Study on gas metal arc welding procedure of stainless steel

Summary

This paper describes an investigation of the creep rupture properties of welded joints produced from W-containing 9Cr-Mo-W steel. The creep rupture properties of the HAZ are also studied using simulated HAZ specimens subjected to PWHT (post-weld heat treatment). The effect of W on the creep rupture strength of the welded joints is examined.

Creep rupture tests of GTA (TIG) welded joints are conducted. The longest creep rupture time is around 20 000 hours. In the creep rupture tests, the welded joints rupture in the base metal at higher applied stresses, rupturing in the low-ductility fine-grained HAZ adjacent to the base metal at lower applied stresses.

When the welded joints rupture in the base metal, their creep rupture strength is as high as that of the base metal. When the welded joints rupture in the HAZ, however, their creep rupture strength is lower than that of the base metal. The cracking which occurs in the HAZ is TYPE IV cracking which tends to affect the welded joints of ferritic heat-resistant steel. TYPE IV cracking is the type which occurs in the fine-grained HAZ at a lower stress than the creep rupture strength of the base metal without being associated with any heavy deformation.

In the creep rupture tests, the simulated HAZ specimens heated to a temperature around Ac1 and Ac3 give a lower creep rupture strength than that of the base metal. The simulated HAZ specimens heated to the Ac3 temperature give the lowest creep rupture strength.

A comparison of the creep rupture strengths of welded joints produced from 9Cr-Mo-W steel and 9Cr-1 Mo-Nb-V (mod. 9Cr-Mo) steel suggests that W improves the creep rupture strength of both welded joints and base metal.     

Suppressing type IV failure via modification of heat affected zone microstructures using high boron content in 9Cr heat resistant steel welded joints

Abstract

Creep rupture strength at 923 K and microstructural evolution of welded joints have been investigated for high boron–low nitrogen–9Cr heat resistant steels developed at the National Institute for Materials Science (Japan). Welded joints were prepared from plates containing 47–180 ppm boron using gas tungsten arc welding and Inconel type filler metal, and showed superior creep properties to those of welded joints of conventional high chromium steels such as P92 and P122. No type IV failure was observed in the boron steel welded joints. A large grained microstructure was observed in the heat affected zone heated to Ac ₃ (Ac ₃ HAZ) during welding, whereas the grains are refined at the same location in conventional steel welded joints. The simulated Ac ₃ HAZ structures of the boron steels have a creep life almost equal to that of the base metal. Large grained HAZ microstructures and stabilisation of M₂₃C₆ precipitates are probable reasons for suppression of type IV failure and improved creep resistance of the boron steel welded joints.     

Microstructure and creep strength of welds in advanced ferritic power plant steels

Abstract

The microstructure and creep strength of simulated heat affected zone (HAZ) specimens and welded joints have been investigated for advanced 9-12%Cr steels in order to understand the mechanisms responsible for Type IV cracks and to improve the creep strength of welded joints at high temperature. The creep and creep rupture tests were carried out at 650° C (923 K) for up to about 10⁴ h. The creep crack growth tests were also carried out for welded joints, base metal and simulated HAZ specimens using the CT specimens. The creep rupture time of simulated HAZ specimens has its minimum after heating to A_C3 temperature, which produces fine-grained martensitic microstructure. Decreasing the width of HAZ by means of electron beam (EB) welding is effective for the extension of creep life but the brittle Type IV fracture appears even in the EB welded joints at low stress and long time conditions. Most of the welded joint specimens were fractured in fine-grained HAZ and resulted in shorter creep life than those of base metals as a result of the formation of creep voids and cracks. It should also be noted that in the fine-grained zone, the recovery of martensitic microstructure during creep is inhomogeneous as shown by the formation of coarse subgrains in the region of fine subgrains. Using a specially designed FEM code for Type IV crack growth behaviour, the vacancy diffusion under multi-axial stress conditions of welded joints in HAZ is analysed. The effect of creep ductility and void formation ahead of the crack tip on creep crack growth rate is successfully simulated.     

IMPROVEMENT OF TYPE IV CRACKING RESISTANCE OF 9Cr HEAT RESISTING STEEL WELDMENT BY BORON ADDITION

Creep lives of high Cr ferritic heat resisting steel weldments decrease due to Type Ⅳ fracture, which occurs as a result of formation and growth of creep voids and cracks on grain boundaries in fine-grained heat affected zone (HAZ). Because boron is considered to suppress the coarsening of grain boundary precipitates and growth of creep voids, we have investigated the effect of boron addition on the creep properties of 9Cr steel weldments. Four kinds of 9Cr3WSCoVNb steels with boron content varying from 4.7×10-5 to 1.8×10-4 and with nitrogen as low as 2.0×10-5 were prepared. The steel plates were welded by gas tungsten arc welding and crept at 923K. It was found that the microstructures of HAZ were quite different from those of conventional high Cr steels such as P91 and P92, namely the fine-grained HAZ did not exist in the present steel weldments. Boron addition also has the effect to suppress coarsening of grain boundary carbides in HAZ during creep. As a result of these phenomena, the welded join     

Analysis of factors affecting type IV cracking in welded joints of high chromium ferritic heat resistant steels

Abstract

In the present work, creep tests on single pass welded joints were carried out to investigate the factors affecting the deterioration of the creep strength of weldments of high Cr heat resistant steels. In creep tests at a temperature of 923 K and stresses of 90 and 120 MPa, creep fracture occurred in the fine grained heat affected zone (FGHAZ) and was identified as type IV cracking. It was found that a peak temperature between Ac₁ and Ac₃ in the FGHAZ caused the observed creep property deterioration. The factors identified as leading to the deterioration are a fine grain structure, low hardness, and large precipitates. Further investigations confirmed the influence of the fine grain structure as a critical factor decreasing the creep rupture time. The hardness difference between the FGHAZ and the base metal is insignificant, especially at 923 K. However, SEM investigations revealed that many large precipitates are distributed on the boundaries of the martensite laths and prior austenite grain boundaries. It is considered that the large precipitates also have a significant influence on the creep strength deterioration.     

Analysis of factors responsible for the accelerated creep rupture of 12% Cr martensitic steel weld joints

In the process of the investigation of the heat resistance of a 0.07C–12Cr–Ni–Mo–V–Nb steel of the martensitic–ferritic class, a reduction was revealed in the long-term strength of its welded joints to below the level of the strength of the base metal. To establish the causes for the accelerated failure of the welded joints, an imitation of the thermal cycles was carried out that produce the structure of the heataffected zone using a dilatometer. In the samples with the structure that corresponds to that of the heataffected zone, a local zone of softening was revealed. The investigations of the metal structure using transmission electron microscopy have shown that the reduction in the creep rupture strength was caused by structural changes under the conditions of the thermal cycle of welding upon the staying of the steel in the temperature range between the Ac₁ and Ac₃ points.     

Research on the creep damage and interfacial failure of dissimilarmetal welded joint between 10Cr9Mo1 VNbN and 12Cr1MoV steel

0　IntroductionAnewmodified 9Cr Mosteel (SA2 13T91orT91)pos sessesimprovedhightemperaturestrength ,excellentductili ty ,weldability ,heatfatigueproperties .Therefore ,T91hasbeenwidelyusedinelectricpower,petrochemicalplant,nu clearpowerstation ,andsoon[1～3] .Itisappliedtothefinalstagesofsuperheatersandreheatersinfossil firedpowerplants .However,lowalloypearlitesteel(12Cr1MoV)isstillusedintheearlierstages .Thus,therearealotofdissimilarmetalweldedjoints (DMWJs)betweenSA2 13T91and12Cr1Mo…     

热处理对1Cr18Ni9Ti与2Cr13钢板焊接接头耐腐蚀性的影响

通过填丝钨极氩弧焊方法对1Cr18Ni9Ti与2Cr13钢板进行焊接,并对焊接接头进行焊后热处理。采用SEM对焊接接头热处理前后的组织进行观察及分析;采用模拟海水浸泡试验,测量了焊接接头的交流抗阻和极化曲线。结果表明,1Cr18Ni9Ti和2Cr13钢板焊接接头热处理前焊缝为典型的柱状晶,组织为板条马氏体+奥氏体+第二相;热处理后焊缝组织为回火索氏体+奥氏体+第二相。热处理前后,焊接接头耐腐蚀性由强到弱的顺序都为:奥氏体母材>奥氏体侧热影响区>焊缝区>马氏体侧热影响区>马氏体母材。对比而言,热处理后焊接接头中马氏体母材区的耐蚀性略有升高,其他区域均有下降。     

12Cr1MoVG焊接接头高温短时拉伸及可靠性评价

分别对焊态和焊后热处理(PWHT)的12Cr1MoVG钢焊接接头进行300~600℃高温短时拉伸试验,根据该试验结果可以推算出接头的持久强度。结果表明,随测试温度的升高,两种接头的高温短时拉伸强度降低,伸长率升高。断口形貌分析表明接头的断裂机制由剪切断逐渐过渡到正断。焊态接头的高温短时拉伸强度均高于PWHT态接头。510℃时,焊态及PWHT态接头的持久强度下限(σ105783)分别为61 MPa和86 MPa,均大于某电站锅炉的额定蒸气压力(30.35 MPa)。PWHT态12Cr1MoVG钢接头具有较高的持久强度,因而具有更高的服役可靠性。     

EFFECT OF CARBON MIGRATION ON CREEP PROPERTIES OF Cr5Mo DISSIMILAR WELDED JOINTS WITH Ni-BASED AND AUSTENITIC WELD METAL

In this paper, the effect of carbon migration on creep properties of Cr5Mo dissimilar welded joints with Ni-based (Inconel 182) and Cr23Ni13 (A302) austenitic weld metal was investigated. Carbon migration near the weld metal/ferritic steel interface of Cr5Mo dissimilar welded joints was analyzed by aging method. Local creep deformations of the dissimilar welded joints were measured by a long-term local creep deformation measuring technique. The creep rupture testing was performed for Cr5Mo dissimilar welded joints with Inconel 182 and A302 weld metal. The research results show that the maximum creep strain rate occurs in the decarburized zone located on heat affect zone (HAZ) of Cr5Mo ferritic steel. The creep rupture life of Cr5Mo dissimilar welded joints with A302 weld metal decreases due to carbon migration and is about 50％ of that welded with Inconel 182 weld metal.     

Modelling creep rupture strength of ferritic steel welds

Abstract

Recent changes in the design of steam turbine power plant have necessitated the replacement of bolted flanges with welded joints. The design process therefore requires a knowledge of the creep rupture strength of the weld metal consumed in the welding process. This paper presents a method which can be used to estimate the creep rupture strength of ferritic steel weld metals, from a knowledge of the creep strength of wrought plates. The method is validated using published data.     

超长寿命区间16Mn钢焊接接头疲劳性能

使用自行研制的TJU-HJ-Ⅰ型超声疲劳试验系统装置进行了16 Mn钢母材和焊接接头试件的超声疲劳性能试验,以探索其在超长疲劳寿命区间的疲劳行为.结果表明,无论母材还是焊接接头,其S-N曲线都是一条连续下降的曲线;在106～107循环周次范围内焊接接头不存在传统概念上的疲劳极限,载荷循环周次超过107甚至109以后,试件依然发生疲劳断裂.在超长寿命区间,焊接接头疲劳强度远低于母材的疲劳强度.使用现有疲劳极限数据去设计工作在超长寿命区间的焊接结构件是很危险的.     

马氏体/贝氏体耐热钢焊接接头的界面蠕变损伤行为

采用脉冲氩弧焊接工艺、高温加速模拟、高温持久实验研究了不同焊缝蠕变强度匹配条件下马氏体耐热钢9Cr1MoVNbN与贝氏体耐热钢12Cr2MoWVTiB异种钢焊接接头的高温强度、界面蠕变损伤及破坏特征.研究结果表明,焊前523 K预热、焊后1023 K×1 h回火条件下,接头的力学性能优异.加速模拟运行500,1000和1500 h后低匹配焊接接头的界面蠕变损伤最严重,发生了界面蠕变断裂,早期失效倾向较大;中匹配接头的蠕变损伤最小,仅发现个别孤立蠕变孔洞,早期失效倾向最小,中匹配接头在923 K下的持久强度(σ105)与低匹配接头比较接近;高匹配接头在923 K下的持久强度(σ105)最低,蠕变孔洞几乎连成裂纹,蠕变损伤和早期失效较大.因此,对于上述异种钢焊接接头采用中匹配焊缝较为合理.     

Heat Strength Evaluation and Microstructures Observation of the Welded Joints of One China-Made T91 Steel

T91 (9Cr1MoVNb), the martensitic heat-resistant steel, is widely applied in industries like power generation, petrochemical, nuclear, etc., and a wealth of researches has been conducted on its properties so far. However, actually for China, T91 was begun to be domestically manufactured only from the end of last century. Hence, thorough assessments of the China-made T91 steels are always urgently required, especially for its welded joints. In this paper, the relationship between mechanical properties and microstructures of the welded joints of one China-made T91 steel was experimentally discussed. Moreover, aging test and creep rupture test were utilized for both analyzing the heat strength and predicting the service life of the joints. Results showed that welded joints of this China-made T91 steel could exhibit sufficient strength under the operating conditions of most nuclear reactors used nowadays.     

等离子喷涂法改善1Cr18Ni9Ti接头的疲劳性能

焊接接头焊趾处的等离子喷涂层可改善焊缝截面形状变化，降低该处的应力集中，提高焊接结构的疲劳强度。采用1Crl8Ni9Ti不锈钢十字接头焊态和喷涂处理试样分别进行疲劳对比试验，并对试验结果进行统计分析。疲劳试验结果表明，等离子喷涂后1Crl8Ni9Ti接头疲劳性能明显改善。焊态试件的疲劳强度为169.8MPa，火焰喷涂试件为186.2MPa，等离子喷涂试件为213.8MPa，与焊态试件相比，等离子喷涂试件的疲劳强度提高25.9％，火焰喷涂试件提高9.7％。等离子喷涂试件的疲劳寿命是焊态试件的1.58～9.62倍，火焰喷涂试件的疲劳寿命是焊态的1.55～1.97倍。     

Observation of type IV cracking in welded joints of high chromium ferritic heat resistant steels

Abstract

Type IV cracking in welded joints of high Cr ferritic heat resistant steels at 923 K is investigated in the present study. First, internal pressure creep tests were performed to investigate the features of cracking at 923 K and at stresses of 108–167 MPa. Results showed that at low stresses cracks occurred in the fine grained heat affected zone (FGHAZ), showing low deformation, a vast amount of creep voids and short creep life: these were identified to be type IV cracks. However, as the stress was increased the crack locations moved further away from the fusion line, the creep void area density decreased, and the slope of the main crack ratio curve increased. At high stress, cracks occurred in the base metal and were identified to be normal cracks. Second, creep tests were carried out on one pass welded specimens to clarify the relationship between the creep property deterioration in the FGHAZ and the weld thermal cycle. Type IV cracking was repeated successfully and results showed good correspondence with the position of cracks among the softened region, the highest creep void area density and the fracture location. Both internally pressurised and one pass welded specimens showed that at low stress the FGHAZ was the weak zone and creep voids played an important role in type IV cracking.     

Welding austenitic steel to copper with the defocused radiation of a fibre laser

Special features of producing butt welded joints between 12Cr18Ni10Ti austenitic steel and M1 copper by laser welding are investigated. Welding was carried out without filler or intermediate material. The defocused beam of the fibre laser, displaced to the austenitic steel, was used. The welded joints in dissimilar materials produced in the selected conditions were without defects and their strength was comparable with the M1 copper parent metal. The tensile tests and hardness measurements were carried out on the resultant welded joints. The microstructure of the welded joints was investigated and the transition zone was examined by chemical analysis.     

CLAM钢搅拌摩擦焊接头高温蠕变行为

针对核聚变堆用CLAM钢,对焊后热处理的搅拌摩擦焊接头在823 K条件和180～300 MPa应力水平下的单轴拉伸蠕变性能、断口形貌、显微组织进行了研究. 结果表明,当蠕变应力由300,260及220 MPa降低到180 MPa时,CLAM钢搅拌摩擦焊接头的蠕变寿命分别由1.5,19.2及883 h增加到6769 h以上. 临界热影响区是接头蠕变断裂的最薄弱区域,主要呈现位错控制的蠕变变形机制和穿晶韧性断裂模式. 在蠕变过程中临界热影响区组织发生回复并形成亚晶,导致位错强化作用降低;M₂₃C₆碳化物发生不同程度的粗化或周围生成Laves相,导致析出和固溶强化作用减弱;这些因素是CLAM钢FSW接头蠕变性能恶化的主要原因. 采用Monkman-Grant方程预测FSW接头在1×105 h蠕变寿命下的蠕变断裂强度估计为156 MPa,达到母材强度的88%.     

异种钢闪光对焊接头蠕变断裂力学行为

分别钢闪光对焊制备的高强匹配（ＢＷ－ＷＨ－ＢＬ）、低强匹配（ＢＨ－ＷＬ－ＢＭ）和中强匹配（ＢＬ－ＷＭ－ＨＢ）的;宏观力学不均匀异种钢接头进行了蠕变及蠕变断裂,试验,并用有限元方法分析了不同匹配接头蠕变断裂的力学因素。结果表明,高强匹配和低强匹配接头均沿头邻近焊缝界面的低强度母材或焊缝侧发生断裂,并怕特征;中强匹配接头蠕变断裂位置在远离焊缝界面的低强度母材区,呈延性断裂性质。应力三轴性是控制高强匹配     

Simulation of role of precipitate in creep void occurrence in heat affected zone of high Cr ferritic heat resistant steels

Abstract

A three-dimensional (3D) precipitate and matrix model was used to investigate the role of precipitates as nucleation sites of creep void in the heat affected zone (HAZ) of a welded joint of high Cr ferritic heat resistant steels at high temperature and low stress. Several factors affecting creep void initiation, such as Young's modulus of precipitate and precipitate size, were studied. The material properties of the matrix were investigated for the regions of coarse grained HAZ, fine grained HAZ and base metal in the welded joint. The results show that creep void occurs easily in the fine grained HAZ region because of the deterioration in material properties and coarsened precipitates in this zone