2D-C/SiC陶瓷基复合材料拉伸试验的声发射特性

对2D-C/SiC陶瓷基复合材料试样在室温条件下单调拉伸试验和循环拉伸试验的损伤声发射信号进行研究,利用无监督层次聚类分析方法对单调和循环拉伸试验的声发射信号进行损伤模式识别,得出了两种拉伸试验下试样都有相同的损伤分类。对每次单调加/卸载试验分别进行应力和声发射信号分析,得到了在循环加载区间和卸载区间试样的损伤情况。对比分析两种拉伸试验的声发射信号,得到两次试验中首次加载相同应力时,两个试样有同一种类的声发射损伤信号,从而说明循环加载对试样的主要损伤影响较小。     

拉保持对316L奥氏体不锈钢焊接接头低周疲劳循环应力响应及损伤机制的影响

在873 K温度下对316L奥氏体不锈钢母材和焊缝分别进行连续和拉保持低周疲劳试验,使用光学显微镜(OM)和透射电镜(TEM)对试样位错微观结构和裂纹扩展形貌进行观察,分析拉保持对母材和焊缝低周疲劳循环应力响应及损伤机制的影响.结果表明,母材在连续和拉保持低周疲劳试验初期都发生循环硬化,焊缝在连续低周疲劳试验中发生连续循环软化,而在拉保持试验后期则出现明显循环稳定阶段;母材和焊缝试样拉保持低周疲劳寿命低于其连续低周疲劳寿命;母材和焊缝在连续低周疲劳试验中裂纹主要以穿晶方式扩展,而在拉保持试验中焊缝是以沿晶或混合方式扩展.     

C/SiC复合材料拉伸过程的声发射研究

利用声发射（AE）技术对C／SiC复合材料试样拉伸试验过程进行动态监测。通过声发射多参数分析法对拉伸过程中的声发射累计能量和平均持续时间随载荷或时间的变化进行了综合分析；同时对拉伸过程中典型AE信号的频率特征进行了分析，揭示了C／SiC复合材料拉伸损伤的演化过程及规律，给出了材料拉伸损伤发展的不同阶段以及各阶段损伤类型。通过声发射累计能量随载荷变化的斜率突变定义了材料临界损伤强度。     

V型切口板材试件拉伸断裂过程中的声发射特征

制作了直V型切口和斜V型切口板材试件,设计了板材拉伸断裂声发射监测试验。结合金属断裂力学性能和红外热图,分别对两种切口板材主要声发射参数与断裂过程的相关性进行深入分析,研究试件损伤过程的声发射参数表征以及某些参数特征。结果表明,声发射能量计数、振铃计数、撞击、幅度和频谱峰值能较好地表征试件损伤过程。证明了声发射技术应用于钢制结构损伤实时监测和预警的可行性,并得出某些声发射参数的重要特征。     

Application of a novel type Barkhausen noise sensor to continuous fatigue monitoring

A novel Barkhausen noise (BN) sensor with no need for external magnetization was tested and applied to continuous fatigue monitoring of mild steel and high strength steel specimens. This new type of sensor indicated an increase in the BN rms value under maximum tensile stress during one cycle in cyclic bending tests with increasing stress amplitude. The BN rms value under maximum compressive stress stayed, however, approximately constant. The reason for this behaviour was the stress-induced anisotropy of the BN. Bending fatigue experiments with constant stress amplitude and R=−1 were conducted at different stress levels. In addition to the BN also the acoustic emission of the specimen was measured. In the mild steel specimens the BN amplitude stayed constant after the initial saturation period, but just prior to the failure of the specimen the amplitude increased meaningfully. This increase occurred at the same time as the increase in the acoustic emission signal indicating the beginning of crack initiation and growth. In the high strength steel specimens the BN amplitude decreased after the initial saturation period. The increase of the BN signal started well before the failure of the specimen and even before the increase in the acoustic emission signal.     

Monitoring Damage Evolution in a Titanium Matrix Composite Shaft Under Torsion Loading Using Acoustic Emission

The damage behaviors of a titanium matrix composite shaft under torsion loading were monitored using the acoustic emission technique. The composite shaft with SiC fibers at ± 45° orientations was prepared by the solid-state fabrication process. Both the torsional rigidity and torsional strength of the TMC shaft were improved by SiC fibers. The acoustic emission responses during the loading–unloading–reloading, under quasi-static and cyclic torsion tests were investigated. Multiple acoustic emission signals were grouped as mechanical noise, matrix deformation, interface debonding and fiber fracture using amplitude, waveform shape and frequency centroid parameters. A substantial reduction of signals generated by matrix deformation was found in the reloading test. During the quasi-static torsion test, interface debonding and progressive breaks of SiC fibers occurred. According to different acoustic emission behaviors, the failure process in the torsion fatigue test can be divided into three stages: the initial stage, the fiber fracture stage and the fast fracture stage.     

Möglichkeiten zur Früherkennung von Wasserstoffschädigungen in metallischen Werkstoffen durch Anwendung der Schallemissionsanalyse

Feasibility of early detection of hydrogen in metals by acoustic emission analysis Acoustic emission measurements are performed with the steels Ck 35 and 35 NCD 16. In function of the tensile strength tensile specimens are charged electrochemically with hydrogen. It is shown, that even in the charging phase acoustic emission signals can be registered. Especially during the repeated tensile test with hydrogen-charged specimens material damages can be detected with acoustic emission. In this case the well-known Kaiser effect in acoustic emission is omitted. The effect of the absorbed hydrogen is documented by changes of the mechanical properties of the material and by microfractographic investigations.     

GH4169疲劳试样加工残余应力的表征及其对低周疲劳寿命的影响

为了探究GH4169合金低周疲劳试样加工过程中表面残余应力的变化及残余应力对低周疲劳性能的影响，采用X射线衍射法对“车 磨 抛”不同加工工艺的试样表面残余应力进行表征及对成品试样进行残余应力层深度测试，通过中子衍射法对试样内部进行残余应力测试。采用电液伺服万能试验机进行了低周疲劳试验。结果表明：GH4169合金低周疲劳试样加工表面残余应力随着切削量的增加由表面残余压应力变为残余拉应力。根据残余应力层深度测试，机加工对试样表面造成残余应力层深度小于0.01 mm，内部残余拉应力减小；根据疲劳试验结果，GH4169合金疲劳寿命与表面轴向残余压应力呈正相关关系。     

Characterization of fatigue damage in unidirectional GFRP composites through acoustic emission signal analysis

Fatigue damage progression in composite materials is governed by different failure mechanisms, each of which contributes to the damage to a different extent. To assess the cumulative damage undergone by the material and to estimate the residual life, it is necessary to discriminate and characterize the failure mechanisms. This necessitates an on-line technique which can be used to monitor and measure the damage progression as it occurs. Acoustic emission (AE), an on-line monitoring tool, is ideally suited for this purpose. To understand fatigue damage in terms of different failure mechanisms using this technique, it becomes necessary to identify and establish their AE characteristics. This paper discusses the experimental investigations carried out on unidirectional glass fibre reinforced plastic (GFRP) composite specimens in which the acquired AE data was analysed utilizing pattern recognition (PR) techniques. The results obtained from the experiments show that three different failure mechanisms which primarily contribute to the damage at any given stage can be discriminated and characterized. Further, an attempt is made to estimate the cumulative damage to predict residual life.     

防喷器材料在拉伸过程中的声发射信号特性

用声发射技术研究防喷器材料ZG25CrNiMo裂纹试件的拉伸损伤与断裂行为。声发射仪器记录了ZG25CrNiMo裂纹试件在拉伸破坏过程中的声发射信号,运用声发射参数分析方法和波形分析方法对zG25crNiMo裂纹缺陷试件的声发射数据进行分析,得出材料在拉伸过程中的损伤类型以及各阶段所呈现的特性。试验结果表明,拉伸过程中破坏机制对声发射信号的特征具有显著影响,不同损伤阶段的信号频谱特征存在差异。     

2Cr13钢高周疲劳微塑性损伤特性研究

研究了２Ｃｒ１３马氏体不锈钢高周疲劳载荷作用下微观塑性变形的演变过程。在三种选定循环载荷作用下,在疲劳裂纹萌生前试样一直处于弹性变形阶段,而且弹性模量基本不变。在１／２寿命时,普遍观察到局部微观塑性变形特征。有些板条内存在含扭折对的平行螺位错束或十字交叉网状位错组态,一些细长碳化物周围塞积了棱柱或滑移型位错环。达到疲劳寿命时,有些区域内形成位错胞状结构。经过高周疲劳实验的薄膜试样在透射电镜下进行动态拉伸原位观察结果表明,微裂纹易在细长碳化物处萌生,沿位错胞壁或板条界扩展后与主裂纹汇合。高周疲劳过程中局部微观塑性耗散造成一定程度的微观结构损伤,裂纹穿过这些区域只需消耗很少的塑性功     

飞机关键零部件疲劳损伤的声发射实时监测

某型飞机的水平尾翼试验过程是在强冲击、高振动背景噪声下进行的。对处于不可接近位置的关键零部件（半轴）的疲劳损伤实施了声发射监测。基于对模拟测试信号的分析,提出信号数据的预处理原则,提高了数据的信噪比。声发射信号特征参数的趋势分析和关联分析方法,充分反映了关键零部件的疲劳损伤过程,采用声发射实时监测飞机关键零部件的疲劳损伤是可行的。     

An attempt to detect SCC by combined measurements of electrochemical noise and acoustic emission

Electrochemical voltage and current noise (EN) were measured simultaneously with acoustic emission (AE) during intergranular stress‐corrosion cracking (IGSCC) on tensile specimens under a constant load. The elongation of the test specimens was also measured continuously during the tests, as an additional measuring technique. The test specimens were made from sensitized stainless steel of type 304, and immersed in an aqueous solution of sodium thiosulphate. The main aim of our work was to find out how successfully IGSCC processes could be detected by the simultaneous use of all three measurement methods. The results of the tests indicated that the accumulation of cracking and dissolution events could be satisfactorily monitored, whereas it was not possible to detect individual IGSCC events with the existing measuring set‐up. It is not clear whether this inability to detect single IGSCC events was a consequence of the continuous nature of the IGSCC processes, or whether it was due to the insufficient resolution of the measurement system set‐up.     

声发射方法测定SiCw／Al复合材料的界面强度

对ＳｉＣｗ／Ａｌ复合材料形变断裂过程中的声发射（ＡＥ）特征的研究表明，用ＡＥ技术能准确测定ＳｉＣ纤维的断裂次数，并能测定其断枝长度，从而测定了纤维和基体间的界面强度和ＳｉＣ纤维的断裂强度。     

Fuzzy pattern recognition of AE signals for grinding burn

Grinding burn is a common phenomenon of thermal damage that has been one of the main constraints in grinding difficult-to-machine materials. Grinding burn damages materials and degrades properties, by causing tensile residual stresses or microfractures in the workpiece surface. Numerous methods have been proposed to identify grinding burn. However, the main problems of current methods are their sensitivity and robustness. This paper describes a new method of grinding burn identification with highly sensitive acoustic emission (AE) techniques. The wavelet packet transform is used to extract features from AE signals and fuzzy pattern recognition is employed for optimising features and identifying the grinding status. Experimental results show that the accuracy of grinding burn recognition is satisfactory.     

GH4169疲劳试样加工残余应力的表征及其对低周疲劳寿命的影响

为了探究GH4169合金低周疲劳试样加工过程中表面残余应力的变化及残余应力对低周疲劳性能的影响,采用X射线衍射法对“车 磨 抛”不同加工工艺的试样表面残余应力进行表征及对成品试样进行残余应力层深度测试,通过中子衍射法对试样内部进行残余应力测试。采用电液伺服万能试验机进行了低周疲劳试验。结果表明：GH4169合金低周疲劳试样加工表面残余应力随着切削量的增加由表面残余压应力变为残余拉应力。根据残余应力层深度测试,机加工对试样表面造成残余应力层深度小于0.01 mm,内部残余拉应力减小;根据疲劳试验结果,GH4169合金疲劳寿命与表面轴向残余压应力呈正相关关系。     

Clustering of acoustic emission signals collected during tensile tests on unidirectional glass/polyester composite using supervised and unsupervised classifiers

Acoustic Emission (AE) can be used to discriminate the different types of damage occurring in a constrained composite. However, the main problem associated with data analysis is the discrimination between the different acoustic emission sources. The objective of the cluster analysis is to separate a set of data into several classes that reflect the internal structure of the data. Indeed, cluster analysis is an important tool for investigating and interpreting data. In this paper we use two kinds of classifiers: a supervised classifier and also an unsupervised one (Kohonen's map). We combine two techniques: the k-means algorithm and the k nearest neighbours. Glass/polyester model specimens were used for the validation of the proposed methodology. We worked on polyester resin and glass/polyester unidirectional specimens, subjected to tensile loading within different configurations, awaiting preferential damage modes in the material. Moreover, single fibre composites have been tested to produce fibre breakage acoustic emission events under conditions closely approximating those encountered in a real composite.     

Fatigue life of machined Ti6Al4V alloy under different cooling conditions

This paper presents an extensive experimental study on the influence of machining parameters and cooling conditions on the overall fatigue life of a titanium component. In particular, dry, minimum quantity lubrication, cryogenic and high-pressure air jet were compared as cooling/lubrication strategies for the finishing operation. The obtained dog-bone cylindrical fatigue specimens were tested under uniaxial pull–pull cyclic loading in the high cycle fatigue range. An analytical model is proposed to predict the high cycle fatigue strength for the material under investigation demonstrating its effectiveness to reduce the number of tests needed.     

某型飞机起落架收放试验过程中疲劳损伤的声发射监测

介绍了飞机起落架收放试验过程中其附属零部件疲劳损伤的声发射实时监测。在强冲击振动背景噪声下，采用声发射信号参数的趋势分析和相关分析方法，实现了对于多目标、动态对象的实时监测并成功地监测出作动筒泄漏故障和铰链磨损故障。所用方法具有简单、直观、快速和实时性好的特点，可供后续的全机疲劳试验过程中声发射信号处理或类似高背景噪声环境下的声发射监测技术提供借鉴。