2219铝合金焊接接头晶间腐蚀行为

采用晶间腐蚀试验及极化曲线测试方法对2219铝合金母材、搅拌摩擦焊（FSW）及钨极氩弧焊（TIG）接头的腐蚀行为进行分析,借助金相显微镜、激光共聚焦显微镜、体视显微镜、扫描电镜及能谱仪分析腐蚀形貌及腐蚀产物.结果表明,2219铝合金母材及焊接接头的腐蚀行为主要与析出相有关,Al₂Cu的析出导致贫铜的无沉淀带作为阳极优先溶解.母材的抗晶间腐蚀能力最差,由表面点蚀开始,沿轧制方向逐渐发展为剥落腐蚀;TIG焊次之,表现为网状晶间腐蚀;FSW焊最低,焊核表现为点蚀,散落分布于表面.     

Cu元素对Al-Zn-Mg-Er-Sc-Zr合金组织演变和腐蚀性能的影响

利用Cu元素的含量变化研究了Al₈Cu₄Er相的形成与演变规律及其对Al-Zn-Mg-Er-Sc-Zr合金腐蚀性能的影响。结果表明：随着Cu含量的增加,合金晶粒得到显著细化,但同时固溶态合金不同类型的残余相增多;Al₈Cu₄Er相与Al-Fe相存在伴生关系,二者通过Cu与Fe交互作用实现相的转化,且可表述为如下关系式：;不同成分合金的晶间腐蚀均表现出与残余相密切相关的点蚀特征,含Cu、Er的Al-Fe相虽然具有更小的腐蚀坑尺寸,但网状分布特征使腐蚀深度有所增加;而具有更好耐蚀性能的Al₈Cu₄Er则因相的粗化和它与Al-Fe相的伴生关系导致合金耐蚀性能严重下降。     

Ni-Cr-Mo系合金焊后熔敷金属耐蚀性研究

本文研究了适合于焊接Ni-Cr-Mo系合金的药芯焊丝（一种是金属型无渣药芯焊丝,另一种是造渣型的药芯焊丝）焊接后熔敷金属的耐蚀性。通过光学金相显微镜、扫描电镜和X射线衍射仪对熔敷金属的金相组织进行了研究,熔敷金属的组织主要由奥氏体基体和析出相组成,晶粒比较均匀,尺寸为20—50μm。在堆焊过程中．相当于对合金进行了敏化处理,很容易析出TCP（topologically close—packed）相,这就造成了晶界和基体的合金元素成分、结构的不均匀性,从而容易产生晶间腐蚀。通过ASTMG28晶间腐蚀试验,结果表明,熔敷金属的耐腐蚀性与母材Hastelloy C-276合金相当,对其晶间腐蚀行为进行了初步的探讨,表明在氧化性的腐蚀介质中,富含Mo的TCP相易被腐蚀。     

The stress corrosion cracking behavior of austenitic stainless steels in boiling magnesium chloride solutions

The change in the mechanism of stress corrosion cracking with test temperature for Type 304, 310 and 316 austenitic stainless steels was investigated in boiling saturated magnesium chloride solutions using a constant load method. Three parameters (time to failure; t_f, steady-state elongation rate; l_ss and transition time at which a linear increase in elongation starts to deviate; t_ss) obtained from the corrosion elongation curve showed clearly three regions; stress-dominated, stress corrosion cracking-dominated and corrosion-dominated regions. In the stress corrosion cracking-dominated region the fracture mode of type 304 and 316 steels was transgranular at higher temperatures of 416 and 428 K, respectively, but was intergranular at a lower temperature of 408 K. Type 310 steel showed no intergranular fracture but only transgranular fracture. The relationship between log l_ss and log t_f for three steels became good straight lines irrespective of applied stress. The slope depended upon fracture mode; −2 for transgranular mode and −1 for intergranular mode. On the basis of the results obtained, it was estimated that intergranular cracking was resulted from hydrogen embrittlement due to strain-induced formation of martensite along the grain boundaries, while transgranular cracking took place by propagating cracks nucleated at slip steps by dissolution.     

Phase transformation behavior of Al9(Mn,Ni)2 eutectic phase during heat treatment at 600 °C in Al-4Ni-2Mn alloy

The morphology evolution and phase transformation of Al₉(Mn,Ni)₂ eutectic phase in an Al-4Ni-2Mn alloy during heat treatment at 600 °C were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results show that nearly all of the eutectic fibers change into prolate ellipsoid and spherical particles in the process of heat treatment, and Ostwald ripening phenomenon occurs in the eutectic region with the increase of the heat treatment time. Besides, a phase transformation from Al₉(Mn,Ni)₂ to O-phase is confirmed. The morphologies of the transformed particles indicate that the O-phase preferentially nucleates on the specific crystal plane of the Al₉(Mn,Ni)₂ eutectic phase and grows in a certain direction. During the phase transformation, the (010)[001] slip system in O-phase is activated, and the resultant slip traces appear on the surface of some O-phase particles.     

用相变晶体学指导Mg-Sn-Mn合金优化设计

以相变晶体学为主要原则对Mg-Sn-X合金进行优化设计.在对现有镁合金系统充分调研的基础上,根据Mg基体与析出相的相变晶体学匹配关系,提出2条相变晶体学判据来判断可能沿Mg基体[0001]α方向择优生长的析出相.根据这2条相变晶体学判据结合相图分析推测在Mg-Sn-Mn系统中可能得到沿Mg基体[0001]α方向择优生长...     

FIB-SEM investigation on corrosion propagation of aluminium–lithium alloy in sodium chloride solution

Abstract

Microstructural characterisation of 2A97-T4 aluminium–lithium alloy was carried out using electron probe microanalysis and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy facilities has been employed to examine localised corrosion sites after immersion in sodium chloride solution. A dual beam microscope, which integrates a focused ion beam and an electron beam in one powerful instrument, has also been employed to investigate the development of intergranular corrosion from both surface and cross-section. It was found that localised corrosion is generally initiated at θ phase particles, which represents only 8.4% of the intermetallic (IM) particles in 2A97-T4 aluminium–lithium alloy. θ phase particles exhibit preferential dissolution of aluminium during corrosion testing, with trench formed at their periphery as well. Initiation of intergranular corrosion is relatively late with respect to the attack of IM particles. Owing to the presence of θ phase particles at intergranular corrosion sites and non-uniform distribution of T1 (Al₂CuLi) grain boundary precipitates, it is supposed that dealloyed θ phase particles and grain boundary precipitates cooperate to provide the driving force for grain boundary attack.     

固溶态和挤压态Mg-xLi-3Al-2Zn-0.5Y(x=4,8,12)合金的显微组织和腐蚀行为

研究固溶态和挤压态Mg-xLi-3Al-2Zn-0.5Y(x=4,8,12,质量分数,%)合金的显微组织和腐蚀行为。结果表明,当锂含量从4%增加到12%,合金基体由α-Mg单相转变为α-Mg+β-Li双相,再转变为β-Li单相。Mg-4Li-3Al-2Zn-0.5Y和Mg-12Li-3Al-2Zn-0.5Y合金具有晶间腐蚀和点蚀的混合腐蚀特征,前者与沿晶界析出的AlLi相有关,后者与第二相与基体之间的高电位差有关。挤压态合金的耐蚀性优于固溶态合金。挤压态Mg-8Li-3Al-2Zn-0.5Y合金具有最低腐蚀速率(P_W=(0.63±0.26)mm/a),主要归因于该合金的第二相分布更均匀、通过牺牲β-Li相形成的保护性α-Mg相和相对完整的更均匀分布的氧化膜。     

双相不锈钢及其焊接接头腐蚀研究进展

双相不锈钢耐点蚀、耐晶间腐蚀和耐氯化物应力腐蚀性能优良,是优良的海洋用金属材料,但其焊接接头常成为薄弱区而发生腐蚀问题.从材料因素综述了双相不锈钢腐蚀研究的进展.首先,总结了合金元素和热处理对双相不锈钢耐腐蚀性能的影响.合金元素分配及其引起的二次相析出及产生的元素贫化区、铁素体/奥氏体相比例的变化决定双相不锈钢的耐腐蚀...     

Martensitic transformation in an intergranular corrosion area of austenitic stainless steel during thermal cycling

An oxidation-assisted martensitic phase transformation was observed in an austenitic stainless steel after thermal cycling up to 970 °C in air in a solar thermal steam reformer. The intergranular corrosion areas were investigated by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), transmission Kikuchi diffraction (TKD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The structural-and-chemical maps revealed that within intergranular corrosion areas this martensitic transformation primarily occurs in oxidation-induced chromium-depleted zones, rather than due to only sensitization. This displacive transformation may also play a significant role in the rate at which intergranular corrosion takes place.     

时效处理工艺对1975合金腐蚀性能的影响

采用恒温浸泡、极化曲线、金相、扫描电镜和透射电镜技术研究不同时效处理工艺对1975铝合金的晶间腐蚀、剥落腐蚀和应力腐蚀行为的影响。结果表明,1975铝合金单级时效后的晶间腐蚀、剥落腐蚀和应力腐蚀的敏感性变化规律为：欠时效(120 ℃/12 h)>峰时效(120 ℃/24 h)>过时效(120 ℃/36 h)。合金的腐蚀敏感性与晶界析出相η (MgZn₂)和无沉淀析出带（PFZ）的特征有关,析出相分布越不连续,尺寸越大,无沉淀析出带越宽化,合金的腐蚀敏感性越低;反之,如果晶界析出相链状分布且尺寸较小,则合金的腐蚀敏感性高。     

Improvement of the Electrochemical Behavior of Steel Surfaces Using a [Ti-Al/Ti-Al-N] n Multilayer System

The aim of this work is to improve the corrosion resistance of AISI D3 steel surfaces using a [Ti-Al/Ti-Al-N] _n multilayer system deposited with different periods (Λ) and bilayer numbers (n), via magnetron co-sputtering pulsed d.c. procedure, from a metallic (Ti-Al) binary target. The multilayer coatings were characterized by cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy that showed the modulation and microstructure of the [Ti-Al/Ti-Al-N] _n multilayer system. The composition of the single Ti-Al and Ti-Al-N layer films was studied via x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, where typical signals for Ti_2p1/2, Ti_2p, N_1s, and Al_2p3/2 were detected. The electrochemical properties were evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and Tafel polarization curves. The optimal electrochemical behavior was obtained for the [Ti-Al/Ti-Al-N] _n multilayered period of Λ = 25 nm (100 bilayers). At these conditions, the maximum polarization resistance (1719.32 kΩ cm²) and corrosion rate (0.7 μmy) were 300 and 35 times higher than that of uncoated AISI D3 steel substrate (5.61 kΩ cm² and 25 μmy, respectively). Finally, scanning electron microscopy was used to analyze the [Ti-Al/Ti-Al-N] _n multilayered surface after the corrosive attack. The improvement effects in the electrochemical behavior of the AISI D3 coated with the [Ti-Al/Ti-Al-N] _n multilayered coatings could be attributed to the number of interfaces that act as obstacles for the inward and outward diffusions of Cl^? ions, generating an increment in the energy or potential required for translating the corrosive ions across the coating/substrate interface.     

Corrosion product force measurements in the study of exfoliation and stress corrosion cracking in high strength aluminium alloys

Exfoliation corrosion was assessed in three high strength aluminium alloys by measuring the force generated by voluminous corrosion products and their stress corrosion behaviour was studied in tests on double cantilever specimens. There was an inverse linear relationship between the corrosion product forces and the K_ISCC values for stress corrosion cracking in these materials, providing further evidence for a common corrosion mechanism. Exfoliation and SCC were both dependent on the rate of intergranular corrosion, which is controlled in these alloys by the grain boundary precipitates and the resistance to both forms of corrosion was improved in alloys with an over-aged heat treatment condition.     

细晶Al-5356合金在低应变速率下基于高分辨率应变测量的“异常瞬时蠕变”(英文)

极低应变速率下(<10-10s-1)的瞬时蠕变仍然未知。由于应变分辨率低(～10-6),传统的单轴拉伸/压缩等蠕变测试技术并不能满足此蠕变区的测试要求。采用具有高应变分辨率的螺旋弹簧蠕变试验法,研究Al-5356合金在温度范围为0.4Tm~0.8Tm(Tm为熔点的绝对温度)、应变速率小于10-10s-1的瞬时蠕变行为。采用透射电子显微镜研究蠕变微观组织以揭示极低应变速率下的瞬时蠕变机制。实验结果首次显示了一些异常蠕变行为:"高温强化"(T>Tp,Tp为发生相变的温度,Tp=0.58Tm)或"中温弱化"(0.4Tm相似文献   

Review of micro-scale and atomic-scale corrosion mechanisms of second phases in aluminum alloys

Localized corrosion of aluminum (Al) alloys, such as pitting corrosion, intergranular corrosion, and stress corrosion cracking is closely related to the micro-galvanic corrosion between the second phase and the Al matrix. Using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and first principles calculations, the factors that affect corrosion mechanisms of the second phase in Al alloys at micro-scale and atomic-scale were examined, including the composition and structure of second phase, pH of the environment, stress and adsorption behavior of adsorbates (such as Cl⁻, H₂O, OH⁻ and O²⁻).     

电子束焊工艺对304不锈钢焊缝的抗晶间腐蚀性能影响

采用3种不同的电子束焊接工艺焊接304不锈钢,通过显微组织观察、XRD分析、极化曲线测试、动电位再活化(EPR)试验研究了不锈钢焊缝的抗晶间腐蚀性能.结果表明:减少焊接热输入量和添加熔入性焊丝这两种方法都能减少电子束焊缝中铬的碳化物的析出,降低焊缝的敏化度,提高焊缝的抗晶间腐蚀性能;与减少焊接热输入量相比,添加熔入性焊丝对晶间腐蚀的影响更大,焊缝抗晶间腐蚀性能提高更显著.     

Intergranular corrosion resistance of nickel-based alloy 690 weldments

This study focused on the temperature distributions and thermal histories of alloy 690 weldments, as well as the residual stress, grain boundary character distribution, degree of sensitization, and carbide precipitation, to evaluate the combined effects of these factors on the intergranular corrosion resistance of the weldments. Both laser beam welding and gas tungsten arc welding were performed for comparison. The results show that laser beam welding, with its narrower temperature distribution and rapid heating/cooling, resulted in more low energy Σ (1 ≦ Σ ≦ 9) boundaries, lower residual stress, and considerable suppression of Cr₂₃C₆ carbide formation. Therefore, laser weldment had a low degree of sensitization, and thus the intergranular corrosion resistance was significantly improved.     

Cu46Zr46Al8非晶合金电子束焊接特性分析

对Cu₄₆Zr₄₆Al₈非晶合金进行了电子束焊接,并分析了接头微观组织转变、显微硬度分布及拉伸性能.结果表明,Cu₄₆Zr₄₆Al₈非晶合金电子束焊接接头熔化区组织大部分仍为非晶态,过冷液相区内发生晶化形成Cu-Zr金属间化合物.焊接接头熔化区与母材硬度相当,过冷液相区硬度值显著降低.接头抗拉强度及韧性相比母材都明显降低,拉伸断裂于过冷液相区内的脆性化合物层,呈现典型的沿晶脆性断裂特征.     

超声滚压对6061铝合金晶间腐蚀行为的影响

目的 研究不同静压力条件下形变诱导梯度变形层对6061铝合金晶间腐蚀行为的影响。方法 使用超声滚压技术(USRP，Ultrasonic surface rolling processing)强化6061铝合金表层，采用激光共聚焦、X射线衍射等方法研究酸化NaCl溶液体系下3种静压力条件对6061铝合金晶间腐蚀行为的影响。结果 随着静压力的增大，6061铝合金表层组织呈梯度变化，且形变层深度可延伸至近300 μm。在酸化NaCl溶液腐蚀加速条件下，在相同时间内滚压后试样沿晶腐蚀的路径大幅缩短，向下扩展的深度降低了50%，使得6061铝合金的抗晶间腐蚀性能显著提高。表征结果表明，晶间腐蚀扩展路径与表面粗糙度无相关性，它主要与第二相(AlFeSi相)在形变层中的弥散分布有关。未经USRP处理的6061铝合金在沿晶界连续分布的AlFeSi相促进下发生了明显的沿晶腐蚀。相比之下，经USRP处理后，AlFeSi相会因晶粒形变而呈断续分布，减弱了它在晶界区域对铝合金基体的电偶腐蚀作用，降低了腐蚀通道的连通性，从而阻碍了腐蚀路径的扩展。结论 USRP可提高6061铝合金的抗晶间腐蚀性能，其表面粗糙度并非是提高晶间腐蚀抗性的主要因素，经USRP细化和分散后的AlFeSi相是阻断沿晶腐蚀路径的关键因素。     

含铒铝合金TIG焊接头组织与性能

为了研究Er元素对焊缝的强化作用及机理,对含Er元素铝合金进行TIG重熔焊试验,通过对接头组织结构观察和力学性能测试,发现在焊缝的晶界处有初生Al3Er相析出,但与母材相比析出相数量较少,在晶界处未形成连续的环状,次生Al3Er相在焊缝中也有析出,但数量极少,Er元素将以固溶态和偏析的形式存在.Er元素对焊接接头的强化...