Ti-6Al-4V超高周疲劳性能研究及可靠性寿命分析

运用超声疲劳试验系统和MTS液压伺服疲劳试验系统开展了Ti-6Al-4V钛合金在不同加载频率下的超高周疲劳试验,使用扫描电镜观察了试样断口形貌并对超高周疲劳试验数据进行了可靠性疲劳寿命分析。结果表明：疲劳循环周数超过107以后,Ti-6Al-4V钛合金试样依然会发生疲劳断裂,不存在传统意义上的疲劳极限。裂纹萌生于试样表面和次表面,随着应力水平降低,萌生位置由表面向次表面转变;试样断口平坦,裂纹源呈现类“鱼眼”特征,裂纹萌生于材料次表面微观组织不均匀处,周围出现黑色颗粒海绵状特征;20Hz和20KHz两种频率下的试验数据吻合良好,加载频率对材料的疲劳性能没有明显影响;Ti-6Al-4V钛合金材料的超高周疲劳寿命服从三参数威布尔分布,采用单侧容限系数法建立了不同置信度和不同存活率下的疲劳寿命模型,给出了p-γ-S-N曲线。     

GH4169 高温合金激光冲击强化层微观结构和微动疲劳行为研究

目的 提高GH4169镍基高温合金的微动疲劳寿命。方法 利用激光冲击强化（LSP）技术对GH4169高温合金榫试样进行表面强化处理并研究其微动疲劳性能。借助激光共聚焦显微镜（LCSM）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）、电子背散射衍射（EBSD）、显微硬度计、X射线应力分析仪、光学显微镜（OM）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）及高频疲劳试验机,对激光冲击强化前后的GH4169高温合金的微观组织、硬度、残余应力、微动疲劳寿命、断口形貌和裂纹扩展情况进行分析。结果 激光冲击强化后表面硬度提高了17.3%,硬化层深度约为0.63 mm,表面残余压应力为331.5 MPa。经激光冲击强化后变形层中晶粒未发生明显细化,表明激光诱导冲击波主要引起GH4169高温合金中位错的形成而不是位错的运动。在20 kN峰值载荷下,尽管强化后的断裂机制没有发生明显的变化,但是强化后榫试样的微动疲劳寿命比未处理的试样提高了827%,裂纹从多疲劳源转变为单疲劳源,裂纹萌生位置从表面转移到距表面234 μm的次表面,激光冲击强化显著提升了GH4169的萌生抗力和扩展速率,扩展区域的疲劳条带间距从未处理的0.50 μm增加到了强化后的1.01 μm,这可能与残余应力的突变与松弛有关。结论 在激光冲击强化后获得硬化层和残余应力场共同影响下,GH4169高温合金榫试样的微动疲劳寿命得到了显著提升。     

ZK60高强度镁合金喷丸强化疲劳性能实验研究

为了研究喷丸强化处理对ZK60镁合金疲劳性能的影响,采用气动式喷丸机对ZK60高强度镁合金试样进行喷丸强化,利用X射线衍射技术对喷丸处理试样表面进行残余应力测试分析,并利用扫描电镜分析了镁合金试样表面晶粒尺寸变化,对所有试样进行疲劳性能测试,分析喷丸强化对ZK60镁合金疲劳性能的影响,同时对疲劳断口进行扫描分析。实验结果表明:喷丸强化在ZK60镁合金试样表面产生了一定的残余压应力分布,且残余压应力最大值可达-198 MPa,同时,喷丸强化可使ZK60镁合金试样表面粗糙度减小,喷丸区域晶粒得到明显细化,喷丸强化使得试样表面完整性得到极大改善,从而提高了ZK60镁合金材料的疲劳性能,喷丸试样疲劳寿命相对于未处理试样最大提高了36%,疲劳裂纹源由试样表面转移到喷丸强化层以内,从而抑制了疲劳裂纹的萌生。     

湿喷丸强化对TC4疲劳性能的影响机制

利用湿喷丸技术对TC4钛合金进行表面改性处理,显著提高了材料疲劳寿命。对疲劳断口微观组织观察发现,湿喷丸强化处理使试样疲劳裂纹萌生位置由表面转移至试样内部约1 mm深度区域。通过对湿喷丸改性层微观组织分析可知,改性层内的细晶强化和位错强化是导致裂纹萌生位置发生改变的主要因素。湿喷丸引入的残余压应力对裂纹扩展起到有效的阻碍作用。细晶强化、位错强化和残余压应力共同作用提高TC4钛合金的抗疲劳性能。     

湿喷丸强化对TC4合金疲劳断裂机制的影响

利用湿喷丸技术对TC4钛合金进行表面改性处理,显著提高了材料疲劳寿命。对疲劳断口微观组织观察发现,湿喷丸强化处理使试样疲劳裂纹萌生位置由表面转移至试样内部约1 mm深度区域。通过对湿喷丸改性层微观组织分析可知,改性层内的细晶强化和位错强化是导致裂纹萌生位置发生转移的主要因素,同时,湿喷丸引入的残余压应力对裂纹扩展起到有效的阻碍作用。细晶强化、位错强化和残余压应力共同提高了TC4钛合金的抗疲劳性能。     

含缺陷的TB6钛合金疲劳性能研究和强度评估

为研究航空钛合金TB6在服役过程中因制造缺陷、外物损伤等导致的疲劳失效,通过对光滑试样和含不同尺寸表面缺陷试样开展高周疲劳试验研究,分析了缺陷尺寸对试样高周疲劳性能的影响,并分别使用基于缺口敏感性的Peterson公式和基于断裂力学的修正Murakami疲劳极限预测公式评估带缺陷试样的疲劳极限。结果表明:缺陷会导致钛合金的疲劳性能下降,且下降程度随着缺陷尺寸的增加而增大;光滑试样裂纹萌生于试样表面且为单裂纹源,缺陷试样裂纹萌生于缺陷处且为多裂纹源;基于Peterson公式预测的疲劳极限偏差较大,而修正后的Murakami公式可较准确预测TB6钛合金缺陷试样的疲劳极限。     

激光冲击强化对Ti-6Al-4V合金表面完整性及疲劳性能的影响

研究了激光冲击强化处理对Ti-6Al-4V合金表面完整性及疲劳性能的影响。采用表面粗糙度仪、显微硬度计和X射线衍射残余应力仪分别对激光冲击强化前后Ti-6Al-4V合金表面完整性进行了表征。在PQ-6旋转弯曲疲劳试验机上测试了经激光冲击强化处理的Ti-6Al-4V合金107周次条件下的疲劳极限,用扫描电镜分析了疲劳断口形貌,探讨激光冲击强化机制。结果表明,激光功率密度越大,表面粗糙度越小,表面残余压应力和表面硬度值越大,残余压应力层和硬化层深度越深;与原始试样相比,激光冲击强化试样的疲劳极限提高了33.3%,原因是激光冲击强化可以显著降低合金表面的粗糙度,改善合金的表面完整性,产生深层的残余压应力场和表面硬化层,将疲劳裂纹源由表层转移到次表层,有效地抑制了疲劳裂纹的萌生和扩展,从而提升合金的疲劳抗力。     

激光冲击强化与喷丸强化对FGH97高温合金疲劳性能的影响

对FGH97粉末高温合金进行激光冲击强化和喷丸强化,利用X射线应力分析仪测定强化层的残余应力,测定650℃下旋转弯曲疲劳性能,利用SEM观察分析疲劳断口特征。 结果表明,2种表面强化方法都可以提高FGH97粉末高温合金的疲劳性能,但激光冲击强化试样比喷丸强化试样具有更深的残余压应力层和较好的表面粗糙度,且残余应力在高温疲劳载荷下的松弛较小,因此具有更好的强化效果;与未表面强化的试样相比,喷丸强化试样和激光冲击强化试样的疲劳裂纹源都出现在亚表面,而未强化试样的疲劳裂纹源则出现在表面。     

激光冲击强化对TA15钛合金双孔结构显微组织和疲劳性能的影响

对TA15钛合金进行激光冲击强化,研究了激光冲击强化对双孔结构试样显微组织、残余应力和疲劳性能的影响。结果表明,经激光能量25 J、圆形光斑?4 mm,冲击2次的激光冲击强化后,TA15钛合金晶体内部形成了大量的高密度位错和位错墙;同时在材料表面引入高达-500 MPa的残余压应力,可以平衡疲劳载荷作用下产生的拉应力,有效抑制疲劳裂纹萌生并减缓裂纹扩展速率。激光冲击强化可以大大提高钛合金双孔结构的疲劳寿命,相对于未强化试样提高了60%～89%,这是由于激光冲击强化引入的较大残余压应力使得裂纹尖端的有效应力强度因子大大减小,当有效应力强度因子小于材料的断裂韧性时,疲劳裂纹的扩展会被抑制或停止,从而提高疲劳寿命。     

加载波形对Ti-60合金疲劳损伤行为的影响

研究了高应力水平下加载波形对Ti-60高温钛合金疲劳损伤行为的影响.结果发现:对于在峰值应力处保载2 min的加载波形,试样的疲劳寿命明显低于无保载的加载波形的试样的寿命;在保载疲劳条件下,单位循环周次内材料的疲劳变形明显增大.SEM观察表明,在保载波形下,疲劳源出现在样品内部,而无保载的加载波形下疲劳裂纹源于样品次表面.TEM观察表明,在两种疲劳加载条件下,都有( 011)滑移系启动.     

Another mechanism for fatigue strength improvement of metallic parts by shot peening

Fatigue crack source in shot-peened specimens may be located either at the surface or in the interior, beneath the hardened layer. In this paper, the mechanism for fatigue strength improvement of shot-peened specimens with internal fatigue crack source was studied. Un-peened and shot-peened specimens made of quenched and low-temperature tempered 40CrNi2Si2Mo2V steel were used. The fatigue crack source in shot-peened specimen is found in the interior beneath the hardened layer. X-ray diffraction analyses of both kinds of specimen fatigue tested at stress equal to their apparent fatigue limit show that obvious changes have taken place in the surface layer for un-peened specimens, while for shot-peened specimens, such changes are observed in the sub-surface layer beneath the hardened layer. The calculated actual critical stress at the fatigue source position (the “internal fatigue limit”) for shot-peened specimen is about 138% of the (surface) fatigue limit of un-peened specimen. According to an analysis about the micromeso-processes of fatigue crack initiation in metals, a concept of “internal and surface fatigue limits of metal” has been proposed. It is believed that the fatigue crack source transfers into the interior, Also, the internal fatigue limit of metal is higher than its surface fatigue limit, and is another mechanism for the improvement of apparent fatigue limit of shot-peened specimen.     

Effect of buffer layer and notch location on fatigue behavior in welded high-strength low-alloy

A soft buffer layer (BL) between the weld metal (WM) and the parent metal (PM) was introduced in this study. To study the effect of a BL on mechanical properties, two types of joints made from welded high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) specimens with or without a BL were prepared. To investigate the influence of the notch location, the welded HSLA specimens machined with a U-notch in the WM or the PM. These conditions were examined to determine the effects of the BL and the notch location on the fatigue characterizations and the microscopic features of the fatigue-fractured surface. Extended-compact tension (E-CT) specimens were used for all tests. Paris fatigue curves and hardness distributions of the welded HSLA specimens with or without a BL were measured, and relevant scanning electron microscope (SEM) images were taken. The results showed that the presence of a BL significantly improved the fatigue crack growth behavior when a U-notch was in the WM. The notch location greatly influenced the fatigue behavior and the surface features of the fatigue-fractured specimens.     

激光冲击强化对紧固孔疲劳寿命的影响(英文)

研究激光冲击对航空铝合金LY12CZ紧固孔疲劳特性的影响,孔的直径为d3 mm。利用X射线衍射法测量残余应力,对试件进行疲劳断裂实验,并用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察试件疲劳断口的微观特征。结果表明:激光冲击会在紧固孔端面形成残余压应力,冲击试件的疲劳寿命是未冲击的3.5倍。通过断口的观察和比较发现,冲击后试件的疲劳裂纹源于次表层,而不是源于试件表层,冲击后疲劳断口快速扩展区的疲劳条纹间距比未冲击试件疲劳断口快速扩展区的疲劳条纹间距要小。另外,在冲击试件断裂区的韧窝明显比未冲击的要大,这与冲击时材料内发生塑性变形有关。     

Fatigue crack initiation for Al-Zn-Mg alloy welded joint

To investigate fatigue crack initiation characteristics of Al-Zn-Mg alloy welded joint, notched specimens were used in fatigue test for the base metal, welding bead and heat affected zone (HAZ). The fatigue fracture surface near the fatigue crack initiation site was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results show that the differences of fatigue crack initiation life among base metal, welding bead and HAZ are not obvious. Inhomogeneity in microstructure and mechanical performance of HAZ influences the fatigue crack initiation life. The ratio of fatigue crack initiation life (Ni) to fatigue failure life (Nf) for the base metal, welding bead and HAZ of A7N01 aluminium alloy welded joint are 26.32%, 40.21% and 60.67%, respectively. Fatigue crack initiation life can be predicted using a uniform model. Observation of fatigue fracture surfaces shows that for the welding bead a fatigue crack initiates from the smooth surface due to the welding process, the blowhole in HAZ causes fatigue crack and the crushed second phase particles play an important role in fatigue crack initiation for the base metal.     

AZ91系列压铸镁合金高周疲劳断口形貌分析

AZ91D压铸镁合金中加入富Ce稀土后,组织得到明显细化,压铸过程中产生的气孔变小,分布更加均匀,能够减少疲劳裂纹源的产生。AZ91D合金拉伸断口表现为既有解理台阶又存在细小撕裂棱及韧窝的混合断裂特征,加入1?后,合金断口的韧性断裂特征增加,有利于提高合金的室温力学性能。AZ91D合金疲劳裂纹源萌生于合金内部的气孔和夹杂处,疲劳裂纹沿晶界扩展,加入稀土后,疲劳裂纹扩展区有疲劳辉纹出现,疲劳断裂呈现出准解理和韧窝断裂的混合特征。     

60mm厚TC4钛合金电子束焊接头疲劳性能

针对大厚度钛合金在海洋领域的应用,开展了60 mm厚TC4钛合金电子束焊接(EBW)接头疲劳性能的研究. 对EBW接头和母材的疲劳性能进行测试,分析接头疲劳性能的均匀性,绘制S-N曲线对比分析母材与接头的疲劳性能,并采用扫描电镜观察疲劳试样断口以解明断裂路径. 结果表明,EBW接头疲劳性能测试断裂多发生在母材,少数断裂在热影响区,接头疲劳性能沿熔深方向由上至下逐步降低,电子束焊接接头比母材高出10%,接头疲劳试验断口可分为疲劳源区、裂纹稳定扩展区和瞬断区3个典型区域,裂纹起源于试件表面边缘处.     

含稀土相高温钛合金焊接接头的疲劳断裂特性

研究了Ti-60合金电子束焊接接头的显微组织及稀土相的分布特征;对焊接接头高温旋转弯曲疲劳性能进行了试验研究,讨论了影响接头疲劳性能的主要因素.焊后状态下焊缝区中存在大量的α′马氏体组织,焊缝区中的稀土相颗粒弥散分布于晶界及晶内,尺寸在100～200 nm.焊接接头具有较好的高温旋转弯曲疲劳性能,无焊接缺陷的接头均断裂在母材区,稀土相颗粒对裂纹的扩展具有阻碍作用.     

7050铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头超高周疲劳性能

采用超高周疲劳试验系统研究7050-T7451铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的超高周疲劳性能. 试验结果表明,焊接接头在107周次以上仍然会发生疲劳失效,S-N曲线在108周次左右出现转折点,呈折线型下降;通过SEM对超高周疲劳断口形貌进行观察发现,当应力范围较高时,试件的疲劳裂纹往往在表面萌生,随着应力范围的降低,裂纹有亚表面和内部萌生的倾向;裂纹萌生位置取决于表面起裂和内部起裂相互竞争的结果;试件的断裂位置多为焊接接头的热力影响区和热影响区,EBSD和接头硬度的分析结果表明断裂位置与接头组织不均匀密切相关.     

Ti-600合金的高周疲劳性能研究

采用120～130Hz的频率测试Ti-600合金光滑试样室温高周轴向应力疲劳性能。结果表明,应力比(R)为0.1时,合金的疲劳强度为475MPa,与IMI834合金相当;合金内含有较细小、薄片状的、互相交错排列的α+β相,这种细小的α+β相间的层状组织对于阻止疲劳裂纹的扩展和提高疲劳裂纹寿命有重要作用;疲劳裂纹扩展阶段,应力同为600MPa时,疲劳寿命为8.61×105的合金试样比寿命为1.78×106的疲劳条纹间距宽;合金内稀土相的尺寸由几个μm到0.2μm变化,合金中未观察到与稀土相颗粒有关的裂纹萌生。     

Influence of carburization followed by shot peening on fatigue property of 20CrMnTi steel

In this study, the influences of carburization (followed by quenching and low-temperature tempering) followed by shot peening on “apparent” fatigue limits of 20CrMnTi steel specimens were studied and quantitatively analyzed according to the microstructure changes, induced residual stress fields, and position of fatigue crack sources, as well as a micro-meso-process theory for fatigue crack initiation previously proposed by the authors (Ref 6–8). The experimental results show that, although the hardness of the surface layer of carburized specimens is much higher than that of the pseudo-carburized specimens, the improvement effect of carburization on the apparent fatigue limits of specimens is uncertain. It should be related to the possible formation of nonmartensitic microstructure in the surface layer of carburized specimen. After the shot peening, the fatigue limit of specimens was improved and rose to a level about 40% higher than that of the pseudo-carburized specimens. Scanning electron microscopy fractographic analyses show that the fatigue sources, which indicate the weakest link of specimens, in pseudo-carburized and ascarburized specimens are all located at the surface, while after shot-peening, they appear in the interior beneath the hardened layer.