Thermal analysis of an 80 W light-emitting diode street lamp

Light-emitting diode (LED) street lamps rely heavily on successful thermal management, which strongly affects the optical extraction and the reliability/durability of the LED lamp. A thermal analysis of an 80 W LED street lamp was done. Sixteen thermocouples were used to measure the temperatures at 16 different positions of the street lamp. The results demonstrated that the temperature of the frame and the heat sink of the 80 W LED street lamp remained stable at about 42degC after several hours of lighting at a room temperature of 11degC, and the bulk material resistance of the heat sink could be neglected. Numerical simulation was also used to analyse the temperature distribution of the lamp. The reliability of the numerical model was proven by a comparison of simulation results with the experimental data. Through simulations and the corresponding analyses it was found that the tested 80 W LED street lamp would have poor reliability at an environment temperature of 45degC.     

大功率白光发光二极管光源的制作(英文)

采用GaN基蓝色发光芯片为激发源,结合黄色硅酸盐系列荧光粉封装成大功率白光发光二极管(W-LEDs).利用24颗大功率5W白光发光二极管制作了两种不同连接方式的W-LEDs路灯:2并12串,和4并6串.设计了相应的驱动电路,对这两种不同连接方式的大功率W-LEDs路灯的光电特性及其在照明光源中的应用条件作了深入地研究和对比,测试了它们的伏安特性,发光效率以及功效,结果表明2并12串连接方式的W-LEDs路灯具有更加稳定的伏安特性,更高的照度以及更高的功效.与高压钠灯和荧光灯的特性相比较,W-LEDs路灯作为绿色环保光源灯,具有更高的显色指数,更加环保,节能.     

基于误差反馈的LED阵列近场光强检测

发光二极管(LED)在机场、铁路等领域作为信号光源,通常采用多个LED组成阵列的方式。传统方法为拆卸后送入实验室中进行检测,此时无法获得光源在工作现场的状态且使得整个检测周期较长,针对上述问题提出一种基于照度误差的方法。在现场的近场区域内移动照度探头采集照度数据;再对各LED预设光强分布,计算此光强分布下在各测量点形成的照度与利用照度探头实际测量得到的照度的误差并根据此误差来更新设置的光强值,多次迭代至误差足够小;最后将此时计算得到的每个LED的近似光强分布进行叠加用于计算整个LED阵列的光强分布。通过该方法可以在现场快速准确检测灯具光强分布的同时,保障整个检测系统的设计能够便携。通过实验验证,所提方法在不同情况下能够完成光强检测,匹配度达到93%以上。     

一种计算大功率LED光源模块器件结温的方法

研究了大功率LED光源模块各器件之间热传导的相互影响,建立了一种基于热阻矩阵的LED光源模块器件结温计算公式,然后以一个由5只1W大功率器件组成的光源模块为例,演示如何通过测量器件的正向工作电压计算热阻矩阵,进而计算各器件的结温,并与现有方法计算值以及红外测温仪实际测量值进行了比较,结果表明：本方法比现有计算方法更为准确,可以用来预测LED光源的使用寿命和系统可靠性。     

Bivariate constant stress degradation model: LED lighting system reliability estimation with two‐stage modelling

Light‐emitting diode (LED) lamp has received great attention as a potential replacement for the more commercially available lighting technology, such as incandescence and fluorescence lamps. LED which is the main component of LED lamp has a very long lifetime. This means that no or very few failures are expected during LED lamp testing. Therefore, degradation testing and modelling are needed. Because the complexity of modern lighting system is increasing, it is possible that more than one degradation failures dominate the system reliability. If degradation paths of the system's performance characteristics (PCs) tend to be comonotone there is a likely dependence between the PCs because of the system's common usage history. In this paper, a bivariate constant stress degradation data model is proposed. The model accommodates assumptions of dependency between PCs and allows the use of different marginal degradation distribution functions. Consequently, a better system reliability estimation can be expected from this model than from a model with independent PCs assumption. The proposed model is applied to an actual LED lamps experiment data. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Thermal resistance of light emitting diode PCB with thermal vias

Light emitting diodes (LEDs) are already familiar for use as lighting sources in various electronic devices and displays. LEDs have many advantages such as long life, low power consumption, and high reliability. In the future, as an alternative to fluorescent lighting, LEDs are certain to receive much attention. However, in components related to advanced LED packages or modules there has been an issue regarding the heat from the LED chip. The LED chip is still being developed for use in high-power devices which generate more heat. In this study, we investigate the variation of thermal resistance in LED modules embedded with thermal vias. Through the analysis of thermal resistance with various test vehicles, we obtained the concrete relationship between thermal resistance and the thermal via structure.     

Characterization of angled tapered superluminescent LEDs

We present a detailed analysis of the output beam of high-power edge-emitting angled tapered superluminescent LEDs (A-TSLEDs). A device model, including spontaneous and stimulated emission processes as well as the typical nonuniform carrier-density distribution due to current spreading and carrier diffusion, has been developed and used to interpret the experimentally obtained characteristics of inhouse-fabricated A-TSLEDs. The good match between measured and theoretical results indicates that the model reproduces the A-TSLED operation very satisfactorily and clearly explains the role of the collecting lens on the pronounced asymmetry of some of the measured optical intensity profiles.     

LED照明的杂散光分析与散热研究

针对LED照明杂散光的形成原因和处理方法,以及LED照明系统散热问题的产生和结温对灯具寿命和发光率的影响,完善LED照明灯具的设计,利用照明灯具的特点,以目前LED照明灯具采用的散热方式和杂散光的处理形式为基准,采用对比测试的方法对灯具样品进行检验测试。通过对检测结果的分析,解决了LED照明的散热设计中涉及到的关键问题。     

LED灯丝筛选方法研究

从商业途径获得的LED灯丝相互之间总光通量的偏差达到7%,电压偏差高达0.6%。若灯丝不经过筛选直接用来制作标准灯,将达不到预期的光强空间分布,且发光稳定性降低,有效寿命减小。实验分析了LED灯丝在低驱动电流与额定驱动电流下电压、光通量的相关性,提出了一种在低于灯丝额定驱动电流下对LED灯丝进行快速筛选的方法。实验表明:采用驱动电流5mA代替额定驱动电流10mA进行筛选,电压、光通量的最大偏差仅为0.09%和0.65%,能满足筛选需要。采用这种筛选方法及开发的专用软件使得筛选过程操作简单、结果判定准确可靠,且不会减小灯丝的有效寿命,为LED灯丝总光通量标准灯的研制奠定了良好的基础,还可推广应用到LED灯丝生产过程中的质量控制。     

Improvement of brightness with Al2O3 passivation layers on the surface of InGaN/GaN-based light-emitting diode chips

In this study, sputtered 50, 70 and 90 nm thick Al₂O₃ thin films were evaluated as a passivation layer in the process of InGaN-based blue as LEDs (Light-Emitting Diodes) in order to improve the brightness of LED lamps. For packaged LED lamps, lamps with Al₂O₃ passivation layer had higher brightness than ones with SiO₂ passivation layer, and LED lamps with 90-nm Al₂O₃ passivation layer were the brightest among four kinds of lamps. Although lamps with Al₂O₃ passivation layer had a bias voltage 0.25 V at 20 mA forward current higher the lamps built with SiO₂ passivation layer, their brightness was improved about 13.6% higher than the conventional LEDs with no change in emitting wavelength.     

The Design of Incandescent Lamps for Kine and Slide Projection

In spite of certain limitations the incandescent lamp has held its place as the most popular light source for kine and slide projection. Development of improved lamp types has been continuous and is now more active than ever before. The external demand for more light on the screen has created a trend towards extra low voltage lamps together with a tendency to build the condenser system into the lamp. A practical understanding of the “tungsten halogen” cycle has provided lamps which have a higher efficiency, higher colour temperature and complete absence of light loss through life; these are steadily superseding conventional lamp types. By careful matching of lamp design and projection optics the new techniques have given levels of illumination which are in some cases only limited by the danger of overheating the film in the gate. This obstacle can be surmounted by embodying within the lamp system a dichroic mirror reflecting only the visible component of the radiated energy through the film. The recent emergence of a new 8mm film format has provided an opportunity for a re-thinking of lamp design in which each of these new technologies can play an important part     

Color-rendering capacity of illumination

A new measure called color-rendering capacity is developed, by applying some of the concepts used in communication engineering, to describe another aspect of the color-rendering properties of illumination, i.e., the maximum possible number of different colors that can be displayed by a given illumination. It is a relative measure expressed as a dimensionless parameter between zero and unity, depending only on the spectral power distribution of the illumination. The computer program involved in calculating this parameter and calculated examples for several different light-source types are presented. By reference to this parameter, the prediction for four different fluorescent lamps about the extent to which a lamp can make an average chromatic environment appear colorful and bright is in general agreement with the existing observation. Another potential use of this parameter, in collaboration with the luminous efficacy, as a relevant indicator of the visual efficiency of illumination is also discussed.     

Light-emitting-diode-based light source for calibration of an intensified charge-coupled device detection system intended for galvanoluminescence measurements

A spectrally tunable light source utilizing three light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for calibration of a highly sensitive intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD) optical detection system intended for time-resolved galvanoluminescence (GL) measurements is described. The source has been conceived as a low-cost substitute for standard tungsten lamps usually used for relative and absolute calibration of optical detection systems. Three LEDs with different spectral characteristics in conjunction with a system of two integrating spheres as light mixers and light reducers are used. This construction provides control over the source spectrum by changing individual LED contributions. The use of integration spheres eliminated angular distribution of light intensities of LEDs as well as angular dependence of their spectral contributions. Moreover, by using the source we have avoided the problem of stray and diffuse light of higher wavelengths, as well as different light intensities for different wavelengths (up to three orders of magnitude in the range from 400 nm to 750 nm), which we have with standard tungsten lamps. A complete calibration procedure for the LED source and ICCD detection system is described. Finally, for the first time, we have performed time-resolved spectral GL measurements during aluminum anodization in porous film-forming electrolyte phosphoric acid in a transient regime. Two peaks at 425 nm and 595 nm are recognized, confirming the same mechanism of GL in both transient and steady-state regimes of anodization.     

Veiling glare and perceived black in high dynamic range displays

A perceptual experiment was conducted to measure the visibility of black-level differences in the proximity of a bright glare source. In a controlled viewing environment, visual difference thresholds were adaptively measured using dark, shadow-detail images shown on a high dynamic range liquid crystal display while an external LED lamp was used to induce intra-ocular glare over a small range of eccentricities. This high-contrast situation is relevant to high dynamic range displays that may have bright regions in displayed images, as well as to viewing environments that include lamps or other light sources. The resulting difference thresholds are modeled with a combination of the CIE total glare equation, the DICOM contrast visibility model, and a new estimate of adaptation luminance.     

金属渗透梯度层陶瓷基片在LED散热中的应用

在LED散热领域,铝基板居很大市场份额.介绍了金属渗透梯度层陶瓷基片,这种陶瓷基片由陶瓷与金属材料相互扩散形成的,导热性、绝缘性、抗剥离强度及抗震动性好,可解决大功率LED的散热问题.这种基板已用于制作大功率LED灯,并取得了明显的社会经济效益.     

Development of street lighting system-based novel high-brightness LED modules

The development of high-power light emitting diode (LED) for street lighting is growing continuously owing to its greater energy efficiency, long operating life and light control. Users of street lighting are compelled to adopt this technology over traditional light sources. An alternative solution based on a novel 9LEDM (9-LED module) and adaptive driver is shown. The design of the 9LEDM is derived from the thermal, photometric, power electronics techniques to meet the application of street lighting. The 9LEDM performances with a price less than 1$/Watt (W) and luminous flux higher than 110 Lumens (Lm)/W compared with traditional ones. Furthermore, several restrictions of driving the solid-state lighting loads are overcome by an adaptive street lighting driver with an AC/DC converter of a quasi-resonant operation flyback topology and with Soft Startup, Full ON, Half ON functions by sensing the ambient light and working temperature. Finally, a high performance/cost 50 W pole head as a design example is conducted to illustrate the complete design process, and the results from the demonstration projection with two pole heads of 50 W for a 12 m pole show a luminous intensity range from 38 to 19 lux with a heat sink temperature of 588C and an energy saving more by 72% compared with conventional street lighting after three months of running.     

Localized states in the active region of blue LEDs related to a system of extended defects

Blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs) based on InGaN/GaN quantum wells (QWs) with different characters of the system of extended defects (SEDs) threading through the active region have been studied using the current-voltage (I–U), capacitance-voltage (C–V), and deep-level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) measurements in the dark and under illumination with white light in a temperature range from 100 to 450 K. The DLTS curves exhibit broad E1 and E2 peaks with amplitudes dependent on the illumination. This behavior can be explained assuming the presence of localized states related to SEDs in the active region of the LED. The LEDs with more developed SEDs are characterized by a greater concentration of donor-type traps, which leads to an increase in the density of free charge carriers in QWs, which screen the electron-hole interaction. This circumstance can be among the factors responsible for a severalfold decrease in the quantum efficiency of such LEDs.     

Development of a Tunable LED-Based Colorimetric Source

A novel, spectrally tunable light-source utilizing light emitting diodes (LEDs) for radiometric, photometric, and colorimetric applications is described. The tunable source can simulate standard sources and can be used as a transfer source to propagate photometric and colorimetric scales from calibrated reference instruments to test artifacts with minimal increase in uncertainty. In this prototype source, 40 LEDs with 10 different spectral distributions were mounted onto an integrating sphere. A voltage-to-current control circuit was designed and implemented, enabling independent control of the current sent to each set of four LEDs. The LEDs have been characterized for stability and dependence on drive current. The prototype source demonstrates the feasibility of development of a spectrally tunable LED source using LEDs with up to 40 different spectral distributions. Simulations demonstrate that such a source would be able to approximate standard light-source distributions over the visible spectral range—from 380 nm to 780 nm—with deviations on the order of 2 %. The tunable LED source can also simulate spectral distributions of special sources such as discharge lamps and display monitors. With this tunable source, a test instrument can be rapidly calibrated against a variety of different source distributions tailored to the anticipated uses of the artifact. Target uncertainties for the calibration of test artifacts are less than 2 % in luminance and 0.002 in chromaticity for any source distribution.     

投射式LED汽车前照灯的光学设计

依据GB 4785-1998选择偏蓝成分较少的暖白色LED光源,采用多椭球反射杯、挡光板和非球面透镜的投射式系统,设计出一套LED汽车前照灯.其中每个LED光源都有各自独立的光学系统,设计了消球差的非球面透镜和平面挡光板,模拟分析了多椭球反射杯垂直截面椭圆和水平截面椭圆的最佳焦距.采用3个单个LED光学系统构成近光系统,在近光的基础上增加4个单个LED光学系统构成远光系统,其近光系统明暗截止线很清晰且近光和远光系统配光性能的模拟结果都满足GB 4599-94要求.     

白光LED用单一基质白光荧光粉的研究进展

白光LED以其独特优势被称为第四代光源,具有广阔的应用前景。单一基质白光荧光粉(SMWP)因颜色稳定、色彩还原性好,成为白光LED用光转换材料的研究热点。概述了由近紫外LED芯片激发的白光荧光粉的研究现状,指出了该荧光粉存在的问题并对其发展趋势做了展望。