试样尺寸对铁路车轮钢断裂韧度测试结果影响

使用不同尺寸的CT试样测试ER6铁路车轮钢的断裂韧度，并通过有限元方法分析试验过程中试样平面应变层厚度和裂纹尖端塑性区尺寸随CT试样尺寸的变化规律。研究发现，使用厚度为30～50 mm的CT试样测试ER6车轮钢的平面应变断裂韧度，均无法满足平面应变和小范围屈服条件；增加试样厚度可增大平面应变层区域，减小小范围屈服区，从而有效缓解P-V曲线弹性段的弯曲，使测试结果更接近ER6车轮钢的真实断裂韧度水平。     

微细黄铜板料尺寸效应

为研究微细尺度下材料的晶粒尺寸d、厚度t对其力学性能的影响,引入尺寸效应影响因子φ=t/d,在常温下对具有不同晶粒尺寸和板厚的H62黄铜薄板试样进行单向拉伸实验。结果表明,随着φ的减小,流动应力减小,延伸率下降;板料硬化指数n值,随板料厚度的增加而增大,随晶粒尺寸的增大而增大。拉伸试样均为韧窝微孔聚合型断裂,0.5mm和1.0mm厚度试样断口处韧窝多而浅,且为抛物线形,材料韧性好,塑性强;板厚0.1mm和0.2mm的试样断口韧窝深而大,硬化指数n值大,但塑性差。     

黄铜薄板单向拉伸第Ⅱ类尺寸效应

以黄铜薄板为研究对象,通过对不同厚度、不同宽度试样的单向拉伸,研究厚度和宽度变化对薄板单向拉伸过程应力和塑性性能的影响。实验结果表明,厚度变化对应力的影响十分显著。当厚度小于10倍左右内禀尺寸,薄板变形不均匀性加剧,不断增大的几何必需位错加强了薄板的硬化,流动应力随厚度的减小而增大,表现出明显的第Ⅱ类尺寸效应。但是当应变增大到0.013以后,几何必需位错所占比例不断减小,其对材料的硬化作用明显减弱。此外,随着厚度的减小,薄板的断裂机制由韧窝微孔聚集断裂转变为沿晶断裂,板料的塑性性能持续下降。拉伸试样宽度减小使流动应力略微下降,但对塑性性能影响不大。     

C5210磷青铜薄板成形行为的尺度效应（英文）

为研究厚度、晶粒尺寸对C5210磷青铜薄板力学性能和成形性能的影响,通过不同温度退火热处理得到不同晶粒尺寸的试样,然后在常温下对具有不同厚度和晶粒尺寸的试样进行单向拉伸试验。结果表明:当厚度在50~800μm范围内,材料的屈服强度随着厚度的减小而增大,而加工硬化指数和伸长率随着厚度的减小而减小,提出了描述屈服强度随厚度减小而增大关系的修正模型;材料的屈服强度随着晶粒尺寸的增大而减小,但加工硬化指数随着晶粒尺寸的增大而增大,伸长率则随着晶粒尺寸的增大先增大到一个峰值后再减小。通过扫描电镜观察拉伸试样的断口形貌发现所有试样断裂方式均为韧性断裂,并且随着厚度的增大断口韧窝的密集度增大,而晶粒尺寸越大的试样断口韧窝密集度越小。     

6063铝合金韧性断裂机制的研究

设计可实现不同应力状态的原位拉伸试样,在SEM下进行原位拉伸试验,对断裂过程做了详细的研究和分析.试验表明,不同应力状态下的试样表面在拉伸过程中都产生了大量的滑移带,但其韧性断裂机制不同.随着三轴应力度的降低,断裂从韧窝剪切机制向纯剪切断裂机制过渡,试件断口也由韧窝断裂模式向剪切断裂模式演变;6063铝合金的晶界最薄弱,微裂纹形核于晶界,随载荷增大,微裂纹之间通过扩展或剪切连接导致试样断裂;试样最小截面上的三轴应力度越小,试样断口的两个面上韧窝的取向越明显,而且断口越光滑.     

7050铝合金厚板平面应变断裂韧度的研究

采用紧凑拉伸C(T)试样测试7050-T7451铝合金厚板不同厚度、不同取样方向的断裂韧度,通过宏观断口形貌、扫描电镜微观断口形貌和能谱分析等手段研究材料平面应变断裂韧度K_(ⅠC)性能。结果表明:试样满足一定厚度要求时,虽然表面存在小范围平面应力层,亦可获得有效平面应变断裂韧度结果;不同取样方向的断裂韧度性能存在显著各向异性,L-T方向断裂韧度最大,为韧窝型韧性断裂;其次是T-L方向,为韧窝排列具有方向性的脆性断裂,S-L方向断裂韧度最小,主要为沿晶脆性断裂。     

铸件尺寸对镍基单晶高温合金力学性能的影响

浇注了两种不同尺寸的镍基单晶高温合金铸件试样,研究了试样尺寸对显微组织的影响,利用扫描电镜分析了合金的断口形貌和断裂机制.结果表明,浇注试样尺寸增大,合金的枝晶间距和热处理后γ′相的尺寸增大.合金在760、980℃下的拉伸性能以及980℃和250MPa条件下的持久性能均有不同程度的降低.合金760℃的拉伸断裂为类解理断裂,980℃的拉伸断裂以及980℃和250MPa条件下的应力断裂都为韧窝断裂.     

加载速率和钎料厚度对SnAgCu/Cu焊点剪切行为影响

采用四种加载速率(1,0.1,0.01,0.001 mm/s),对四种钎料厚度(0.1,0.2,0.3,0.6 mm)的SnAgCu/Cu搭接焊点进行了剪切破坏试验,分析了不同加载速率以及钎料尺寸对焊点抗剪切性能的影响,并通过扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱仪(EDS)分析了剪切试样断口形貌、裂纹的萌生位置及扩展路径,阐释了SnAgCu/Cu焊点断裂失效机理. 结果表明,加载速率在0.001~1 mm/s范围内,焊点抗剪切强度随加载速率的增加而增大,不同加载速率条件下焊点的断裂模式都为韧性断裂. 不同钎料厚度的SnAgCu/Cu焊点随着焊点厚度的减小,其抗剪切性能提高,表现出明显的体积效应,其裂纹萌生位置逐渐由焊点内部向IMC层转移. 焊点断口形貌为拉伸撕裂型伸长韧窝和剪切平面,断裂机理为微孔聚集型-纯剪切复合断裂.     

微细C5210磷青铜板料的尺寸效应研究

为研究常温下晶粒尺寸和厚度对C5210磷青铜力学性能的影响,引入尺寸效应影响因子φ=厚度/晶粒尺寸。结果表明,厚度不同时,随着φ从14.7减小到6.3,屈服强度减小了48%,延伸率由25.5%减小到18.2%;晶粒尺寸不同时,随着φ的减小,屈服强度先快速下降,当φ减小到3.5后便缓慢下降,延伸率则先增大再减小,φ为3.5时延伸率达到最大值29.2%。通过扫描电镜观察拉伸试样断口,均为韧性断裂。厚度不同时,随着φ的增大,韧窝数量增多且尺寸增大,材料塑性较好;晶粒尺寸不同时,φ从10.6减小至3.5,断面收缩率增加,韧窝尺寸增大,材料塑性较好。而当φ值继续减小到0.8时,韧窝数量减少,且尺寸变小,材料的塑性变差。     

循环载荷幅值对7075-T7451铝合金疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响

在不同幅值循环载荷条件下对7075-T7451铝合金紧凑拉伸(CT)试样进行拉伸疲劳试验,对其疲劳裂纹扩展速率和应力强度因子幅值ΔK进行了研究,并用扫描电子显微镜观测试样的断口形貌。结果表明：随着循环载荷幅值的增大,试样的疲劳寿命缩短,裂纹的扩展速率增大;试样宏观断口形貌的裂纹稳态扩展区域减小,而瞬时断裂区域增大。稳态扩展区主要以疲劳条带扩展机制为主,且疲劳条带间距随循环载荷幅值的增大而增大;瞬断区的断口形貌以韧窝断裂为主,韧窝尺寸随循环载荷幅值的增大而减小。     

Dynamic fracture toughness of TA15ELI alloy studied by instrumented impact test

The dynamic fracture toughness of TA15ELI alloy with two types of microstructures was studied by instrumented impact test.Charpy specimens with both the 0.2 mm U-notch and the a/W = 0.2 pre-crack were adopted to compare notch sensitivity in the two microstructures.The result shows that the specimen with Widmanst?tten microstructure exhibits a better dynamic fracture toughness and lower notch sensitivity than that with lath-like microstructure.Fracture surfaces in the case of the two microstructures are analyzed to have a ductile and brittle mixed feature under dynamic loading.The fracture surface of lath-like microstructure is composed of dimples and tear ridges,while that of Widmanst?tten microstructure is covered with rough block-like facets and dimples and tear ridges.The α phase boundaries and α/β interfaces act as locations for void nucleation and crack arrest and deviation.The decrease in width of α phase lamellae leads to the increase in the amount of boundaries and interfaces,which causes the increase in the consumption of impact energy and results in the improvement in dynamic fracture toughness.     

Out-of-Plane Constraint Effect on the Fracture Toughness of Single Edge Notch Tension SpecimensEI北大核心CSCD

The crack-tip stress and strain fields of single edge notch tension (SENT) specimen are similar to those of the full-scale pipe containing surface cracks under longitudinal tension and/or internal pressure. It is well known that material's fracture toughness is not constant, and the specimen size has a significant influence on fracture toughness. It is thus essential to consider the transferability from fracture specimens in laboratory testing to practical structures, i.e., size effects or constraint effects. However, the specimen dimensions for SENT specimens recommended by current design procedures have not validated the out-of-plane constraint effect on the fracture toughness. In this work, the effect of specimen thickness on the crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) of SENT specimen was investigated using an API X90 grade steel. Full-field deformation measurement by digital image correlation (DIC) technique and stretching zone width (SZW) examination were performed to analyze the size effects on fracture toughness. The results show that the critical crack initiation toughness is highly sensitive to specimen thickness, and decreases significantly as specimen thickness increases until the thickness-to-width ratio (B/W) equals to 4, beyond which the effect of specimen thickness becomes relatively weak. As the specimen thickness increases, the maximum longitudinal strain and stretching zone width decrease sharply, and the location of high-strain zones changes significantly; when B/W >= 3, strain is initiated from the area oppo-site the cracked side rather than from the crack tip, indicating a strong loss of plasticity for thicker specimens. A dimension size is recommended for the fracture toughness testing to take the out-of-plane constraint into account for SENT specimen.     

MECHANISM ANALYSIS OF THICKNESS EFFECT ON MIXED MODE Ⅰ/Ⅱ FRACTURE OF LC4-CS ALUMINUM ALLOY

Mixed mode Ⅰ/Ⅱ fracture experiments of LC4-CS aluminum alloy were conducted by using tension-shear specimens with thicknesses of 2, 4, 8 and 14mm. Fracture mechanisms of thickness effect on mixed mode Ⅰ/Ⅱ fracture were first examined from fracture surface morphology to correlate with the macroscopic fracture behavior and stress state. It is found that specimen thickness has a strong influence on mixed mode fracture. As thickness varies from thin to thick the macroscopic fracture surfaces appear the characteristics of plane stress state (2mm, 4mm-thick specimen), threedimensional stress state (8mm-thick specimens), and plane strain state (14mm-thick specimens), respectively. The specimens of all kinds of thicknesses are typical of tensile type failure under mode I loading condition and shear type failure under mode Ⅱloading condition. Two distinct features coexist on the fracture surfaces under mixed mode loading conditions, and the corresponding proportion varies with loading mixity. Void-growth processes are the failure mechanism in both predominately tensileand shear-type fractures. The size and depth of dimples on the fracture surface vary greatly with thickness. Therefore, it is extraordinary necessary to take into account the thickness effect when a mixed mode fracture criterion is being established.     

MECHANISM ANALYSIS OF THICKNESS EFFECT ON MIXED MODE I／II FRACTURE OF LC4-CS ALUMINUM ALLOY

Mixed mode I//II fracture experiments of LC4-CS aluminum alloy were conducted by using tension-shear specimens with thicknesses of 2, 4, 8 and 14mm. Fracture mechanisms of thickness effect on mixed mode I//II fracture were first examined from fracture surface morphology to correlate with the macroscopic fracture behavior and stress state. It is found that specimen thickness has a strong influence on mixed mode fracture. As thickness varies from thin to thick the macroscopic fracture surfaces appear the characteristics of plane stress state (2mm, 4mm-thick specimen), three-dimensional stress state (8ram-thick specimens), and plane strain state (14mm-thick specimens), respectively. The specimens of all kinds of thicknesses are typical of tensile type failure under mode I loading condition and shear type failure under mode II loading condition. Two distinct features coexist on the fracture surfaces under mixed mode loading conditions, and the corresponding proportion varies with loading mixity. Void-growth processes are the failure mechanism in both predominately tensile and shear-type fractures. The size and depth of dimples on the fracture surface vary greatly with thickness. Therefore, it is extraordinary necessary to take into account the thickness effect when a mixed mode fracture criterion is being established.     

厚度与分层耦合效应对X60管线钢断裂韧性的影响

通过对厚度分别为3,6,9,12和15mm的CT试样的断裂韧性实验和微观断口分析,研究了X60高韧性管线钢的断裂韧性和裂纹扩展阻力曲线的厚度与分层裂纹耦合效应,结果表明,分层裂纹与厚度方向的离面应力存在约束互相作用,厚度增加,分层开裂加剧,局部有效厚度并未增加,导致断裂过程中裂纹端部的一三维应力约束总是近平面应力的低约束状态,表观断裂韧性不随厚度变化,在有分层裂纹出现时,无法靠增加试样厚度获得材料的平面应变断裂韧性,由于分层与厚度的耦合作用与裂纹扩展方向与厚度方向的相对方位密切相关,应用穿透裂纹的表观断裂韧性数据进行管道结构的安全评定并不完全可靠,研究还表明,塑 性区修正的有效应力强度因子与弹塑性J积分参量在失稳扩展前保持良好的等效性。     

热处理对SLM 316L不锈钢螺旋微丝微观组织和力学性能的影响

通过显微镜观察、拉伸试验和显微硬度试验分析了不同热处理参数对激光熔化(SLM)制成的螺旋微直径丝(SS316L-HMDW)的组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:热处理后,SS316L-HMDW试样的微观组织发生明显变化,激光熔池消失,各向异性减小,力学性能提升;在不同保温时间下,SS316L-HMDW试样的晶粒尺寸随保温时间有不同程度地增加;随着热处理保温时间的增加,SS316L-HMDW试样的屈服极限和抗拉强度降低,伸长率增加,拉伸试样的断裂表面均为延性断裂,凹坑变大。经1200 ℃保温2 h热处理后,SS316L-HMDW试样的组织和力学性能均有显著变化,抗拉强度由585 MPa降低至398 MPa,屈服强度由40 MPa降低至25 MPa,伸长率明显增加至268%,试样的可塑性和韧性得到了增强。     

X70管线钢不同温度下断裂韧性实验研究

以三维弹塑性断裂理论为基础，对有限厚度板裂纹端部应力场、三维应力约束进行了分析，通过对不同厚度、不同初始裂纹长度在不同温度下三点弯曲试件的断裂韧性测试断口观测和理论分析获得如下结果：离面约束对裂尖应力场及断裂韧性有强烈的影响；断口均产生分层裂纹，其位置、大小和数量与试样厚度、温度和裂纹初始长度有关；温度较低时，分层裂纹距主裂纹根部一定距离，分层裂纹宽度较小，对厚度效应影响较小；温度较高时，分层裂纹首先出现在主裂纹根部，分层裂纹宽度较大且充分张开，降低了试样的有效厚度，对X70管线钢进行性能评价时必须考虑管道壁厚、层裂和环境温度的耦合作用。     

亚温淬火对调质态35CrMoA钢组织和强韧性的影响

采用正交回归处理的方法研究了亚温淬火对调质态35CrMoA钢力学性能的影响.当亚温淬火温度为780～810℃时,随着淬火温度的升高,铁素体量逐渐减少,马氏体量逐渐增加.35CrMoA钢从800℃亚温淬火并经550℃回火后,铁素体量和形态为最佳,其断口有明显的韧窝,表现出典型的韧性断裂,因而具有最高的强度、硬度和韧性.而...