HIGH TEMPERATURE OXIDATION AND STRUCTURE OF SCALE AND WHISKERS FOR Fe-Ni-Cr SEALING ALLOYS

The oxidation rate,the growth,morphology and structure of oxide scale and whiskers forFe-Ni-Cr sealing alloys in H_2-H_2O atmosphere at high temperatures have been studied.The growth rate of scale is controlled by diffusion.The scale is composed of Cr_2O_3 andspinel(Fe,Mn)O·Cr_2O_3 and the oxide whisker,are spinel(Fe,Mn)O·Cr_2O_3.     

Removal of iron from ilmenite by KOH leaching-oxalate leaching method

Oxalic acid was used for the removal of iron from the intermediates of ilmenite leached by KOH liquor. Various parameters, such as pH, temperature, initial oxalate concentration, and illumination were investigated. Meanwhile, it was found that orthorhombic crystal Ti2O2(OH)2(C2O4)·H2O formed as the leaching proceeded. Scanning electronic microscope (SEM) images implied that the formation of Ti2O2(OH)2(C2O4)·H2O with good crystallinity proceeded through three stages. Calcining Ti2O2(OH)2(C2O4)·H2O, anatase (350°C) or rutile (550°C) type TiO2 was obtained, respectively. Element analysis found that the calcined product contained 94.9% TiO2 and 2.5% iron oxide, but only about 1600 ppm dissolvable iron oxide was left, which indicates that oxalic acid was comparatively effective on iron oxide removal from the intermediates. Finally, an improved route was proposed for the upgrading of ilmenite into rutile.     

硼酸铝晶须增强Al复合材料的性能及界面结构

采用挤压铸造工艺制备出复合良好的9Al_2O_3 2B_2O_3晶须增强6061Al合金及纯Al复合材料研究表明,T6处理不能提高9Al_2O_3 2B_2O_3w/6061Al复合材料的力学性能,其原因是T6处理后复合材料中的界面反应明显加重利用透射电子显微术对此复合材料界面的观察与分析认为,界面上存在着严重的化学反应,反应物为Al_2MgO_4将制造态与T6态的界面结构对比发现,正是这种界面化学反应对材料的性能产生不利影响而在9Al_2O_3 2B_2O_3w/纯Al界面上未发现任何化学反应。界面能谱EDS成分分析结果表明,上述界面化学反应是由材料制造过程中基体合金中的Mg在界面上原子偏聚造成的     

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND INTERFACIAL STRUCTURES OF ALUMINIUM BORATE WHISKER REINFORCED ALUMINIUM COMPOSITES

Quality 9Al_2O_3-2B_2O_3 whisker reinforced 6061Al or Al composites have beenprepared by technique of squeeze casting.The mechanical properties of the9Al_2O_3·2B_2O_3(w)/6061Al composites could be hardly improved by T6 treatment,owingto cause the remarkable interracial reaction.An observation under high resolution trans-mission electron microscope on interfaces shows that the serious chemical reaction occursand the product is Al_2MgO_4.But no such reaction is found at the interfaces of 9Al_2O_3.2B_2O_3(w)/Al composite.EDS analysis on the interfaces shows that above mentionedinterracial reaction may be resulted from the interracial segregation of Mg atoms in6061Al matrix during sequeeze casting.     

PETROGRAPHIC OBSERVATION ON HEMATITE PELLETS OF EAST-ANSHAN IRON ORE CONCENTRATE IN BLAST FURNACE SMELTING

东鞍山浮选赤铁精矿制成的低碱度球团矿,在高炉试用中,于炉身料线下6.55m部位沿径向取样,进行岩相观察,发现全部样品都已参加了间接还原反应.还原性气体通过样品孔隙与液、固相物质作用,球团矿以其微细气孔结构较烧结矿效果更明显.球团矿因在炉中的不同部位,不同反应程度呈现六种类型同心层状结构.铁氧化物由硅酸盐熔体胶结,熔体成分以CaO-Al_2O_3-SiO_2系为主,也有CaO-FeO-SiO_2系,并明显见到CaO-Fe_2O_3系化合物的磁铁矿化现象.     

含碳球团—铁浴熔融还原法关键技术的应用基础研究

系统研究了以非焦煤粉和铁精矿粉为基础的含碳球团－铁浴熔融还原新流程的关键技术。解决了冷固结含碳球团高温强度问题，提出了含碳球团自还原动力学模型，再氧化机理和提高球团预还原速度，抗氧公有力的技术措施和参数，研制出了具有高配碳量，高强度，高自还原速度，高预还原速度，高抗氧化能力的新型含碳球团。同时，研究了含碳球团在铁浴中熔化还原动力学参数，优化得到了控制还原速度，终还原率，熔渣中最低ＦｅＯ含量，泡沫渣     

铈提高Fe-15Cr合金抗氧化能力的作用机理

利用真空热天平、扫描电镜和X-射线衍射仪研究了Fe-15Cr和Fe-15Cr-0.3 Ce合金在1000和1100℃的氧化行为。结果表明,在Fe-15Cr合金表面,Cr_2O_3膜形成后不久便广泛变形、频繁开裂,使富铁氧化物瘤子不断产生。与此相应,氧化动力学曲线反复发生曲折,对抛物线产生正偏离。铈使Cr_2O_3膜变形,开裂和形成瘤子的倾向减小,产生较光滑的动力学曲线,较小的氧化速率。 进一步的研究发现,铈促进Cr_2O_3膜的晶粒成为柱状晶,抑制在膜表面形成新氧化物,并绽膜中(1010)、(104)、(116)等晶面具有较强的择优取向。由此推断出铈具有阻止膜中铬离子扩散、减小膜的生长应力等作用。认为这是铈减轻膜发生变形和开裂的倾向,减小氧化速率的原因。     

Ce对Fe-Cr合金高温氧化行为的影响

Fe-15Cr 和 Fe-30Cr 合金在1000至1200℃空气中氧化时,表面富铁氧化伤的发展导致保护性Cr_2O_3层衰退,氧化速率增大。添加 Ce 可延迟衰退过程的发生,从而大幅度减低氧化速率。随氧化温度和合金成份变化,Cr_2O_3层衰退的开始时间和发展特征随之改变,Ce 对氧化行为的影响因而呈现出规律性的变化。研究发现,合金中 Cr 的内氧化使 Cr_2O_3层形成小舌包卷合金并使其氧化成富铁氧化物。这是Cr_2O_3层衰退的原因之一。含 Ce 合金中 Ce 的优先内氧化则降低自氧化层进入合金的氧浓度,抑制Cr 的内氧化。氧浓度降低还能促进 Si 的内氧化物在氧化层/合金界面集聚。     

A MATHEMATIC MODEL FOR REDUCTION OF IRON ORE IN MOVING BED

通过对铁矿石还原动力学特性较详细的实验研究,提出了一个移动床还原一维数学模型。模型描述了矿石还原度、气相成分、温度、压力等沿反应器轴向变化的规律。由实验室规模的移动床还原实验证明,此模型能正确反映铁矿石在移动床中的还原过程。实验测定值与模型计算值吻合很好。应用此模型能更正确地说明移动床还原过程的规律性。这对改进高炉和直接还原竖炉的操作及设计反应器均有参考价值。     

Factors Influencing the Direct Electrochemical Reduction of Nb_2O_5 Pellets to Nb Metal in Molten Chloride Salts

Powder compacted and sintered Nb_2O_5 pellets were cathodically polarised against graphite anode in calcium chloride melt at 1173 K to study the influence of various factors on the electrochemical reduction of the oxide.The parameters were;duration and temperature of electrolysis,open porosity of pellets,nature of anode,mode of electrolysis and configuration of the oxide cathode.The experiments were also conducted in KC1,KC1-25 mol%CaCl_2 and NaCl melts to understand the effect of melt composition on the electroreduction.Different Ca-Nb-O and Nb-O intermediates were found in the pellets electrolysed for different durations of time in CaCl_2 melt which eventually reduced to Nb.The current efficiency of the process decreased with increasing duration of electrolysis.Decrease in electrolysis temperature from 1173 to 1073 K led to the decrease in the rate of reduction of the oxide pellets.Pellets with high open porosity reduced faster.Carbon contamination of the melt was relatively less when pyrolytic graphite was used as anode.Of all the melts studied,the reduction was found to be better in calcium chloride melt,that too when alumina crucible was used as container of the melt.     

Evolution of Microstructure and Internal Stresses in Multi-Phase Oxide Scales Grown on (110) Surfaces of Iron Single Crystals at 650 °C

The evolution of microstructure and growth stresses in oxide scales grown on a (110) iron single crystal surface at 650 °C was studied by electron backscatter diffraction and in situ energy-dispersive diffraction with synchrotron radiation. Within this high temperature regime, the oxidation kinetics and scale microstructure were not significantly different from those encountered in the oxidation of ferrous polycrystals. Thus, epitaxial strains did not determine the stress state within the oxide scale. Relevant sources of growth stresses were inferred to be volumetric differences between the iron oxides in the early stages, and later, inner oxide formation, scale consumption as well as pore formation. These sources caused time-dependent stress cycles in magnetite and wüstite during oxidation. In the hematite layer stress cycles did not occur and creep appeared to be the predominant stress relieving mechanism. On cooling, the differences in thermal expansion caused residual stress gradients through the oxide scale.     

界面结构对Al_2O_3-Nb封接质量的影响

本文通过对Al_2O_3-Nb封接界面Na腐蚀情况的研究,证明玻璃焊料与Nb界面结合不好是影响Al_2O_3-Nb封接质量和高压钠灯寿命的主要原因.并利用透射电子显微镜,研究了不同寿命的高压钠灯中玻璃焊料与Nb界面的显微组织结构,揭示了界面结构对Al_2O_3-Nb封接质量的影响.根据热力学分析和Pask的金属-陶瓷界面结合理论,讨论了在焊接过程中发生在玻璃焊料与Nb界面的物理化学过程和界面结合机制.     

PREPARATION OF IRON CARBIDE FROM MAGNETITE PELLETS BY CO-H2 MIXTURES REDUCTION

1. Introduction Iron carbide has some advantages over products of direct reduction iron and has been put into production in industrial scale[1,21, however, the present process only uses natural gas and hematite as material to prepare iron carbide, which has a great limit to the source of kind of reactant gas and iron ore. In recent years, people have done some investigations on preparation of iron carbide using other kind of reactant gas. For example, Hayashi et al[~1 made some investigation …     

REDUCTION BEHAVIOR OF IRON ORE PELLETS CONTAINING CARBON UNDER NON-ISOTHERMAL CONDITION

The reduction behavior of iron ore pellets containing carbon under non-isothermal condition in the temperature range from 573 to 1373K has been investigated in a laboratory scale setup. The test results show that carbon content has no obvious effect on reduction degree of composite pellets (C/O mole ratio=1.0) by CO in the temperature range from 575 to 1373K under linear temperature-rising program; reduction degree of iron ore pellets containing carbon is larger in 90%CO-10%CO2 mixture than that of in 100%CO atmosphere or in 80%CO-20%CO2 mixture; the s type temperature-rising program has a better effect than that of linear one to increase the reduction degree; and reduction degree of slower linear temperature-rising program is greater than that of faster one, but the final reduction degrees, i.e., those at the highest temperature are about same for various CO partial pressures or temperature-rising programs. The kinetic analysis also shows that the reduction of iron ore-carbon composite pellets by CO or CO-CO2 mixture under non-isothermal condition should be controlled 6y surface reaction, and the apparent reduction activation energy changes with the reduction progress under various test conditions.     

含碳铬团块熔融还原的实验室研究

为预测工业性试验时铬团块的高温还原速度，对含碳铬团块进行了熔融还原的实验室研究，试验了熔池温度，铬团块的预热对还原速度的影响，并与文献数据进行对比，附带对不同预还原度的巴西氧化铁球团进行了高温下碳还原的试验。     

铁锈的阴极行为及其对腐蚀与防护的影响

报道了在惰性铂电极上测定的各种铁锈(α-,γ-,δ-,am-FeOOH,α-,γ-Ee_2O_3,Fe_3O_4)的阴极极化曲线。讨论了铁锈的还原行为以及钢铁在大气腐蚀条件下的阴极过程的不同铁锈的阴极还原活性不同,但都有一特征电位 E_B。当 Ecorr 正于 E_B 时,阴极过程以氧的还原为主;当 Ecorr 负于 E_B 时,阴极过程以铁锈的还原为主。另外,还测定了几种铁锈转化产物在铂电极上的还原行为。     

CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF γ-Li_xFe_2O_3 WITH ELECTROCHEMICAL INSERTION OF Li

Crystal structure of γ-Li_xFe_2O_3,inserted Li electrochemically,was studied by Moss-bauer spectroscopy together with X-ray diffraction,XPS and electrochemical method,Onthe insertion of Li at low current density,the crystal structure is keeping original spinel;while at higher current density or by thermal activation,owing to violent movement ofLi~+ ions,part of crystal structure transforms into rock type similar to face-centeredcubic structure of ferrous oxide.The transition channels during insertion of Li~+ ions andlimitation of Li~+ ions inserted were discussed.     

Fe—Ni—Cr封接合金的高温氧化及氧化膜,氧化物晶须的结构

试验表明,Fe-Ni-Cr封接合金在高温湿氢气氛中氧化膜的生长受扩散控制,其主要组成为刚玉型的Cr_2O_3与尖晶石型的(Fe,Mn)O·Cr_2O_3。电子衍射及能谱分析证实,氧化过程中生长的晶须为(Fe,Mn)O·Cr_2O_3。     

A STUDY OF THE STRESS CORROSION CRACKING OF SENSITIZED 1Cr18Ni9Ti STAINLESS STEEL IN HIGH TEMPERATURE HIGH PRESSURE WATER

从环境角度研究了敏化1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢在高温水中的腐蚀行为.研究指出,在一定浓度Cl~-和(或)O_2存在情况下,在酸性和中性高温高压水中都会出现应力腐蚀破裂.断口电子金相表明,在氯离子为主的环境中,破裂系晶间型;在氧为主的环境中,破裂系以解理为主的混合型.给出了1Cr18Ni9Ti在高温水中腐蚀的表观和真实动力学曲线,表明腐蚀包含溶解和湿氧化两部分,而以湿氧化为主.借Mossbauer内转换电子谱研究了氧化膜结构与腐蚀的关系,指出在一般腐蚀条件下,膜的主要组分为Fe_3O_4,而在应力腐蚀条件下,膜的主要组分为Fe_2O_3,并且系Fe_2O_3和Fe_3O_4多层重叠结构.当水中添加了一定量的硼,在氧化膜中会局部出现FeBO_3相,既不会引起也不会抑制应力腐蚀.硼的这种“惰性”作用和膜结构中Fe_3O_4相的非化学计量比,膜具有阴离子选择性有关.根据腐蚀电化学,认为应力腐蚀系发生在钝化/过钝化区域,增高Cl~-或O_2含量,从不同角度都会使合金的电位接近过钝化区.Cl~-的作用在于改变阳极极化曲线,O_2的作用在于改变阴极极化曲线.在含Cl~-水中,晶界TiC的迅速溶解是应力腐蚀的主要原因,而在含氧水中,晶粒Fe-Cr-Ni中Cr的选择性溶解是应力腐蚀的主要原因.在分析应力腐蚀的特征后,指出应力既是某些严重腐蚀点形     

密闭直流电弧炉冶炼钛渣热量平衡研究

密闭直流电弧炉冶炼生产钛渣利用输入电能进行加热,在高温情况下,钛精矿中的FeO和TiO2发生还原反应.反应进行程度影响熔池内渣的粘度,进而影响炉壁挂渣层的厚度和排渣排铁的难易程度,故还原反应过程必须控制输入能量使DC炉系统达到热量平衡；输入能量过高会使熔池内的渣过热,挂渣层变薄,造成炉壁腐蚀；输入能量过低,会导致渣的粘度明显增大,造成排渣困难,并产生泡沫渣.根据理论计算,每冶炼1t钛精矿需要消耗约911.55kWh的能量,云南某公司加料速率为5t钛精矿/h,钛精矿碳热还原,理论上需要消耗约4557.734kWh的电耗.能量支出方面有物料带走的物理热、炉壁和炉顶冷却水热损失、炉底风冷热损失、电力设备热损失以及少量未预见热损失,钛精矿冶炼过程中,能量的输出和输入是基本相等的,热量处于平衡状态.