激光-等离子弧复合焊温度场的数值模拟

利用峰值热流随深度衰减的高斯体热源与高斯面热源相结合的方法,建立了激光等离子弧复合焊三维运动热源模型,重点考虑了由热源间距引起的激光束与等离子弧之间相互作用对热源模型的影响.基于所建立的热源模型对2 mm厚1420铝锂合金板的激光等离子弧复合焊接温度场进行了有限元分析,得到了不同热源间距条件下焊接区域的温度场分布.结果表明,仿真结果与试验结果相符合,证明了该热源模型是反映了客观实际的.此工作对于激光电弧复合焊接传热及工艺研究具有指导意义.     

Optimization of Ti6Al4V titanium alloy laser–arc hybrid weld parameters

This article reports the results of a study aimed at using statistical methods to optimize the parameters for laser–arc hybrid butt welding of Ti6Al4V titanium alloy sheets with a thickness of 3.0 mm. The study has examined the effects of the hybrid welding process parameters, such as laser beam power, arc pulse frequency, arc length, arc current, wire speed, laser and arc relative positions, and weld speed. Microstructure has been studied using light microscopy and morphological analysis of weld bead cross sections. This article reports the results of energy and morphological tests.     

铝合金LB-VPPA复合焊接热源特性

以Al-Mn系铝合金LB-VPPA(laser beam-variable polarity plasma arc)复合焊接热源特性为研究对象,采用Y4-S2型高速摄像仪和汉诺威焊接质量分析仪分别研究了LB-VPPA复合热源焊接过程中的电弧形态的变化、焊接电流、电压的特征信息. 结果表明,激光对VPPA焊接电弧有吸引作用,并且与VPPA正、反极性作用机理不同. 正极性阶段发现激光被压缩于VPPA电弧内部且作用于电弧根部,而反极性阶段在VPPA电弧上方会出现一个等离子体柱. VPPA焊电弧根部等离子体对激光的逆轫致辐射吸收,电弧因温度升高而膨胀导致其横截面积变大;同时引入激光为VPPA焊接电弧提供了大量自由电子,电流密度增加、导电性增强、电导率提高、电阻减小,导致电弧电压下降了约3~4 V. 随着激光功率的增加,激光对VPPA电弧作用效果明显增强.     

能源节约型激光诱导电弧复合焊技术及应用

围绕低能耗绿色焊接制造技术及理论开展研究,阐述低功率激光与电弧之间的相互作用机理,提出低功率脉冲激光诱导电弧复合高效焊的设计思想,建立了能源节约型的复合焊制造技术体系. 结果表明,采用低功率脉冲激光对电弧进行诱导使电弧能量密度显著提高,实现了激光与电弧两种热源之间的良好调控. 采用低功率激光诱导电弧复合焊技术成功实现了镁合金、钛合金及钢铁等多种金属材料的优质高效焊接. 该技术的发展为实现低能耗绿色焊接制造起到了积极的推动作用.     

YAG激光与脉冲MIG复合焊接

研究了YAG(掺钕钇铝石榴石 ,Nd 3:Y3Al5O1 2 )激光与脉冲MIG电弧复合焊接铝合金的新工艺 ,设计制造了复合焊接机头 ,探讨了各种规范参数对焊缝成形的影响规律及激光与电弧的复合作用。结果表明 ,在比较宽的参数范围内YAG激光 -脉冲MIG复合焊接铝合金焊缝成形美观 ,无气孔等缺陷 ,熔深与激光单独焊比增加 4倍 ,与脉冲MIG焊接比增加 1倍以上 ,焊速显著提高 ,是一种理想的焊接工艺。     

窄间隙坡口激光-MAG复合焊温度场数值模拟

采用激光电弧复合焊焊接窄间隙坡口钢板,坡口会影响激光光致等离子体及电弧形态,从而改变能量密度分布。采用数值模拟手段,综合考虑激光与电弧的相互作用以及窄间隙坡口对等离子体及电弧的压缩作用,建立激光-MAG复合堆焊热源模型和适用于窄间隙坡口的激光-MAG复合焊接热源模型,并分别进行堆焊和窄间隙坡口对接焊的温度场数值模拟。结果表明,两种热源模型的模拟所得焊缝形状与实际焊接焊缝熔合线相符性良好,熔宽、熔深相近,窄间隙坡口对温度场分布有重要影响。     

镁合金低脉冲激光-气体混合焊的熔池形貌演变和多级调控

利用基于COMSOL Multiphysics的脉冲激光-气体钨极电弧（GTA）混合焊接新型双热源模型,分析了焊缝沿线选定点的温度分布,研究了激光脉冲参数和电弧电流对熔池形貌的影响。工艺参数对熔池深度的影响由大到小为：激光激励电流>电弧电流>激光脉冲宽度>激光脉冲频率;工艺参数对熔池宽度的影响由大到小为：电弧电流>激光脉冲宽度或激光激励电流>激光脉冲频率。在此基础上,构建了激光诱导电弧焊接镁合金熔池形貌数据库体系,通过复合热源参数的分级调控,以实现对熔池形貌的精准控制。利用T形焊接熔池来验证熔池形貌的调控效果,结果表明控形的准确度高至95.1%。     

铝合金双光束/单光束激光-TIG复合焊

针对4mm厚5A06铝合金,分析了双光束光纤激光-TIG复合焊的焊缝成形特点、气孔率、匙孔动态特征及接头力学性能,并与单光束光纤激光-TIG复合焊对比。结果表明,在获得相同焊缝背面熔宽条件下,与单光束激光-TIG复合焊相比,双光束激光-TIG复合焊的焊缝背面成型连续性、均匀性更优且熔宽波动较小,焊缝气孔率降低50%以上,激光匙孔开口面积平均值更大,波动变异系数更小;双光束激光-TIG复合焊接头抗拉强度、断后伸长率、显微硬度、组织与单光束激光-TIG复合焊结果差别不大。     

Brazing of metals – consumables,technologies and standardisation

For predicting welding distortion and residual stress generated by laser–arc hybrid welding, a series of experiments and analyses were carried out. A bead-on-plate welding was performed on SM490 steel by using a fibre laser and CO₂ arc welding by changing their heat input ratio. The experiment was simulated by thermal elastic–plastic analysis with the proposed simulation model considering the penetration shape by laser and arc separately. By using this model, the experimental results could be simulated with high accuracy. Therefore, the validity and generality of the numerical simulation model could be verified. The tendency and magnitude of angular distortion varied with the heat input ratio of laser and arc. The results indicated the possibility of the ideal heat input ratio of laser and arc for controlling angular distortion generated by hybrid welding. On the other hand, it was confirmed that the heat input ratio of laser and arc did not affect residual stress generated by hybrid welding.     

低功率YAG激光-MAG电弧复合焊接不锈钢

以0Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢钢板为试验材料,研究了低功率脉冲YAG激光-脉冲MAG电弧复合热源和单脉冲MAG焊接不锈钢.结果表明,低功率脉冲YAG激光-脉冲MAG电弧复合热源同样具有大功率激光-电弧复合焊接才有的增加熔深、提高焊接速度、稳定焊接过程等优点;低功率脉冲YAG激光的加入改变了电弧形态,电弧根部被吸引和压缩现象显著,提高了能量利用率;与单脉冲MAG堆焊相比,在相同焊接速度下复合焊最大能增加熔深1.3倍,在相同熔深下复合焊的焊接速度可以提高50%;复合焊焊缝的晶粒较单MAG焊缝中的晶粒细小,其焊缝抗拉强度比单MAG的好,断裂属于延性断裂.     

激光-微束等离子弧复合焊接过程的结构负载声发射信号表征

采用脉冲YAG激光焊、微束等离子弧焊和激光-微束等离子弧复合焊对304不锈钢进行焊接试验,实时采集焊接过程中的结构负载声发射信号,研究声发射信号对焊接过程的表征. 结果表明,激光离焦量为-2 mm的激光-微束等离子弧复合焊接,热源复合效果更好,焊缝表现出更显著的复合热源焊接特征. 焊缝获得了更好的表面成形和熔深、熔宽. 热源复合效果更好的焊接过程,其声发射信号波形表现出更大振幅,且更为均匀,并与激光热源的周期性相符,呈现出明显的复合热源焊接周期性. 因此可以利用焊接过程检测到的结构负载声发射信号表征激光和微束等离子弧两种热源复合效果特征.     

CO2 laser-micro plasma arc hybrid welding for galvanized steel sheets

A laser lap welding process for zinc-coated steel has a well-known unsolved problem-porosity formation. The boiling temperature of coated zinc is lower than the melting temperature of the base metal, which is steel. In the autogenous laser welding, the zinc vapor generates from the lapped surfaces expels the molten pool and the expulsion causes numerous weld defects, such as spatters and blow holes on the weld surface and porosity inside the welds. The laser-arc hybrid welding was suggested as an alternative method for the laser lap welding because the arc can preheat or post-heat the weldment according to the arrangement of the laser beam and the arc. CO₂ laser-micro plasma hybrid welding was applied to the lap welding of zinc-coated steel with zero-gap. The relationships among the weld quality and process parameters of the laser-arc arrangement, and the laser-arc interspacing distance and arc current were investigated using a full-factorial experimental design. The effect of laser-arc arrangement is dominant because the leading plasma arc partially melts the upper steel sheets and vaporizes or oxidizes the coated zinc on the lapped surfaces. Compared with the result from the laser-TIG hybrid welding, the heat input from arc can be reduced by 40%.     

工业纯钛光纤激光-MIG复合焊接工艺及性能

采用光纤激光与熔化极惰性气体保护电弧焊(MIG焊)复合焊接工业纯钛,分别对激光焊、MIG焊和复合焊接头的焊缝表面成形、横断面进行了观察,并进行了激光焊和复合焊接头的拉伸试验及杯突试验.结果表明,复合焊的电弧稳定性比MIG焊显著提高,焊接速度可提高7倍;复合焊与激光焊接头的抗拉强度高于母材;复合焊接头的杯突值优于激光焊接头的杯突值,这是因为复合焊焊缝的微观组织有利于接头的塑性.因此,采用光纤激光-MIG电弧复合焊接方法很好地实现了工业纯钛的高速焊接,焊缝成形良好,接头的塑性优于单一激光焊的塑性.

Abstract：

Fiber laser-metal inert gas (MIG) arc hybrid welding was used to weld the commercial pure titanium (CP-Ti). The weld appearance, cross section, tensile strength, Erichsen value and microstructure of the CP-Ti welded joints were studied. The results show that the arc stability is substantially improved and the welding speed can be increased to 7 times by fiber laser-MIG hybrid welding. The welded joints by laser welding and the hybrid welding exhibit the higher ultimate tensile strength than those of the base metal. In addition, the welded joint by the fiber laser-MIG hybrid welding has higher Erichsen values than that by laser joints. The difference in plasticity is attributed to the microstructure changes in the welded joint of hybrid welding. Thus, the fiber laser-MIG hybrid welding of CP-Ti can be carried out suecessfully at higher welding speed with a good combination of weld bead appearance and plasticity.     

激光能量对Nd:YAG激光-短路MAG复合热源焊接过程的影响

针对低碳钢材料,通过改变加入的激光功率来研究激光能量因素对激光-短路MAG复合热源焊接过程稳定性和焊缝成形的综合影响.结果表明,对于特定条件下的激光-短路MAG复合热源焊接过程稳定性,存在最佳的激光功率范围,并不是加入的激光功率越大,焊接过程越稳定;从激光-短路MAG复合热源焊缝成形和焊接过程稳定性角度,按照加入的激光能量大小,可以把激光-短路MAG复合热源分为小功率激光能量稳定电弧阶段、过渡阶段和大功率激光能量增加熔深阶段.并针对各个阶段,从熔滴受力角度分析了激光能量因素对焊接过程的影响机制.     

激光与电弧间距对激光复合焊熔滴过渡的影响

采用高速摄影设备研究了在两种焊接电流工艺参数下激光与电弧的间距变化对CO2激光-MIG电弧复合焊接熔滴过渡过程的影响.试验发现,在高速MIG焊接时熔滴过渡不稳定,在激光-MIG复合焊接时,由于激光光致等离子体对熔滴的热辐射作用和对电弧的吸引作用而改变了电弧的形态及相应的熔滴的受力状态,使得熔滴的过渡过程发生了改变,对于不同的焊接电流工艺参数,存在不同的最佳激光与电弧间距.结果表明,在最佳间距下,即两个等离子体的耦合作用良好时,熔滴过渡形式为单一的稳定射流过渡,电流电压恒定,焊缝成形良好.     

Nd:YAG激光+脉冲GMAW复合热源焊接参数对焊缝熔宽的影响

通过试验研究了Nd:YAG激光 脉冲GMAW复合热源焊接过程中焊接工艺参数对焊缝熔宽的影响.结果表明,复合热源焊缝熔宽随电弧功率和激光功率的增大而增大,随焊接速度的提高而减小,而光丝间距和离焦量对复合热源焊缝熔宽影响相对较小.复合热源焊缝熔宽远大于激光焊缝熔宽而仅稍大于脉冲GMAW焊缝熔宽,说明在复合热源焊接过程中脉冲GMAW决定焊缝熔宽,这主要是由于激光束加热区域远小于电弧加热区域造成的.试验结果的分析比较还表明,在激光 电弧复合热源焊接过程中激光功率的增大还极大地提高了焊接速度.     

电弧弧长对激光-电弧复合焊飞溅和底部驼峰的影响

由于热源形式的特殊性,激光-电弧复合焊接过程中激光和电弧间易发生相互干扰,产生飞溅和底部驼峰等缺陷。以590 MPa级船用高强钢为研究对象,研究了电弧弧长对激光-电弧复合焊飞溅和焊缝底部驼峰的影响。为了深入研究激光-电弧复合焊飞溅和底部驼峰的产生机理,利用高速摄像设备对熔滴过渡行为和焊缝底部熔池进行了观察。结果表明,适当缩短电弧弧长可以降低激光和电弧间的相互干扰,提高复合焊接过程的稳定性,进而降低飞溅产生的倾向。底部驼峰是小孔熔透性差和底部熔池流动不连续所引起的。缩短电弧弧长可以对底部驼峰的产生起到抑制作用,这是因为缩短电弧弧长可以降低等离子体对激光的吸收,提高激光的能量利用率,增加小孔熔透性和稳定性。 创新点： 研究了电弧弧长对激光-电弧复合焊飞溅和底部驼峰的影响,采用高速摄像方法对底部熔池流动进行了观察,进一步明确了激光-电弧复合焊接焊缝底部驼峰的产生原因。     

长输管道全位置激光-电弧复合焊接技术

采用激光-电弧复合焊接技术开展管道的全位置激光-电弧复合焊接可行性研究．结果表明,激光-电弧复合焊接工艺能够适应管道环焊缝焊接的要求．在从0°～180°的焊接过程中,通过调整焊接参数,均能够获得成形良好的焊缝．金相观察表明,母材和焊材熔合良好;焊接接头中心区狭长,具有激光焊的特点;热影响区具有电弧焊的特点;金相组织不受位置影响．焊接接头的硬度接近母材,抗拉强度接近或超过母材;在无内部缺陷的情况下,弯曲试验和冲击试验结果满足现行标准要求．     

Correlation between laser-wire distance and Nd：YAG laser ＋ P-GMA hybrid welding heat input parameters

In laser+P-GMA hybrid welding,laser-wire distance is an important parameter to describe the distance from laser spot to the center of the pulsed gas metal arc.The experiments results show that the optimal laser-wire distance with the deepest weld penetration increases with welding current and laser power being increased and decreases with welding speed being increased.Welding current,laser power and welding speed determine the hybrid welding heat input in laser+arc hybrid welding process,so there is a correlation between the optimal laser-wire distance and the hybrid heat input welding parameters for the deepest weld penetration: the optimal laser-wire distance increases with the heat input being increased.The positive correlation between the optimal laser-wire distance and the hybrid welding heat input is induced by the characteristics of the limited influence of P-GMA welding process on laser transmission and the dependence of weld penetration of hybrid welding on laser power.     

电弧对激光吸收与散焦的定量测量

复合热源焊接过程中，激光与电弧之间相互作用的物理机制一直是复合热源焊接技术研究中的难点。激光形成的锁孔对电弧有吸引、压缩作用，由于激光穿过电弧时能量被电弧吸收和散焦，对锁孔的稳定形成有直接影响，因此研究激光穿过复合电弧时的吸收与传输特性对分析复合热源焊接机理、合理选择工艺参数有重要意义。文中设计一种新型试验方法，采用激光烧蚀有机玻璃的方法定量测量CO2激光穿过电弧时，电弧对激光的吸收与散焦特性，通过有机玻璃的烧蚀深度和烧蚀宽度反映激光能量的损耗，获得了不同焊接电流与电弧位置对激光能量的影响规律。