纯镁切应力变形后的微观组织演变、力学性能、腐蚀行为（英文）

纯镁为密排六方结构,具有较少的独立滑移系导致其塑性较差。研究了纯镁变形后的微观组织演变、力学性能、腐蚀行为。结果表明,纯镁经过等径角挤压(ECAP)变形后晶粒明显细化以及基面织构发生了弱化,导致纯镁的塑性得到了显著地提高。等径角挤压变形后纯镁强度降低主要是因为基面织构弱化影响大于晶粒细化。此外,等径角挤压变形后纯镁自腐蚀电位和腐蚀电流密度明显增加,纯镁的抗腐蚀性能显著提高。纯镁的腐蚀机理可能从局部腐蚀向均匀腐蚀转变,从而减少了样品在标准模拟体液浸泡中的腐蚀脱落,确保了试样的完整性。     

Ultra-Fine Grained Degradable Magnesium for Biomedical Applications

通过对工业纯镁以及ZM21合金的性能测试研究了镁合金在可降解生物医学中的应用,讨论了等径角挤压制备超细晶以及温挤压对材料性能的影响。晶粒细化导致合金材料压缩强度明显提高,强烈的初始变形织构导致粗晶镁合金拉伸强度高于压缩。等径角挤压能够减弱织构的影响,使不同合金塑性流变行为获得改变。材料腐蚀性能主要受化学成分、晶粒大小以及先前变形诱导晶格畸变程度的综合影响。等径角挤压细化晶粒、增大晶格缺陷密度在一定程度上制衡了材料的腐蚀性能。同时弥散分布的第二相粒子的增加对于点蚀发展有着积极的作用。     

可降解超细晶镁合金在生物医学中的应用(英文)

通过对工业纯镁以及ZM21合金的性能测试研究了镁合金在可降解生物医学中的应用,讨论了等径角挤压制备超细晶以及温挤压对材料性能的影响。晶粒细化导致合金材料压缩强度明显提高,强烈的初始变形织构导致粗晶镁合金拉伸强度高于压缩。等径角挤压能够减弱织构的影响,使不同合金塑性流变行为获得改变。材料腐蚀性能主要受化学成分、晶粒大小以及先前变形诱导晶格畸变程度的综合影响。等径角挤压细化晶粒、增大晶格缺陷密度在一定程度上制衡了材料的腐蚀性能。同时弥散分布的第二相粒子的增加对于点蚀发展有着积极的作用。     

轧制镁合金中的板织构及其控制工艺

对轧制镁合金中的板织构及其控制工艺的研究进展进行评述。镁合金在轧制过程中形成(0001)平面平行于轧制平面的基面织构,其主要原因是基面α滑移及{10-12}孪生变形。通过弱化织构,可显著提高变形镁合金的塑性和成形性。弱化镁合金织构的手段有2种:添加稀土元素和设计特殊成型工艺。添加少量稀土就可对织构弱化起到明显效果。通过异步轧制、等径角轧制等引入剪切变形,改变再结晶晶粒基面取向,从而弱化变形镁合金织构。镁合金板材多道次轧制过程中或者轧制后一般都需进行退火,退火工艺对变形镁合金的织构有一定弱化效果。     

正挤压-扭转剪切变形对镁合金组织与性能的影响

用光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪以及电子万能试验机,研究了正挤压-扭转剪切变形对AZ31、AZ61和AZ80镁合金组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,经正挤压-扭转剪切变形后,镁合金发生了显著的晶粒细化和基面织构弱化,其中：AZ61镁合金发生了充分的动态再结晶,可将晶粒尺寸显著细化至3 μm,随挤压温度的升高,晶粒有所长大,基面织构受位错脱钉作用而进一步弱化。AZ31镁合金在挤压温度为250℃时获得优良的力学性能,其压缩率和抗压强度分别高达29.2%和395 MPa     

等径角挤压处理后的Mg-Gd-Y-Zr合金的微观组织和力学性能

研究等径角挤压过程中材料的微观组织和织构演变以及对其力学性能的影响。结果表明：挤压4道次后的微观组织是不均匀的,即在此过程中形成了粗晶区和细晶区2个区域。颗粒诱发的再结晶机制导致晶粒细化,在4道次后形成了更加随机的织构。与挤压前的原始材料相比较,经等径角挤压处理的材料虽然强度没有增加,但是塑性有了显著的提高。用织构改变和第二相颗粒解释了合金塑性的变化。     

Mg-Y及AZ31镁合金高温变形过程中微观织构的演化

在温度为723 K、应变速度为3×10-3 s-1的条件下,对Mg-Y及AZ31镁合金挤压棒材进行单向压缩变形,利用OM、SEM和EBSD观察、分析Y对挤压棒材动态再结晶和微观织构的影响。结果表明:AZ31镁合金在真应变ε=0.2时发生明显的动态再结晶,在ε=0.5时,动态再结晶晶粒的体积分数高达80%以上;而Mg-Y合金在真应变ε=0.4时,动态再结晶体积分数尚不足10%,Y对镁合金动态再结晶有显著的阻碍作用;AZ31镁合金变形时,几乎所有晶粒的基面趋向于由变形前平行于压缩方向转至垂直于压缩方向,导致基面织构在ε=1.2时发生近90°的转动;Mg-Y合金则只有小部分晶粒发生转动,转动所形成的择优取向在动态再结晶后显著弱化,并导致取向分布更加随机;Y的添加可导致镁合金基面织构在动态再结晶后显著弱化。     

等径角挤压晶粒细化技术对纯铝显微组织演变、力学性能和腐蚀行为的影响(英文)

在室温下,采用等径角挤压法加工纯铝样品10道次。研究等径角挤压道次数对加工样品显微组织演变、力学性能、变形均匀性和腐蚀行为的影响。所施加的应变导致晶粒尺寸明显减小,等径角挤压前,晶粒尺寸为390μm,经等径角挤压2、4和10道次后,晶粒尺寸分别减小至1.8、0.4和0.3μm。随着等径角挤压道次数的增加,显微硬度、变形均匀性和拉伸强度增大,而伸长率下降。浸泡试验、开路电势、Tafel极化、循环极化和恒电位测试表明,与铸态样品相比,在3.5%Na Cl溶液中,经等径角挤压样品的耐蚀性明显提高。增加挤压道次数能成功用来生产具有高错位角、高力学性能和耐蚀性的超细晶大块纯铝。     

等通道角挤压制备超细晶纯Ti的腐蚀性能研究

通过等通道角挤压(ECAP)的方法制备了超细晶纯Ti,利用EBSD技术研究了2～4道次样品晶粒尺寸、基面织构强度和大小角度晶界的变化规律。同时,采用动电位极化和EIS的方法研究不同晶粒尺寸样品的耐模拟海水腐蚀性能。结果表明:经过2道次ECAP,原始粗晶纯Ti的晶粒尺寸和基面织构强度减小,小角度晶界分数急剧增加。随着挤压道次的增加,纯Ti的晶粒尺寸继续减小,基面织构强度先增大后减少,小角度晶界分数逐渐降低。相比于原始粗晶纯Ti,所有ECAP制备的超细晶纯Ti的腐蚀电流密度和腐蚀速率明显降低,极化电阻增大,表现出更加优异的耐海水腐蚀性能。另一方面,随着ECAP道次的增加,纯Ti的耐海水腐蚀性能并不是呈单调增加的关系,3道次试样的耐腐蚀性能最优,这主要归因于晶粒尺寸、基面织构和晶界特征分布的耦合影响,其中基面织构强度的影响占据主导地位。     

挤压温度对纯镁组织演变、力学性能和断裂行为的影响

利用光学显微镜、万能力学试验机和扫描电镜等研究了不同温度下挤压变形对铸态商业纯镁显微组织、力学性能和断裂行为的影响.结果 表明,挤压变形显著地细化纯镁的晶粒尺寸,极大地提高了纯镁的力学性能.经过挤压以后,纯镁的平均晶粒尺寸被细化到18.6 μm以下,最小达7.9 μm;挤压态纯镁的拉伸屈服强度提高到140 MPa以上,抗拉强度提高到210～220 MPa,室温伸长率达到12％～14.7％.晶粒细化不仅提高了纯镁的综合力学性能,也改变了纯镁的拉伸断裂行为,其断裂方式由铸态的脆性断裂变成了挤压态的微孔聚集型断裂.     

等通道转角挤压变形Mg-1.5Mn-0.3Ce镁合金的组织、织构与力学性能

采用等通道转角挤压(ECAP)工艺以Bc路径在623K温度下对Mg-1.5Mn-0.3Ce镁合金进行变形,观察显微组织与织构,测试了力学性能。显微组织分析表明,镁合金经ECAP变形晶粒尺寸明显得到细化,经6道次ECAP变形后晶粒尺寸由原轧制态的约26.1μm细化至约1.2μm,且细小的第二相粒子Mg12Ce弥散分布于晶内及晶界处;同时经ECAP变形后,原始轧制织构随变形道次的增加不断减小,并开始转变为ECAP织构,织构强度不断增强;力学性能结果表明,由于晶粒细化作用大于织构软化作用,前3道次ECAP变形镁合金强度随道次的增加不断提高,与Hall?Petch关系相符,在第3道次时其抗拉强度和屈服强度达到最大值,分别为272.2和263.7MPa;在4道次之后形成较强的非基面织构,镁合金强度下降,与Hall?Petch呈相悖关系。断口分析表明,轧制态与ECAP变形镁合金的断裂方式都是沿晶断裂,由于6道次变形镁合金晶粒细化,存在更多的韧窝并获得16.8%最大室温伸长率。     

Texture and structure contribution to low-temperature plasticity enhancement of Mg-Al-Zn-Mn Alloy MA2-1hp after ECAP and annealing

Equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) in magnesium alloys due to severe plastic shear deformations provides both grain refinement and the slope of the initial basal texture at 40°–50° to the pressing direction. These changes in microstructure and texture contribute to the improvement of low-temperature plasticity of the alloys. Quantitative texture X-ray diffraction analysis and diffraction of backscattered electrons are used to study the main textural and structural factors responsible for enhanced low-temperature plasticity based on the example of magnesium alloy MA2-1hp of the Mg-Al-Zn-Mn system. The possible mechanisms of deformation that lead to this positive effect are discussed.     

ECAP制备超细晶生物医用钛及钛合金的研究进展

钛及钛合金由于质轻、弹性模量低、生物相容性佳和骨整合性优异,已成为应用最广泛的生物医学金属材料之一。然而,较低的塑性、耐腐蚀性能和耐磨损性能限制了其发展和应用。剧烈塑性变形被认为是对金属材料最有效的晶粒细化方法之一,其中,等通道转角挤压（ECAP）是制备块状超细晶（UFG）/纳米晶金属材料的常用技术。通过ECAP变形,可以制备具有优异综合性能的UFG钛及钛合金。本文综述了生物医用UFG钛及钛合金的ECAP制备方式,着重讨论了ECAP变形对钛及钛合金的组织、力学性能、耐腐蚀性能和耐磨损性能的影响,分析了钛及钛合金的ECAP变形机制和晶粒细化机制,提出了通过ECAP变形结合传统塑性加工和变形后热处理来进一步优化钛及钛合金综合性能的想法。     

原始晶粒尺寸对ECAP变形纯钛组织性能的影响

室温下,对923 及1023 K退火1 h所得的不同原始晶粒尺寸的工业纯钛进行ECAP变形。通过TEM、EBSD、室温拉伸和显微硬度测试研究原始晶粒尺寸对ECAP变形纯钛组织性能的影响。探讨纯钛ECAP变形孪生行为和变形机制。结果表明,退火温度越高,原始晶粒尺寸越大。1道次变形后,1023 K退火纯钛的晶粒细化效果更显著。4道次变形后,923 K退火纯钛的组织更细小均匀。随着变形道次的增加,屈服强度不断增大,1道次变形后增幅最大,约为100%,且原始晶粒尺寸越大,强度增幅越大。纯钛ECAP变形机制包括位错滑移和孪生,原始晶粒尺寸越大,孪晶数量越多。     

等通道挤压对AZ80镁合金的组织和织构的影响

研究了AZ80镁合金在300℃下经A路径等通道挤压后显微组织和织构的演变规律,揭示了该应变路径下织构特征形成的内在机制,并讨论了ECAP对第二相析出的影响。结果表明:材料经ECAP后最终获得3~4μm的等轴晶,并显著促进了粒状Mg17Al12相的连续析出,但增加挤压道次晶粒细化效果减弱,粒子粗化;挤压初始可获得基面法线向挤压方向偏转的倾斜织构与基面织构共存的织构特征,在剪切面倾斜度效应和通道间隙的影响下,随着挤压道次的增加,倾斜织构的偏转程度减小,最终获得单一的基面织构。     

Processing–Microstructure–Crystallographic Texture–Surface Property Relationships in Friction Stir Processing of Titanium

Friction stir processing (FSP) is a solid-state technique for microstructural modification of metallic materials. The aim of this work is to establish processing–microstructure–texture–surface properties relationship in commercially pure titanium (cp-Ti) processed by FSP under different processing conditions. The effect of processing conditions on the microstructural changes and the evolution of crystallographic texture is systematically studied. The changes in the chemical composition of the passive surface layer are characterized by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The corrosion behavior of cp-Ti after FSP is evaluated in simulated body fluid and is related to the microstructure, texture and composition of passive layer. Substantial grain refinement was observed after FSP. Shear type deformation texture evolved during FSP with dynamic restoration processes weakening the overall shear texture. The corrosion resistance improved after processing at lower rotational speed due to the presence of basal planes at the surface and the incorporation of TiN in the passive layer. The results of this study suggest that surface properties of cp-Ti like passive layer and corrosion resistance are altered by FSP and can be controlled using appropriate processing parameters.     

基于位错演化模型纳米晶块体材料晶粒的演变

利用试验及数值仿真方法研究了工业纯铝在等径角挤压变形过程中晶粒的尺寸变化。数值仿真过程引入位错演化模型,对纯铝等径角挤压过程中晶粒尺寸的演化进行了模拟。研究结果表明,基于位错演化模型,经4道次剪切变形仿真后纯铝出现纳米级晶粒。数值仿真结果与试验对比显示,两者结果一致,说明利用数值仿真可以预测等径角挤压块体材料晶粒尺寸的演变过程。     

Experimental and numerical investigation on pure aluminum by ECAP

The equal channel angular pressing(ECAP) experiments were carried out with industrial pure aluminum and an in-house mould. The comparison of material grain size before and after ECAP was performed by applying the technique of electron back scattered diffraction(EBSD). The results show that the grains in the material after ECAP are refined and the yield stress and ultimate strength are increased. In order to investigate the deformation mechanism during ECAP and the reason for driving grain size refinement, three-dimensional numerical simulations of the ECAP process were carried out. Based on the Lode parameter analysis, the deformation of the material sample is found very complicated, not just pure shear during extrusion through the angular channel. The simulation confirms that a strong strain gradient in the sample material is imposed by the ECAP.     

Effect of grain refinement on corrosion of ferritic–martensitic steels in supercritical water environment

The effects of grain refinement on the corrosion behavior of three ferritic–martensitic (F/M) steels, HT9, T91, and NF616, and two binary model alloys Fe‐15%Cr and Fe‐18%Cr in supercritical water (SCW) have been investigated. Grain refinement down to a size of about one micron in the surface regions, was achieved by introducing severe plastic deformation by shot peening. After exposure to SCW with 25 ppb oxygen at 500 °C for up to 3000 h, an improvement in corrosion resistance was observed in grain‐refined samples because of the enhanced diffusion of chromium on the surface, through a high density of grain boundaries. The chromium content in the steels and the exposure durations in SCW were determined to be important factors influencing the efficacy of the grain refinement effects. These results are supported by both experimental evidence and theoretical predictions. Another approach for grain refinement, equal channel angular pressing (ECAP), was also investigated for T91 steel. ECAP resulted in lower weight gain due to corrosion compared to the untreated samples, but exhibited a slightly higher weight gain compared to the shot‐peened samples after long‐term exposures in SCW which is probably caused by different fractions of high‐angle grain boundaries in grain‐refined regions, introduced by different grain refinement techniques.