一种制备膨胀石墨的新方法及其压制品的性能研究

以粒径约0.5mm的天然鳞片石墨为宿主材料,以高氯酸液为氧化、插层剂,通过简单的酸液浸泡法直接热氧化转化天然鳞片石墨为膨胀石墨.用浓度为72%(质量分数)的高氯酸液在室温下浸泡天然鳞片石墨1～3min.后,在900下膨化,膨胀体积为549mL/g.以该条件制备的膨胀石墨为前驱体通过冷压成型的方法制备柔性石墨,利用材料万能试验机、微欧计、激光热导仪分别测试了该材料的抗拉强度、电阻率、导热率.实验结果表明:抗拉强度(T)、电阻率(ρ)同密度(d)呈线性正相关,其中T=12.1d-7.6,R=0.977;ρ=-3.97d 11.9,R=0.968.热导率同电阻率呈负相关性.     

用柔性石墨制备低密度膨胀石墨块

通过在浓硫酸或浓硝酸中浸泡柔性石墨纸（板），然后在200℃～750℃膨化制备了低密度膨胀石墨块。研究了插层剂、插层时间和膨化温度对膨胀石墨块体积密度和外形完整程度的影响。结果表明：膨化温度越高，制得的膨胀石墨块密度越低，越难获得完整的外形。以浓硫酸或浓硝酸插层时，适宜的膨化温度分别约为550℃和650℃，插层时间应为3h以上。发现膨胀石墨块主要存在两种外观，一种为均匀膨胀，另一种为非均匀膨胀。     

无硫高倍膨胀石墨的制备及影响因素探讨

以鳞片石墨、硝酸、乙酸酐、高锰酸钾为原料，采用化学法经氧化酸化插层、水洗、干燥、高温膨胀过程制备膨胀石墨，利用正交试验方法确定最佳工艺条件，并对相关影响因素及插层机理作了初步探讨。结果表明：按鳞片石墨：硝酸：乙酸酐：高锰酸钾(质量比)=1：0．7：1．5：0．4，反应时间90min，反应温度30℃～40℃的条件可以制备出膨胀体积达478mL/g的高倍无硫膨胀石墨。相关影响因素的大小依次为：高锰酸钾、硝酸、乙酸酐、反应时间，其中高锰酸钾的影响程度远大于其他三个因素。     

制备无硫可膨胀石墨的研究

用硝酸（65％）和乙酸酐混合液、高锰酸钾和天然鳞片石墨反应制备无硫可膨胀石墨,最佳反应条件是：石墨、乙酸酐、硝酸、高锰酸钾的重量比为1：0．8：0．5：0．07,反应时间为40min,反应温度为30℃,可膨胀石墨的膨胀容积为280mL／g;不含硫,含氮量为1．27％,其终端产品柔性石墨不含氮．迄今为止,未见文献报道．     

混酸法制备低硫可膨胀石墨

用硫酸（９８％）、硝酸（６５％）和草酸的混合液与天然鳞片石墨反 制备低硫可膨石墨，最佳反应条件是：石墨、硫酸（８％）、硝酸（６５％）、草的重量比为１：２．３：１．７：０．０５，反庆时间为４５ｍｉｎ，反应温度为２５℃，可膨胀石墨的含硫量为１．６３％时，膨胀容积为２５０ｍＬ／ｇ。其终端产品柔性石墨的含硫量为７８０ｐｐｍ。     

影响膨胀石墨膨胀容积因素的研究

以硫酸（98％）为插层剂、过氧化氢（30％）为氧化剂，用化学法制备膨胀石墨。通过正交实验确定最佳制备备件。结果表明：当石墨与硫酸重量比为1：3，硫酸与过氧化氢体积比为1：0．1，反应时间90min，反应温度50℃，膨化温度1000％，膨化时间20s时，膨胀石墨的膨胀容积可达250ml／g。     

膨胀石墨的尺寸效应

以不同产地、不同粒度的鳞片石墨为原料, 采用硫酸、硝酸、高锰酸钾的适当配比为氧化剂制备膨胀石墨, 发现石墨膨胀倍数从粒度>420μm的750mL/g减小至95～85μm的110mL/g. 电镜及压汞法观察膨胀石墨的形貌及微孔的特征, 表明膨胀石墨的孔隙大小随粒度减小而减小, 反映出膨胀石墨存在尺寸效应.不同粒度的膨胀石墨的灰分、硫分和对机油的吸附能力不同, 与不同粒度膨胀石墨制备的柔性石墨板的抗拉强度也不同. 这种效应源自石墨的结晶程度的不同.     

HClO_4-CrO_3-石墨层间化合物的制备及其性能

以天然鳞片石墨、CrO3、HClO4为原料,采用化学氧化法制备石墨层间化合物(GIC);研究了反应物用量、反应时间、反应温度对石墨层间化合物膨胀容积的影响。结果表明:按石墨∶三氧化铬∶高氯酸(质量比)=1∶0.3∶5,反应温度30℃,反应时间60min的条件,可制得膨胀容积为555mL.g-1的石墨层间化合物。采用FTIR、XRD、TG等技术对石墨层间化合物的组成、结构进行表征和分析得知:石墨层间的插入物为ClO4-、Cr2O72-。GIC性能特点测试结果说明:所制GIC具有低能耗性能、良好的真空安定性、较好的8毫米波动态衰减效果。     

HClO4-GIC的膨化性能

本工作采用简单的化学酸液浸泡法,分别以天然鳞片石墨、高氯酸为宿主、寄主材料制备HClO4-GIC.研究了不同的反应温度、时间、膨化温度对其膨化性能的影响.研究结果表明:随反应温度、时间、膨化温度的提高,HClO4-GIC的膨胀体积存在一最大值.该工艺的突出特点是;HClO4-GIC的低温膨化性能和简单的回收再利用性.     

制备低硫可膨胀石墨的研究

研究了以过二硫酸铵作氧化剂低硫可膨胀石墨的制备，找到了在较低温度下，制备低硫可膨胀石墨的最佳条件。即过二硫酸铵和石墨的重量比为１５％；反应温度为５５℃；反应时间为４０ｍｉｎ；硫酸浓度为９８％；硫酸与石墨的重量比为４∶１，草酸和硝酸（浓度为６５％）的重量比为７．５％时，所制得的可膨胀石墨含硫量为０．６５％，膨胀容积为２００ｍＬ／ｇ可膨胀石墨。并且，其终端产品柔性石墨具有优良的力学性能和抗氧化性能。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Assessment of intakes of mixtures of radionuclides

Australia has several uranium mines and a large number of mineral sand mines, with associated processing facilities. Exposures resulting from these mining and processing operations usually involve intakes of mixtures of radionuclides. This work describes the development of a suite of first order, linear compartment models, based on the ICRP Publication 66 respiratory tract model, and an analytical solution to the decay equations, for assessing the consequences of such intakes. The computer programs based on these models directly compute excretion, organ retention and organ and whole-body doses for intakes of either single radionuclides or any mixture of radionuclides belonging to the same radioactive decay chain. The intake can be via inhalation, ingestion or injection, and can be acute, chronic or of limited duration. The starting concentration and degree of secular (dis)equilibrium can be specified for each radionuclide. No assumptions need to be made about the relative magnitudes of the radioactive half-lives of the different nuclides.     

卧式金属罐容量的测量结果不确定度

本文根据多年的实践检定经验 ,参照JJF1 0 59- 1 999《测量不确定度评定与表示》以及《测量不确定度表达 1 0讲》 ,对卧式金属罐容量的测量结果不确定度进行了评定。     

盐酸浓度不确定度的评估

通过对盐酸浓度标定的过程分析，找出影响结果的各个分量，进行不确定度的评定，按照计量技术规范给出标准的表示法。     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Numerical study of methods of linearization of the output characteristics of radio-frequency sensors of the level of dielectric media

Different constructions of the sensing elements of radio-frequency level sensors based on sections of long lines are numerically investigated by means of the Matlab program for the purpose of minimizing the measurement error caused by the nonlinearity of the output characteristic. It is shown that the nonlinearity is lowest for U-shaped designs. The nonlinearity factor KN may be regulated by varying the capacitance of a correcting capacitor connected to the input of the sensing element and (or) the length of one of the sections of the long line. In selecting an optimal capacitance of the correcting capacitor KN ≤ 0.15% for control media with dielectric permittivity in the range 2.2–30.