一种新型高温合金凝固组织和元素偏析行为研究

采用热力学平衡模拟计算、差热分析(DTA)和等温凝固淬火试验(ISQ)相结合的方法对一种新型镍基高温合金K4750合金的凝固组织和主要元素的偏析行为进行研究。结果表明,实际K4750合金的固相线温度为1270℃,液相线温度为1350℃,MC型碳化物析出温度为1320℃;凝固顺序为L→γ(1350℃),L→γ+MC(1320℃)。K4750合金在凝固初期凝固速度较快,液相体积分数下降明显,凝固后期速度开始变慢,在1310～1290℃温度区间内枝晶间连通残余液相开始断开,同时会有大块状的MC相析出,进一步阻碍液相的连通,从而极易导致合金凝固疏松的形成。合金中W、Fe、Cr的溶质分配系数大于1,富集于枝晶干,为负偏析元素;Ti、Nb、C、Mo的溶质分配系数小于1,富集于枝晶间的液相中,为正偏析元素。     

一种亚共析铀铌合金的凝固特点及显微偏析研究

分析了一种亚共析U-Nb合金的凝固过程,获得了该合金的固相线、液相线温度和固-液两相区的残余液相体积。发现凝固末期残余液体不能形成液体网,凝固枝晶很快互相连接,形成一些较大的孤立的液体池。凝固末期这种不能补缩的液体池易形成严重的疏松,理论初步计算合金的显微疏松量约为1.6%。发现合金中铌是严重的负偏析合金元素,凝固中期和凝固末期偏析系数k仅为0.16和0.11,极易在枝晶干偏聚造成枝晶偏析。     

Zn对Mg-9Al合金凝固行为的影响

研究了Zn元素对Mg-9Akl合金的凝固行为，尤其是对热裂倾向性的影响。通过热分析手段考察合金的凝固特征。用热裂环法评价合金的热裂倾向性，引入了热裂倾向性（HSC）因子的概念。并通过金相观察、扫描电镜和电子探针对合金的凝固、热裂行为进行了研究。研究发现，在凝固过程中An,Al元素由于晶间偏析而在晶界富集。Zn元素的加入，增加了晶界低熔点相的量，并降低了其熔点，从而明显增加了合金的热裂倾向性。Mg-9Al-xZn合金的热凝产生于凝固后期，呈沿晶断裂。加入Zn元素对Mg-9Al合金的晶粒有细化作用。     

镍基高温合金GH4282的凝固和偏析行为

采用差示扫描量热（DSC）分析、显微组织观察和热力学计算相结合的方法对镍基高温合金GH4282的凝固过程和元素偏析行为进行研究,得到了合金的凝固顺序以及元素偏析特征。结果表明,GH4282合金的凝固顺序为：γ基体、MC碳化物以及少量的硼化物。由DSC测得的合金GH4282合金的固-液相温度范围为1316~1367 ℃,MC、M6C型碳化物和γ′相的溶解温度分别为1338 ℃、1092 ℃和1003 ℃。热力学计算结果表明,GH4282合金在凝固过程C、B、Ti和Mo偏聚于枝晶间,Al偏析于枝晶干,Cr、Fe和Co几乎不发生偏析,这与铸态组织观察到的元素偏析特征是一致的。     

Mn对Mg-6.5Zn合金热裂倾向性的影响

通过能够准确检测和记录镁合金凝固过程中温度、收缩位移和收缩应力细微变化的实验装置,研究了Mn对Mg-6.5Zn-xMn系合金凝固过程中热裂倾向性的影响规律.结果表明,所提出的热裂倾向性评价指标最大收缩速率(vmax)和应力累积系数(k)越大,热裂倾向越大,且其在高固相率出现时热裂倾向更显著;随Mn含量的增加,Mg-6.5Zn-xMn系合金的vmax增大,但其出现向低固相率迁移;k在Mn含量为0.35%时达到最大,且在高固相率时出现,导致其热裂倾向性最大.该系合金的热裂纹在凝固后期(高固相率)萌生并扩展,晶粒间存在明显的补缩通道;低熔点相于凝固后期在晶粒表面形成液膜,且液膜越厚,晶粒越细,热裂倾向性越小;枝晶分离后相互接触的枝晶臂搭接形成的晶间搭桥加强了合金凝固后期晶间结合力,但晶粒收缩受阻拉断晶间搭桥会形成热裂.     

DZ68镍基高温合金的凝固偏析

利用硅-碳管炉制备凝固样品,采用金相显微镜观察DZ68合金的凝固过程,利用电子探针测定DZ68合金凝固过程中的元素含量,研究DZ68合金的凝固过程及合金元素、杂质元素的偏析行为.结果表明:DZ68合金的凝固过程主要在1 370～1 310 ℃内完成,合金的终凝温度介于1 180～1 200 ℃之间;DZ68合金中主元素W、Re、Ta、Al的偏析系数经测定分别为2.2、4.5、0.58和0.8,其中W和Re为强烈负偏析元素,Ta是强烈正偏析元素;有害杂质元素S、P、B和Si在枝晶间发生严重偏聚.热力学分析表明,这些偏聚的杂质元素在枝晶间可能形成Ni3P、Ni3S2和M3B2等低熔点化合物,从理论上解释了DZ68合金终凝温度降低的原因.     

铸造镍基高温合金IN792的凝固和偏析行为研究

采用等温凝固淬火试验(ISQ)与差热扫描量热(DSC)分析的方法对铸造镍基高温合金IN792的凝固过程和元素在固、液相中的分配进行研究,得到了合金的等温凝固组织、相析出顺序图、凝固特性曲线以及元素在不同温度下的偏析特性。ISQ结果表明:IN792合金的液相线温度为1328℃,开始析出MC碳化物的温度为1310℃,开始形成(γ+γ’)共晶的温度为1225℃,于1190℃开始析出二次γ’相。由DSC测得的合金宏观固相线温度(尚存体积分数5%残余液体)和由ISQ测得的微观固相线温度(终凝温度)分别为1250和1180℃,两者相差达70℃,这一温度范围往往是热裂缺陷形成的敏感区间。IN792合金在液相线下30℃范围内液体量锐减,析出了体积分数约85%的γ枝晶。1300～1270℃是合金枝晶间液体由连通转为断开的温度范围,它与铸件疏松形成密切相关。在1325～1190℃温度区间,IN792合金中元素W、Co分配系数大于1,倾向富集于枝晶干固相,为负偏析元素;Zr、Mo、Ti、Ta、Cr分配系数小于1,倾向富集于枝晶间液相,为正偏析元素;Al在凝固早期富集于液相而后来倾向于分布在枝晶干固相区,随着凝固温度降低逐步转变为负偏析元素。在1325～1210℃温度范围内,随着凝固温度降低,Al、Ni的分配系数升高,而Mo、Cr的分配系数降低。相反,在1210～1180℃温度区间,随着凝固温度降低,Ni、Al的分配系数降低,而Mo、Cr的则升高。     

过偏晶合金Ni-40%Pb深过冷凝固组织

采用熔融玻璃净化与循环过热相结合的方法研究过冷Ni-40%Pb(质量分数)过偏晶合金的组织演化规律. 结果发现 过偏晶合金在快速凝固阶段本质上是以枝晶方式生长; 当ΔT《50K时, 合金组织为粗大枝晶+枝晶间Pb相+团块状Pb相; 当100《ΔT《198K时, 合金组织宏观偏析严重; 当ΔT＝292K时, 合金组织呈粒状晶, 第二相均匀弥散分布. 分析表明凝固组织宏观偏析与快速凝固阶段固液相变速率和体系残余液相分数有关; 粒状晶粒化机制属于枝晶碎断再结晶机制.     

冷却速度对GH4710合金凝固过程偏析行为的影响

采用凝固重熔物理模拟实验,研究了不同冷速下GH4710合金凝固过程的元素偏析规律。结果表明,不同冷却速度下,GH4710合金中Ti元素的偏析程度最严重,Al、Co、Cr的偏析程度较低,当冷速超过3℃/min时,Al、Co、Cr的偏析系数受冷速变化的影响不明显。进一步的相图计算及微观分析表明,GH4710合金在非平衡凝固条件下,沉淀强化元素Al、Ti主要为正偏析元素,主要在枝晶间形成γ'相或γ/γ'共晶相,而合金中固溶强化元素Cr、Co元素在固相中富集,在液相中贫乏,具有典型的负偏析特征。GH4710合金元素的偏析行为主要取决于凝固过程的冷却速率及非平衡相变的综合作用。     

定向凝固高温合金的显微偏析

用电子探针研究了定向凝固高温合金的显微偏析,对比了不同凝固高度上枝干和枝晶间偏析的程度,实际测定的DZ-3合金中各元素的分配系数K值与Ni-x二元系中的分配系数较为接近。详细分析了一个典型树枝晶中各元素自一次轴至树枝尖乃至晶间的变化规律,理论计算与实测值比较一致。显微偏析程度对定向凝固高温合金的横向性能有直接影响。     

熔体氢含量对Al-Cu合金热裂行为的影响

Al-Cu合金具有较宽的凝固间隔,并且由于供给不足容易出现热裂和气孔缺陷。采用约束棒铸造（CRC）模具研究了氢含量对Al-xCu合金热裂敏感性（HTS）的影响。通过分析熔体中不同氢含量的Al-xCu合金的热裂敏感性值、断裂形态和微观结构,研究了孔隙形成对热裂行为的影响。结果表明,随着熔体氢含量的增加,合金在凝固后期由于晶粒粗化和液相供给不足,热裂敏感性明显增加。提出了一种基于孔隙率的热裂形成机制,以解释孔隙率和热裂之间的相互作用。     

Relationship between amounts of low-melting-point eutectics and hot tearing susceptibility of ternary Al−Cu−Mg alloys during solidification

A systematical study on the relationship between the amounts of different eutectic phases especially the low-melting-point (LMP) eutectics and the hot tearing susceptibility of ternary Al−Cu−Mg alloys during solidification was performed. By controlling the concentrations of major alloying elements (Cu, Mg), the amounts of LMP eutectics at the final stages of solidification were varied and the corresponding hot tearing susceptibility (HTS) was determined. The results showed that the Al−4.6Cu−0.4Mg (wt.%) alloy, which contained the smallest fraction of LMP eutectics among the investigated alloys, was observed to be the most susceptible to hot tearing. With the amount of total residual liquid being approximately the same in the alloys, the hot tearing resistance is considered to be closely related to the amounts of LMP eutectics. Specifically, the higher the amount of LMP eutectics was, the lower the HTS of the alloy was. Further, the potential mechanism of low HTS for alloys with high amounts of LMP eutectics among ternary Al−Cu−Mg alloys was discussed in terms of feeding ability and permeability as well as total viscosity evolution during solidification.     

Hot Tearing Susceptibility of AXJ530 Alloy Under Low-Frequency Alternating Magnetic Field

Herein, a hot tearing measured system with external excitation coil and a differential thermal analysis system with applied magnetic field were used to study the effects of low-frequency alternating magnetic field on the solidification behavior and hot tearing susceptibility(HTS) of the AXJ530 alloy under different magnetic field parameters. The hot tearing volume of the castings was measured via paraffin infiltration method. The microstructure of the hot tearing zone of the casting was observed using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, and the phase composition was analyzed using X-ray diffraction and energy depressive spectroscopy. The experimental results show that the solidification interval of AXJ530 alloy was shortened and the dendrite coherency temperature of the alloy decreased with the increase in frequency of alternating magnetic field. Under appropriate magnetic field parameters, the electromagnetic force could enhance the convection in the melt to promote the flow of the residual liquid phase, refine the microstructure, and optimize the feeding channel in the late solidification stage, which reduced the HTS of the alloy. However, when the magnetic field frequency was increased to 15 Hz, the induced current generated excessive Joule heat to the melt. At this time, the thermal action of the magnetic field coarsened the microstructure of the alloy, resulting in an increase in HTS of the alloy.     

稀土钇对Mg-Zn-Y-Zr合金热裂敏感性的影响(英文)

通过Clyne-Davies模型对MgZn2.5YxZr0.5(x=0.5,1,2,4,6)系合金的热裂敏感性进行预测;采用X射线衍射和扫描电子显微镜分别对MgZn2.5YxZr0.5系合金进行显微组织和热裂区域组织形貌观察,并用自制的"T"形热裂模具,通过A/D转换,用计算机对MgZn2.5YxZr0.5系合金凝固过程中的温度、收缩应力信号数据进行采集和进一步的处理,并描绘其曲线。研究MgZn2.5YxZr0.5合金的凝固温度区间、脆弱区域的凝固温度变化、凝固最后阶段剩余液相分数以及合金中第二相种类等因素对MgZn2.5YxZr0.5系合金热裂倾向的影响:合金热裂倾向从大到小顺序为MgZn2.5Y2Zr0.5,MgZn2.5Y0.5Zr0.5,MgZn2.5Y4Zr0.5,MgZn2.5Y6Zr0.5,MgZn2.5Y1Zr0.5。由于MgZn2.5Y2Zr0.5合金的凝固温度区间最宽,脆弱区域的凝固温度变化最大,凝固最后阶段形成的液膜最少,枝晶干涉点后析出的第二相阻碍枝晶间的补缩等多种原因而造成合金的热裂倾向最大。     

浇铸温度与模具温度对AZ91D和Mg-3Nd-0.2Zn-Zr镁合金热裂性能的影响(英文)

研究了浇铸温度和模具温度两个温度参数在重力金属型铸造中对商业AZ91D和新型Mg-3Nd-0.2Zn-Zr(质量分数,%;NZ30K)镁合金热裂性能的影响。结果表明,模具温度对合金热裂性能的影响比浇铸温度的更显著,后者的影响仅在模具温度较低时(AZ91D在341 K,NZ30K在423 K)有所显现。与只包含补缩参数的热裂模型相比,同时包含补缩参数、晶粒尺寸和合金凝固区间的热裂模型更能够准确地评价不同镁合金的热裂性能。为了获得较好的热裂抗力,建议AZ91D合金的浇铸温度为961~991 K,模具温度≥641 K;NZ30K合金的浇铸温度为1003~1033 K,模具温度≥623 K。     

Influence of a low-frequency alternating magnetic field on hot tearing susceptibility of EV31 magnesium alloy

The effect of a low-frequency alternating magnetic field (AMF, 0 A 0 Hz, 5 A 10 Hz, 10 A 10 Hz, 15 A 10 Hz) on the hot tearing susceptibility (HTS) of a magnesium alloy (EV31) was systematically studied using a combination of experiment and numerical simulation. By observing the macroscopic hot cracks in hot joints of the “T” samples, the hot tearing tendency of the samples was analyzed. The HTS of the alloy can be predicted via numerical simulation and the crack susceptibility coefficient (CSC). The microstructure and morphology of the hot tearing zone of EV31 were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results show that increasing the magnetic field strength reduces both the alloy solidification temperature range and the dendrite coherency temperature, which increases the feeding time during solidification and decreases the HTS of the alloy. When the magnetic field parameters are 10 Hz 15 A, the EV31 alloy shows the lowest HTS. The main component of the second phase in the microstructure is Mg₁₂Nd. This study also found that the electromagnetic field can effectively refine the grains, purify the melt, and reduce the oxide content in the melt. The obtained simulation results are consistent with the experimental results.

     

Quality index and hot tearing susceptibility of Al–7Si–0.35Mg–xCu alloys

The effects of Cu addition (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, and 3%, mass fraction) on the quality index (Q_i) and hot tearing susceptibility (HTS) of A356 alloy were investigated. According to the results, Cu addition up to 1.5% increases the Q_i by almost 10%, which seems to be due to its solid solution strengthening and dispersion hardening effect of Cu-rich Al₂Cu and AlMgCuSi compounds. However, further addition of Cu (up to 3%) decreases the Q_i by almost 12%, which is likely due to the reduction of tensile strength and elongation caused by increased volume fraction of brittle Cu-rich intermetallics and microporosities in the microstructure. It is also found that Cu increases the HTS of A356 alloy measured by constrained rod casting method. According to the thermal analysis results, Cu widens the solidification range of the alloy, which in turn, decreases its fluidity and increases the time period during which the mushy-state alloy is exposed to the hot tearing susceptible zone. SEM examination of the hot tear surfaces in high-Cu alloys also demonstrates their rough nature and the occurrence of interdendritic/intergranular microcracks as convincing evidences for the initiation of hot tears in the late stages of solidification in which there is not enough time for crack healing.     

Prediction of hot tearing susceptibility of direct chill casting of AA6111 alloys via finite element simulations

To predict hot tearing susceptibility (HTS) during solidification and improve the quality of Al alloy castings, constitutive equations for AA6111 alloys were developed using a direct finite element (FE) method. A hot tearing model was established for direct chill (DC) casting of industrial AA6111 alloys via coupling FE model and hot tearing criterion. By applying this model to real manufacture processes, the effects of casting speed, bottom cooling, secondary cooling, and geometric variations on the HTS were revealed. The results show that the HTS of the billet increases as the speed and billet radius increase, while it reduces as the interfacial heat transfer coefficient at the bottom or secondary water-cooling rate increases. This model shows the capabilities of incorporating maximum pore fraction in simulating hot tearing initiation, which will have a significant impact on optimizing casting conditions and chemistry for minimizing HTS and thus controlling the casting quality.     

Fe和Cu对6061再生铝合金凝固行为和热裂倾向的影响

利用双电偶热分析和约束杆模具热裂评价法,研究了Fe和Cu杂质元素对6061再生铝合金凝固特性和热裂倾向(HTS)的影响。结果表明,随着Fe和Cu元素含量的增加,再生铝合金的热裂倾向逐渐增大。Fe元素主要影响再生铝合金初期凝固行为,提高Al13Fe4富铁相的形核温度和含量,促使凝固过程中枝晶搭接完成,阻碍液相流动补缩。Cu元素主要影响再生铝合金末期凝固行为,低熔点Al5Cu2Mg8Si6相显著降低脆性温度区间的下限,并降低固相线附近糊状区强度,导致热裂性能恶化。