absorber at a constant solution flow rate. The region of gas absorption was estimated by both numerical and experimental analyses. A higher gas flow rate increases the region of gas absorption. As the temperature and concentration of the input solution decrease, the region of gas absorption decreases. In addition, the absorption performance of the countercurrent flow was superior to that of cocurrent. Mathematical modeling equations were derived from the material balance for the gas and liquid phases based on neglecting the heat and mass transfer of water from liquid to gas phase. A comparison of the model simulation and experimental results shows similar values. This means that this numerical model can be applied for design of a bubble mode absorber.     

Mechanisms of contrast agent destruction

Various applications of contrast-assisted ultrasound, including blood vessel detection, perfusion estimation, and drug delivery, require controlled destruction of contrast agent microbubbles. The lifetime of a bubble depends on properties of the bubble shell, the gas core, and the acoustic waveform impinging on the bubble. Three mechanisms of microbubble destruction are considered: fragmentation, acoustically driven diffusion, and static diffusion. Fragmentation is responsible for rapid destruction of contrast agents on a time scale of microseconds. The primary characteristics of fragmentation are a very large expansion and subsequent contraction, resulting in instability of the bubble. Optical studies using a novel pulsed-laser optical system show the expansion and contraction of ultrasound contrast agent microbubbles with the ratio of maximum diameter to minimum diameter greater than 10. Fragmentation is dependent on the transmission pressure, occurring in over 55% of bubbles insonified with a peak negative transmission pressure of 2.4 MPa and in less than 10% of bubbles insonified with a peak negative transmission pressure of 0.8 MPa. The echo received from a bubble decorrelates significantly within two pulses when the bubble is fragmented, creating an opportunity for rapid detection of bubbles via a decorrelation-based analysis. Preliminary findings with a mouse tumor model verify the occurrence of fragmentation in vivo. A much slower mechanism of bubble destruction is diffusion, which is driven by both a concentration gradient between the concentration of gas in the bubble compared with the concentration of gas in the liquid, as well as convective effects of motion of the gas-liquid interface. The rate of diffusion increases during insonation, because of acoustically driven diffusion, producing changes in diameter on the time scale of the acoustic pulse length, thus, on the order of microseconds. Gas bubbles diffuse while they are not being insonified, termed static diffusion. An air bubble with initial diameter of 2 microns in water at 37 degrees C is predicted to fully dissolve within 25 ms. Clinical ultrasound contrast agents are often designed with a high molecular weight core in an attempt to decrease the diffusion rate. C3F8 and C4F10 gas bubbles of the same size are predicted to fully dissolve within 400 ms and 4000 ms, respectively. Optical experiments involving gas diffusion of a contrast agent support the theoretical predictions; however, shelled agents diffuse at a much slower rate without insonation, on the order of minutes to hours. Shell properties play a significant role in the rate of static diffusion by blocking the gas-liquid interface and decreasing the transport of gas into the surrounding liquid. Static diffusion decreases the diameter of albumin-shelled agents to a greater extent than lipid-shelled agents after insonation.     

应用双头电导探针技术测量气液两相泡状流局部参数

本研究应用双头电导探针技术测量气泡局部参数,从而揭示了气液两相泡状流的内部流动规律。     

应用双头电导探针技术测量 气液两相泡状流局部参数

本文研究应用双头电导探针技术测量气泡局部参数,从而揭示了气液两相泡状流的内部流动规律。成功地设计了一种能够快速可靠测量气泡局部统计参数,包括空隙率、气泡速度、气泡尺寸、界面浓度等的电导探针系统。发现探针尖部的导通距离、沿流动方向两探针间的距离和两个探针针尖的间隙是设计电导探针的关键尺寸。     

Mass transfer correlation of NH3–H2O bubble absorption

The objectives of this paper are to study the effect of key parameters on absorption performance and to develop an experimental correlation of mass transfer coefficient for ammonia–water bubble absorption. The orifice diameter, liquid concentration and vapor velocity are considered as the key parameters. This study successfully visualized the bubble behavior and measured the volumetric diameter of bubbles during the bubble absorption process. The bubble absorption is grouped into two processes, bubble growth (process I) and bubble disappearance (process II), respectively. The following conclusions were drawn from the present study. A new experimental correlation for the volumetric bubble diameter was proposed with ±15% error band, which could be applied to calculate the mass transfer coefficient. The mass transfer coefficient increased with a decrease of the liquid concentration. In process II, the mass transfer coefficient increased with an increase of the Galileo number. Finally, experimental correlations of mass transfer coefficient were developed for processes I and II with ±18% error bands.     

Study of gas exchange between bubbles in foam

Gas diffusion in foam through the liquid film that separates bubbles due to the capillary pressure difference in different-size bubbles is considered. The system of integral equations is obtained which determines the interdependent bubble size variation. The process is numerically modeled, which shows that gas exchange is important in the foam destruction process.Translated from Inzhenerno-fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 63, No. 6, pp. 696–701, December, 1992.