6061铝合金表面γ-APS协同稀土镧盐复合膜的性能

单一硅烷转化膜对金属基体的保护不足,稀土处理可对硅烷转化膜进行改性。以硅烷γ-APS协同稀土镧盐处理6061铝合金板材,在硅烷基础溶液中添加不同含量的稀土硝酸镧对6061铝合金进行转化处理,采用电化学方法和硫酸铜点滴方法,研究了硝酸镧含量对铝合金基体表面γ-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(KH-602)硅烷膜耐蚀性能的影响,通过划格法和模拟大气腐蚀研究复合膜、硅烷膜试样、镧盐钝化膜试样与有机涂层间的结合力。结果表明:在KH-602硅烷基础溶液中添加15 g/L硝酸镧时硅烷镧盐复合膜的耐蚀性和结合力最好;复合膜主要由S,O,Si,Al,La元素组成,其中La元素含量明显高于单一稀土转化膜;与硅烷膜、镧盐转化膜相比,复合膜表现出很好的耐蚀性。     

硅烷-铈盐复合膜的制备及其耐蚀性能

将自组装膜和稀土转化膜结合可以强化各自的优点,制成的复合膜的耐蚀性能得到极大提高,目前此类研究还不系统。在铜片表面先自组装硅烷膜,再铈盐转化成膜,以复合膜耐蚀性为评价指标,对自组装时间、铈盐转化时间进行优化,对优化条件制成的复合膜的耐蚀性进行研究,与单一的硅烷自组装膜、铈盐转化膜进行比较,并对硅烷-铈盐复合膜的成膜、耐蚀机理进行了探讨。结果表明:硅烷自组装膜与铈盐转化膜的最佳成膜时间分别为10.0 min和1.0 min,硅烷-铈盐复合膜对铜的防腐蚀性能比2种单一膜的有明显提高。     

硝酸镧掺杂对6061铝合金表面硅烷膜耐蚀性能的影响

为改善铝及铝合金的表面防腐蚀性能,在γ-(2,3-环氧丙氧)丙基三甲氧基硅烷(KH-560)基础溶液中添加不同含量的硝酸镧,在6061铝合金表面制备不同硝酸镧浓度掺杂的硅烷-镧盐复合膜;采用极化曲线、硫酸铜点滴、腐蚀失重率试验等方法分析膜层性能,并得出了镧盐最佳用量。对比分析了最佳镧盐用量下复合膜、硅烷膜和稀土转化膜的耐蚀性能。结果表明:在KH-560硅烷膜制备过程中添加一定量硝酸镧可有效提高硅烷膜的耐蚀性,添加15 g/L硝酸镧时,形成的复合膜层致密且没有裂纹,耐蚀性最好;与单一的硅烷、镧盐转化膜相比,复合膜表现出很好的耐蚀性。     

6061铝合金表面硅烷-镧盐复合转化膜的耐蚀性能和结合力

目前国内对稀土硝酸镧改性硅烷膜的耐蚀性少见研究报道。采用极化曲线、硫酸铜点滴试验方法,研究了硝酸镧对6061铝合金表面γ-氨丙基三甲氧基硅烷(KH-550)硅烷膜耐蚀性能的影响;通过全浸腐蚀试验进一步研究复合膜、空白试样、硅烷膜试样、镧盐钝化膜试样与有机涂层间的结合力。结果表明:在KH-550硅烷基础溶液中添加一定量硝酸镧可有效提高硅烷膜的耐蚀性和结合力;所得复合膜层均匀、致密。同时初步探讨了复合膜的耐蚀机理。     

6061铝合金表面硅烷-镧盐杂化膜制备工艺参数的正交优化

为探索硅烷-稀土盐复合膜的最佳制备工艺,以La(NO_3)_3·6H_2O为成膜物质,H_2O_2为促进剂,在铝合金表面制备硅烷-镧盐杂化膜,以膜层的极化电阻作为评价指标,采用正交试验法对制备工艺进行优选,采用电化学极化曲线和交流阻抗谱分析膜层的耐腐蚀性能,采用扫描电镜观察膜层的形貌,并与单一硅烷膜和镧盐膜的性能进行比较。结果表明:杂化膜的最佳制备工艺中镧盐沉积条件为10 g/L La(NO_3)_3·6H_2O,15 mL/L H_2O_2,成膜温度50℃,成膜时间40 min;镧盐掺杂有效提高了膜层的均匀度与致密度;杂化膜较单一硅烷膜和镧盐膜具有更好的致密性和疏水性,且能明显发挥镧盐膜和硅烷膜的协同作用,可有效降低6061铝合金的腐蚀速率,提高其耐蚀性。     

热镀锌钢铈盐/硅烷复合膜的制备及其耐蚀性能

热镀锌钢板上单一的铈盐、硅烷钝化膜有一些缺点,对提高其耐蚀性作用不大。为此,将热镀锌钢板先经铈盐溶液处理,再用乙烯基三甲氧基硅烷溶液浸渍,获得了铈盐/硅烷复合钝化膜。采用扫描电镜(SEM)、俄歇电子能谱(AES)、盐水全浸试验和电化学交流阻抗谱(EIS)研究了复合膜层的表面形貌、结构特性和耐蚀性能。结果表明:硅烷膜能较好地填充铈盐转化膜中的裂纹,铈盐/硅烷复合膜层连续、完整、致密,厚400～450 nm,与基体结合较好,复合膜中硅烷膜/铈盐转化膜/锌基体的化学成分呈连续的梯度变化;与热镀锌钢相比,单一铈盐转化膜、硅烷膜的交流阻抗值增加了1个多数量级,复合膜的则增加了约2个数量级,复合膜层的耐蚀性较单一膜层显著增强,且优于常规铬酸盐钝化膜。     

汽车用镁合金铈盐改性硅烷复合膜的耐蚀性

目前镁合金表面稀土-硅烷化改性多采用复合工艺,简单硅烷化处理研究较为少见。将不同含量的硝酸铈直接添加到KH-550硅烷溶液中,应用简单化学浸渍法在AZ91D压铸镁合金表面制备了铈盐改性硅烷复合膜;通过点滴腐蚀试验、全浸腐蚀试验和电化学交流阻抗谱评价了铈盐改性复合膜的耐蚀性能,利用扫描电子显微镜和椭偏仪分析了铈盐改性复合膜的表面微观形貌和厚度。结果表明:与硅烷膜相比,铈盐改性硅烷复合膜较均匀、致密、平整,厚度明显增加;随着硝酸铈含量的增加,铈盐改性硅烷复合膜的耐蚀性能先上升后下降,当硝酸铈掺杂量达到0.50 g/L时,复合膜的耐蚀性能最佳;随盐水浸泡时间的延长,复合膜的低频阻抗值先增大后减小,表明其具有一定的"自修复"能力。     

钢铁表面硅烷锆盐植酸复合转化膜耐腐蚀机理研究

为提高40Cr钢体表面耐腐蚀性能,采用双-[γ-(三乙氧基硅)丙基]-四硫化物(BTESPT)、硝酸锆和植酸在40Cr钢表面制备了具有优异耐蚀性能的硅烷锆盐复合转化膜,采用正交实验法优选了硅烷锆盐复合转化液成膜的工艺条件。采用硫酸铜滴定实验、扫描电镜(SEM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)及电化学测试对复合膜的耐蚀性、形貌、成分、膜层的电位特性进行分析。结果表明：硅烷锆盐复合膜最优工艺为硅烷浓度5%(体积分数),硝酸锆浓度为0.75%(质量分数),溶液pH值为4,反应温度25℃,反应时间50 s;通过硫酸铜点滴试验和电化学测试可以看出掺杂植酸的复合转化膜的耐蚀性比单一硅烷膜和硅烷锆盐膜得到了明显的提升;通过微观形貌观察可以看出,植酸的添加弥补了膜层缺陷,阻碍了腐蚀介质的扩散,增强了膜层的耐腐蚀性。     

镁合金微弧氧化/空气喷涂复合膜层的耐盐雾腐蚀性能

为了进一步提高AZ31B镁合金的耐腐蚀性,在Na2SiO3电解液体系中,通过微弧氧化直流脉冲电源在其表面制备了微弧氧化膜,再在微弧氧化膜层上喷涂纳米陶瓷涂料层.利用盐雾腐蚀试验研究了微弧氧/涂料复合膜层的耐腐蚀性,采用SEM、XRD等研究了复合膜的组成和结构.结果表明:复合膜层表面均匀,其耐腐蚀性明显高于微弧氧化膜层,...     

时效对AZ63镁合金稀土镧-铈转化膜耐孔蚀性能的影响

时效时间对镁合金表面稀土转化膜的耐腐蚀性能有很大影响.将AZ63镁合金浸入硝酸镧和硝酸铈混合溶液中,在其表面制备稀土镧-铈转化膜并在空气中作0,24,48,60,72,90 h时效处理.利用循环伏安曲线、极化曲线、扫描电镜对AZ63镁合金稀土镧-铈转化膜在3％NaCl溶液中的孔蚀行为进行了研究.结果表明:时效处理能进一步提高稀土镧-铈转化膜的附着力、致密性和均匀性,从而显著提高镁合金的耐蚀性;稀土镧-铈转化膜的耐蚀性随时效时间的增加先增强后减弱,时效48 h时稀土镧-铈转化膜致密、附着力强,具有较好的耐蚀性,不易发生孔蚀,击穿电位为-1.418 V,孔蚀坑较浅;大电流密度更容易诱发孔蚀,当诱导孔蚀电流密度分别为0.4,1.5 mA/cm2时,时效48 h稀土镧-铈转化膜的诱发孔蚀时间为480,300 s.     

凝固科学技术与材料

从凝固科学与实践发展的角度介绍了当前凝固材料体系的基本框架和凝固科学主要发展阶段的基本理论。作为材料科学与工程的基本组成，凝固科学技术正在现代科学理论的基础上针对传统材料的改性提高和新材料的发展需求，以控形、控构、控性为目标开展优质铸件的定向、晶体生长、快凝、深过冷及各种新型和超常领域凝固过程的研究，并介绍了其中某些方面和展望了可能的发展趋势。     

Creation and motion of dislocations and fracture in metal and silicon crystals

By making a step on one surface ( ) of a rectangular small paralellepiped copper crystal, dislocations could be created by the molecular dynamic method. The dislocation created was not a complete edge dislocation but a pair of Heidenreich-Shockley partial dislocations. Each time a dislocation was created, the stress on the surface was released. Small copper crystals having a notch were pulled (until fracture), compressed and buckled by use of the molecular dynamic method. An embedded atom potential was used to represent the interaction between atoms. Dislocations were created near the tip of the notch. A very sharp yield stress was observed. The results of high speed deformations of pure silicon small crystals using the molecular dynamics are presented. The results suggest that plastic deformation may be possible for the silicon with a high speed deformation even at room temperature. Another small size single crystal, the same size and the same surfaces, was compressed using molecular dynamic method. The surfaces are {110}, {112} and {111}. The compressed direction was [111]. It was found that silicon crystals are possible to be compressed with a high speed deformation. This may suggest that silicon may be plastically deformed with high speed deformation.     

The Candela and Photometric and Radiometric Measurements

The national measurement system for photometric and radiometric quantities is presently based upon techniques that make these quantities traceable to a high-accuracy cryogenic radiometer. The redefinition of the candela in 1979 provided the opportunity for national measurement laboratories to base their photometric measurements on optical detector technology rather than on the emission from high-temperature blackbody optical sources. The ensuing technical developments of the past 20 years, including the significant improvements in cryogenic radiometer performance, have provided the opportunity to place the fundamental maintenance of photometric quantities upon absolute detector based technology as was allowed by the 1979 redefinition. Additionally, the development of improved photodetectors has had a significant impact on the methodology in most of the radiometric measurement areas. This paper will review the status of the NIST implementation of the technical changes mandated by the 1979 redefinition of the candela and its effect upon the maintenance and dissemination of optical radiation measurements.     

PSD和PWELCH函数的分析改进及应用

针对MATLAB中两个内建功率谱密度计算函数psd()和pwelch()计算结果迥异的现象,在功率谱密度估计理论的基础上,根据经典的周期图理论和Welch平均周期图方法,通过详细分析源程序,解析计算方法,发现psd()计算的并不是工程单边功率谱密度,而是采样信号双边谱,故与pwelch()结果迥异,另外pwelch()不能对分段信号数据进行预处理。就上述不足提出了相应的改进措施,比较验证表明改进措施行之有效。     

Development and challenges of planning and scheduling for petroleum and petrochemical production

Production planning and scheduling are becoming the core of production management, which support the decision of a petrochemical company. The optimization of production planning and scheduling is attempted by every refinery because it gains additional profit and stabilizes the daily production. The optimization problem considered in industry and academic research is of different levels of realism and complexity, thus increasing the gap. Operation research with mathematical programming is a conventional approach used to address the planning and scheduling problem. Additionally, modeling the processes, objectives, and constraints and developing the optimization algorithms are significant for industry and research. This paper introduces the perspective of production planning and scheduling from the development viewpoint.     

Miniature and MEMS-type vacuum sensors and pumps

In the paper, the observable trends of the actual research and development of selected types of miniature and MEMS-type vacuum sensors are presented. Some information about the new types of active vacuum gauges, which are offered by the leading manufacturers of the vacuum measurement instruments, is given. Next, the list of MEMS devices that need vacuum for proper operation is presented. Some aspects of vacuum-encapsulation of MEMS devices, on wafer level and package level are shown. The new conceptions of obtaining and maintenance of high and ultra-high vacuum in MEMS devices are described. They concern the conception of integration of a miniature orbitron pump on-chip with MEMS-type device or with vacuum part of the portable advanced instruments such as electron microscope, ion mass spectrometer, and free electron laser.     

甲壳素与壳聚糖的改性及应用

甲壳素、壳聚糖及其衍生物是一种天然高分子,随着对其研究的深入发展,涉及的内容和应用范围越来越广泛.概述了甲壳素、壳聚糖的结构、性质及其化学改性和共混改性的方法,简单介绍了它们的应用领域.     

ATP-Responsive and ATP-Fueled Self-Assembling Systems and Materials

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a central metabolite that plays an indispensable role in various cellular processes, from energy supply to cell-to-cell signaling. Nature has developed sophisticated strategies to use the energy stored in ATP for many metabolic and non-equilibrium processes, and to sense and bind ATP for biological signaling. The variations in the ATP concentrations from one organelle to another, from extracellular to intracellular environments, and from normal cells to cancer cells are one motivation for designing ATP-triggered and ATP-fueled systems and materials, because they show great potential for applications in biological systems by using ATP as a trigger or chemical fuel. Over the last decade, ATP has been emerging as an attractive co-assembling component for man-made stimuli-responsive as well as for fuel-driven active systems and materials. Herein, current advances and emerging concepts for ATP-triggered and ATP-fueled self-assemblies and materials are discussed, shedding light on applications and highlighting future developments. By bringing together concepts of different domains, that is from supramolecular chemistry to DNA nanoscience, from equilibrium to non-equilibrium self-assembly, and from fundamental sciences to applications, the aim is to cross-fertilize current approaches with the ultimate aim to bring synthetic ATP-dependent systems closer to living systems.