等径弯曲通道变形制备超细晶铜的热稳定性

室温下采用等径弯曲通道变形(Equal Channel Angular Pressing,ECAP)C方式进行了纯铜(99.95%)12道次挤压变形。通过等温和等时退火,研究ECAP变形后铜的退火行为,并研究了等径弯曲通道变形和退火后纯铜的显微硬度和显微结构变化。分析了ECAP应变量、退火时间和退火温度对超细晶铜的再结晶行为、抗软化性能的影响。结果表明:ECAP变形后的超细晶铜在退火过程中,表现出不连续再结晶现象;ECAP降低了铜的热稳定性,变形道次越高再结晶温度越低。退火后稳态晶粒尺寸随变形道次的增加而细化,硬度值随变形道次的增加而增大,回归分析表明,晶粒尺寸与硬度之间的关系符合Hall-Petch公式。     

等径通道挤压制备超细晶金属过程中后压力影响的有限元分析

使用有限元方法模拟在等径通道挤压过程中,后压力对材料塑性变形的影响,并对多道次挤压试验结果进行分析比较.结果表明:施加后压力可以有效提高材料每道次挤压的塑性变形程度和分布均匀性.在多道次挤压过程中,施加后压力可以大幅度降低晶粒最终细化尺寸,降低挤压温度来减小温度对晶粒细化效果的影响.     

纯钼粉末多孔烧结材料ECAP的数值模拟及实验

采用DEFORM-3D软件对纯钼粉末多孔烧结材料等径角挤压过程进行单道次三维有限元模拟和实验研究,获得变形过程中试样的应力、应变、致密行为等相关场量变化规律.模拟结果表明:等径角挤压工艺对粉末材料具有强烈的致密效果,整个变形过程可分为3个阶段,即初始变形、过渡变形及稳定变形;试样纵横截面上,等效应变均存在不均匀分布现象,靠近模具内角和上表面处试样所获应变较大,相对密度也较高.试样不同部位所处应力状态及应变速率分布状态的不一致是导致其应变分布不均匀的根本原因.单道次挤压实验结果与模拟结果具有较好的一致性,证明了所建立有限元模型的可靠性.     

等通道挤压对纯铜组织与性能的影响

等通道挤压作为强烈塑性变形方法的一种,可使材料的晶粒尺寸细化到纳米级.对纯铜试样进行了不同道次的等通道挤压变形,并对其组织和硬度进行了测试.结果表明,纯铜在进行等通道挤压变形时,先形成条带状亚结构,随着挤压道次增加,这些亚结构逐渐细化,亚界面逐渐转化成小角度晶界,进而转化为大角度晶界.经过等通道挤压变形8道次后,纯铜可细化至40～120 nm大小的纳米晶结构.经等通道挤压后纯铜的硬度显著上升,随着等通道挤压道次的增加,硬度增长趋于平缓,6道次后逐渐趋于饱和.     

Static mechanical properties and ductility of biomedical ultrafine-grained commercially pure titanium produced by ECAP process

Equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) is one of the most effective processes to produce ultra-fine grain (UFG) and nanocrystalline (NC) materials. Because the commercially pure titanium exhibits excellent biocompatibility properties, it has a significant potential to be utilized as an implant material. The low static and dynamic strengths of the pure titanium are one of the weaknesses of this material. This defect can be removed by applying the ECAP process on the pure titanium. In this work, the commercially pure titanium Grade 2 (CP-Ti of Grade 2) was pressed at room temperature by the ECAP process via a channel angle of 135° for 3 passes. The microstructural analysis and mechanical tests such as tensile test, hardness test, three-point bending test and Charpy impact test were all carried out on the ECAPed CP-Ti through 3 passes. The microstructural evolution reveals that by applying the ECAP process, coarse grain (CG) structure develops to UFG/NC structure. Moreover, the results of the mechanical tests show that the process significantly increases the yield and ultimate tensile strengths, bending strength, hardness and fracture toughness of the commercially pure titanium so that it can be used as a replacement for metallic alloys used as biomaterials.     

等通道转角挤压制备超细晶材料的最新研究进展

等通道转角挤压(Equal channel angular pressing,ECAP)方法是制备性能优异超细晶材料最常见的大塑性变形方法之一。模角、挤压路径、挤压道次、挤压温度和挤压速度等因素都会影响等通道转角挤压制备超细晶材料的性能;等通道转角挤压的模具也在不断地优化,如背压-等通道转角挤压(Back pressure ECAP,BP-ECAP)模具、可加热的模具以及在等通道转角挤压基础上形成的板材连续剪切技术等,这些新的模具可以改变ECAP变形过程中的组织均匀性。本文综述了等通道转角挤压制备超细晶材料的最新研究进展,并指出了几个需要深入研究的问题及方向。     

纯镁切应力变形后的微观组织演变、力学性能、腐蚀行为

纯镁为密排六方结构,具有较少的独立滑移系导致其塑性较差。研究了纯镁变形后的微观组织演变、力学性能、腐蚀行为。结果表明,纯镁经过等径角挤压（ECAP）变形后晶粒明显细化以及基面织构发生了弱化,导致纯镁的塑性得到了显著地提高。等径角挤压变形后纯镁强度降低主要是因为基面织构弱化影响大于晶粒细化。此外,等径角挤压变形后纯镁自腐蚀电位和腐蚀电流密度明显增加,纯镁的抗腐蚀性能显著提高。纯镁的腐蚀机理可能从局部腐蚀向均匀腐蚀转变,从而减少了样品在标准模拟体液浸泡中的腐蚀脱落,确保了试样的完整性。     

原始晶粒尺寸对ECAP变形纯钛组织性能的影响

室温下,对923 及1023 K退火1 h所得的不同原始晶粒尺寸的工业纯钛进行ECAP变形。通过TEM、EBSD、室温拉伸和显微硬度测试研究原始晶粒尺寸对ECAP变形纯钛组织性能的影响。探讨纯钛ECAP变形孪生行为和变形机制。结果表明,退火温度越高,原始晶粒尺寸越大。1道次变形后,1023 K退火纯钛的晶粒细化效果更显著。4道次变形后,923 K退火纯钛的组织更细小均匀。随着变形道次的增加,屈服强度不断增大,1道次变形后增幅最大,约为100%,且原始晶粒尺寸越大,强度增幅越大。纯钛ECAP变形机制包括位错滑移和孪生,原始晶粒尺寸越大,孪晶数量越多。     

连续等径角挤压制备超细晶铜

介绍一种制备超细晶材料的新技术———连续等径角挤压,它将连续挤压技术应用于制备超细晶材料的等径角挤压工艺,解决了传统等径角挤压不能制备大尺寸超细晶材料的问题,该技术对超细晶材料的推广应用具有重要意义。通过DEFORM3D对铜的连续等径角挤压过程的数值模拟,得到变形过程中金属的流动、应变场和温度场情况,并对不同变形速度和摩擦条件下的变形过程进行比较,得到优化的工艺参数,并以此参数进行实验。实验结果表明,连续等径角挤压后铜的硬度明显上升,连续等径角挤压3道次后,硬度趋于饱和;连续等径角挤压12道次后,铜的平均晶粒尺寸为400 nm。     

连续等径角挤压及其成形过程的三维数值模拟

连续等径角挤压是一种制备大尺寸超细晶材料的新技术,它结合了等径角挤压和连续挤压技术的特点,解决了等径角挤压不能制备大尺寸超细晶材料的问题,该技术对超细晶材料的推广应用具有重要意义。利用DE-FORM3D软件对纯铜连续等径角挤压变形行为进行了数值模拟,分析了变形过程中材料的流动、应变和温度变化情况,并对不同变形速度、摩擦条件和模具结构下的变形过程进行了比较,为连续等径角挤压工艺提供了理论指导。     

Investigations on workability of commercial purity aluminum processed by equal channel angular pressing

Equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) is an important process for producing ultra fine grains in bulk metallic materials by means of severe plastic deformation. Workability of metals and alloys is an important parameter as it influences the fracture resistance of the material and the ease of subsequent forming by conventional techniques. In this study, the effect of various passes and processing routes of ECAP on the workability of commercially pure aluminum has been investigated. Aluminum specimens were subjected to ECAP using 90° angle ECAP die. ECAP was carried out using two processing routes for up to three passes. Microstructure characterization and mechanical property measurements were carried out. Workability was determined by means of upsetting tests on hexagonal collar specimens machined from specimens processed by ECAP. A Cockcroft fracture criterion was used to evaluate experimental results. It is observed that processing to two passes through Route C results in enhanced mechanical properties with only a slight decrease in workability.     

基于位错演化模型纳米晶块体材料晶粒的演变

利用试验及数值仿真方法研究了工业纯铝在等径角挤压变形过程中晶粒的尺寸变化。数值仿真过程引入位错演化模型,对纯铝等径角挤压过程中晶粒尺寸的演化进行了模拟。研究结果表明,基于位错演化模型,经4道次剪切变形仿真后纯铝出现纳米级晶粒。数值仿真结果与试验对比显示,两者结果一致,说明利用数值仿真可以预测等径角挤压块体材料晶粒尺寸的演变过程。     

Effect of two-step severe plastic deformation on the microstructure and mechanical properties of commercial purity titanium

The present work investigates the microstructural and mechanical properties of commercial purity titanium after processing by a two-step severe plastic deformation procedure entailing warm equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) followed by cold rolling at liquid nitrogen temperature (LNT). The effect of subsequent cold rolling at room temperature is also investigated for comparison. After 10 passes of ECAP, an ultrafine-grained structure with average grain size of 213 nm was achieved. Subsequent cold rolling at LNT led to further refinement and decreased the grain size to 114 nm. Under these conditions, the material displayed high tensile strength of 995 MPa and high elongation to failure of 23%. These promising mechanical properties were interpreted in terms of characteristics of the microstructure: grain refinement, increased dislocation density, and a high fraction of high angle grain boundaries.     

工艺路线对等径角挤压变形均匀性的影响

等径角挤压被认为是制备块体超细晶材料最有前景的工艺方法之一.采用刚塑性有限元法分析了不同路线多道次等径角挤压后的等效应变分布.结果表明:一道次等径角挤压后坯料中间主要变形区下部坯料的等效应变较低.A路线多道次挤压后,变形更加不均匀,上下表面的等效应变差值增大;C路线挤压后等效应变分布呈上下表面小,中间较高的分布特征,且随挤压次数的增加,中心和上下表面的等效应变差异增大.B_c路线多次挤压后的等效应变分布较均匀,等效应变较高的区域应变相差较小且所占区域较大.模拟结果对于等径角挤压工艺的制定可起到指导作用.     

Ti-6Al-4V钛合金等通道转角挤压有限元模拟

对Ti-6Al-4V钛合金的等通道转角挤压过程进行三维有限元模拟,分析不同的凸模下压速度对等通道转角挤压过程的影响,并结合实际的挤压过程考虑挤压后残留在模具出口通道内的残余试样对挤压下一根试样的影响.结果表明:挤压速度的提高对应力、载荷和温升的影响很大,对应变速率很敏感的钛合金应在有效细化晶粒的前提下降低挤压速度,试验中挤压速度取0.3mm·s-1;残余试样的存在使变形更均匀,但增加了挤压下一根试样时的初始阶段的载荷.     

剧烈塑性变形对AZ31镁合金显微组织和力学性能的影响(英文)

通过等通道转角挤压技术(ECAP)对镁合金进行剧烈塑性变形,使用有限元法实现对ECAP加工过程及相关工艺参数的数值模拟,分析成形过程中的网格的变化、应力应变分布规律及其加载载荷规律,确定主要工艺参数影响规律。通过分析,得出晶粒细化程度与力学性能的关系,为镁合金的晶粒细化方法提供更合理的理论指导和参考依据。     

奥氏体不锈钢316L在ECAP过程中的组织演化及力学性能

对奥氏体不锈钢316L进行等效应变为1.02的6道次室温等通道挤压(ECAP)试验。结果表明,在ECAP挤压过程中316L发生了剪切滑移变形和孪生变形及晶粒碎化,经过4和6道次挤压后分别得到平均晶粒尺寸约80 nm和约61 nm的均匀分布的等轴晶粒。在1道次ECAP挤压后316L的抗拉强度由674 MPa增加到984 MPa, 规定塑性延伸强度则由594 MPa增加到922 MPa,维氏显微硬度由116.33 HV增加到328.31 HV,但是塑性下降严重,可以通过600 ℃后续退火处理进行改善。     

Effect of severe plastic deformation on microstructure and mechanical properties of bulk AZ31 magnesium alloy

The equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) was used to make large plastic deformation of magnesium alloy, and ECAP processing and relevant process parameters were obtained by using finite element method. The strain distributions in the workpieces and the loads on the dies were studied. The mathematical model of accumulated deformation results, microstructure refinement and mechanical properties were established. Through the analysis, the relationships between grain refinement and mechanical properties were obtained. The refined grain size and the obtained mechanical properties are forecasted by using characterization of accumulation deformation.     

扩展路径低温ECAP及时效热处理对Cu0.6Cr合金的组织和性能影响

采用光学显微镜和X射线衍射仪对Cu0.6Cr合金经低温扩展路径等通道转角挤压（ECAP）后的组织演变规律进行了研究。采用扫描电子显微镜和能谱仪研究了Cu0.6Cr合金经不同时效热处理条件后的晶粒大小、析出相分布规律和断裂特征。并且分别测试了合金经低温ECAP和低温ECAP+时效热处理后的抗拉伸强度、硬度和导电率。结果表明,Cu0.6Cr合金经低温ECAP变形后形成明显细化且相互交割的纤维组织,并且合金在变形中始终保持（111）面的择优取向。时效热处理的合金变形量越大,析出相的数目和尺寸就越大,第二相析出速率也越快。5道次合金经450 ℃时效2 h后的抗拉伸强度为568.1 MPa,维氏硬度为1624.8 MPa,导电率为82%IACS。     

非连续TiB+TiC颗粒增强钛基复合材料的剧烈塑性变形行为

针对TiB+TiC陶瓷颗粒增强钛合金提出一种新的强塑性变形方法,即将等径弯曲通道变形应用到非连续增强钛基复合材料中。本文采用通道夹角Φ=120°成功地实现了(TiB+TiC)/Ti6Al4V钛基复合材料1~4道次B_c路径的ECAP变形,研究了剧烈塑性变形对微观组织演化和力学性能的影响。结果表明,剧烈塑性变形可以实现TiB纤维和TiC颗粒的细化,以及基体晶粒的细化;随着挤压次数的增加,基体中偏聚的TiB细长纤维和TiC大颗粒也随着挤压道次的增加也逐渐趋于均匀化,力学性能也得到了提高,抗拉强度能够提高至1205MPa,延伸率与挤压1道次相比也得到了明显提高。