纳米硬质合金的弹性模量（英文）

本文的研究目的是获得纳米晶WC-Co硬质合金的弹性模量,并分析其弹性模量不同于常规微米硬质合金的原因。采用放电等离子烧结(SPS)方法制备纳米晶硬质合金,分别采用SPS烧结和低压烧结(sinter-HIP)制备常规微米晶硬质合金。烧结试样的显微组织和WC晶粒尺寸采用X射线衍射技术、扫描电镜、透射电镜及旋进电子衍射技术进行表征。弹性模量采用纳米压痕技术中的连续刚度法进行测量,并取其稳定区域的平均值得到。结果表明,与SPS制备的微米级硬质合金相比,纳米晶WC-Co硬质合金的弹性模量较小,可能与界面含量增多和放电等离子烧结过程的快速加热和冷却造成合金钴相中hcp-Co含量增多有关。     

碳化帆颗粒尺寸对纳米晶硬质合金组织和性能的影响

利用原位还原碳化反应制备纳米尺度的WC-Co复合粉体,应用放电等离子烧结(SPS)技术制备出纳米晶WC-Co硬质合金块体材料。分析了晶粒长大抑制剂碳化钒(VC)颗粒尺寸对纳米晶硬质合金的显微组织、晶粒尺寸及分布和力学性能的影响。结果表明:当VC的粒径减小到100 nm以下时,利用快速烧结技术可制备得到平均晶粒尺寸约为70 nm的致密WC-Co硬质合金块体材料,其物相纯净,晶粒尺寸分布均匀,维氏硬度为19.84 GPa,断裂韧性达到12.10 MPa·m1/2。     

超细WC-Co硬质合金的制备与性能研究

利用高能球磨法制备纳米级WC-Co混合粉末,采用脉冲电流烧结技术进行烧结。用能谱分析仪(EDX)对球磨后的粉末进行成分分析,用X射线衍射(XRD)对比分析球磨前后WC-Co混合粉末的衍射峰变化,用透射电子显微镜(TEM)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对所制备的粉末及烧结材料进行了组织形貌观察,并测定了烧结试样的硬度。结果表明:随着球磨时间的延长,WC-Co纳米粉末的粒度逐渐变小,当球磨时间超过30h后获得了粒度为100nm以下的WC-Co纳米粉末。脉冲电流烧结后获得超细WC-Co硬质合金,与传统的WC-Co硬质合金相比,超细WC-Co硬质合金具有更高的硬度(HRA92.5～94)和耐磨性。另外通过实验获得了最佳的烧结工艺参数。     

原位合成复合粉制备超细WC-Co硬质合金

以偏钨酸铵、可溶钴盐、可溶碳源为原料,经喷雾转化、煅烧、低温还原碳化制备超细晶WC-Co复合粉;采用同样成分配比及工艺,在煅烧后增加短时球磨工艺,制备出另一种超细晶WC-Co复合粉;分别以2种复合粉为原料,用放电等离子直接烧结制备超细WC-Co硬质合金。采用SEM、XRD、钴磁仪、矫顽磁力计、维氏硬度计等对复合粉形貌、合金显微组织与性能进行表征分析。结果表明,未短时球磨的粉末呈现出球形结构,WC颗粒被Co相粘结在一起,可观察到烧结颈并有异常长大晶粒,经过短时球磨工序制备的粉末为分散颗粒,2种粉末中Co相同时以fcc与hcp的结构存在,粉末WC晶粒尺寸约为0.26μm;未短时球磨的粉末制备的合金存在少量孔隙,致密度较低,有异常长大晶粒。短时球磨能有效提高粉末颗粒的分散性,减少烧结体中的显微组织缺陷,制备的合金综合性能得到提高。     

SPS技术的进展及其在硬质合金制备中的应用

介绍了放电等离子烧结SPS技术的原理、特征、工艺影响因素及发展,并使用放电等离子烧结制备了WC-Co和TiCN系硬质合金,展望了放电等离子烧结在硬质合金制备中的应用。     

矿用硬质合金WC晶粒均匀性及板状形貌异常长大的控制

针对矿用硬质合金对微观结构均匀性的要求,以WC-Co硬质合金为研究对象,研究了WC原料、球磨工艺、钴含量、碳含量、添加剂、烧结温度等因素对WC晶粒均匀性的影响,制备了14组合金试样,通过对烧结后合金的微观结构观察,分析研究了以上因素对WC晶粒均匀性的影响。其中重点分析了硬质合金微观组织中WC晶粒呈板状形貌异常长大的原因。研究结果表明:球磨过程中产生的细小WC数量越多,越易于出现板状晶;硬质合金中板状晶的出现与钴含量、烧结温度、抑制剂、球磨时间、WC原始粒度都有密切关系;WC粒度增加、钴含量降低、球磨时间减少、烧结温度降低和添加抑制剂均可提高WC晶粒的均匀性并降低合金中出现板状晶的可能性。     

VC添加量对纳米晶硬质合金的制备及性能影响

以钨钴氧化物、炭黑和VC为原料,采用原位还原碳化法制备WC-Co复合粉末,将复合粉末进行放电等离子烧结致密化制备WC-Co硬质合金块体材料。研究了不同VC添加量的复合粉末和块体材料的相组成、显微组织和性能,结果表明:VC的添加量对复合粉末的相组成、合金的晶粒尺寸和性能具有重要的影响,原料中添加2.0%VC(质量分数)时可获得平均晶粒尺寸为101 nm,相组成仅为WC和Co且具有高硬度和良好韧性的硬质合金块体材料。     

预处理工艺对放电等离子烧结超细晶WC-Co硬质合金组织和性能的影响

采用不同粒度的WC粉与超细Co粉混合得到初始粉末,利用直接放电等离子烧结(SPS)技术和一种包括真空预处理和SPS烧结的新制备方法,研制超细晶WC-Co硬质合金块体.结果表明,两种不同粒度匹配的混合粉末经真空预处理后SPS烧结得到的试样较直接SPS烧结试样的硬度稍有降低,但断裂韧性得到提高,尤其是抗拉强度得到显著提高.对试样显微组织和性能分析表明,混合粉末的真空预处理工艺对SPS烧结WC-Co硬质合金具有重要作用:去除混合粉末吸附气体,消除Co池,同时保证WC晶粒不发生明显长大.     

纳米硬质合金的研究进展

概述了纳米硬质合金的研究进展，重点对纳米WC和WC-Co粉体的制备方法、烧结工艺和性能进行了介绍。指出要成功制备纳米硬质合金，关键在于控制烧结过程中WC晶粒的长大，探索新的快速烧结方法。     

以石墨烯为碳源的硬质合金制备与性能

以N-甲基吡咯烷酮分散的石墨烯代替常规的冶金炭黑作为碳源,采用短流程原位还原碳化反应制备出纳米晶WC-Co复合粉末。采用放电等离子烧结系统对复合粉末进行快速烧结致密化。结果表明,石墨烯作为碳源可显著降低原位还原碳化反应温度,复合粉末粒径细小且分布均匀。得到的超细晶硬质合金块体材料平均晶粒尺寸约为290 nm,HV_(30)硬度值为13.877±0.131 GPa,断裂韧性KIC值为8.3±0.1 MPa·m~(1/2)。通过HRTEM观测表明,试样中WC/WC晶界、WC/Co相界、WC/C相界具有很高的匹配度。     

Prospects of the Use of Synergetic Approach to Solution of Problems of the Science of Nanomaterials

A synergetic approach to solution of problems of self-controlled synthesis of nanostructures and creation of self-organizing nanotechnologies is considered in connection with the superproblem of creation of materials with functional properties resembling those of biosystems. __________ Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 7, pp. 55 – 61, July, 2005.     

Kinetics of the oxidation of metals — Influence of self-diffusion of metal

The importance of the self-diffusion of a metal during its oxidation by a gas is treated for the cases of nonstoichiometric oxides having either interstitial cation or cation vacancies. We have established a general relationship for the reaction rate when a mixed diffusion process occurs. From this relationship, we have shown that the pressure dependence can be different, according to whether the rate-determining process is the self-diffusion through the metal or through the product.     

Features of formation of the structure in production of blanks of disks of heat-resistant nickel alloys

Conclusions To provide a high level of mechanical properties in wrought blanks of cast ÉP741NP and ÉP962 alloys it is necessary to form controlled structures. A necklace-type structure formed in homogenizing isostatic treatment, subsequent thermomechanical working including alternation of the operations of deformation in the (+)-area and recrystallization anneals, and final heat treatment is preferable. The temperature conditions of all stages of thermomechanical working are strictly controlled, especially the final operation of deformation and heating for hardening. To eliminate hardening cracks and distortions it is necessary to use molten salts at t=600°C as quenchants. The use of multiple production operations makes it possible to significantly reduce the structural inhomogeneity related to inhertance of the original dendritic structure. However, the structure of the final semifinished product is nevertheless characterized by a difference in occurrence of the processes of polygonization and recrystallization between the former dendritic cells and the interdendritic spaces in deformation and heat treatment.To obtain structurally homogeneous blanks for gas turbine engine parts it is necessary to use basically new methods of remelting such as vacuum double electrode remelting and electron beam remelting with an intermediate vessel.Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 12, pp. 25–29, December, 1991.     

Ab-initio calculation of enthalpies of formation of intermetallic compounds and enthalpies of mixing of solid solutions

A large number of ab-initio calculations of energies of formation of intermetallic compounds have been performed in the last 15 years. The currently used methods are listed. The paper presents a review of the aluminium based compounds which have been studied. Comparisons of calculated and experimental enthalpies of formation are provided for aluminim-3d and-4d transition metal alloys at equiatomic composition. The modelling of the enthalpies of mixing of solid solutions based on a given lattice is described.     

试论洋务派教师聘任的思想

洋务派在洋务学堂的办学活动中,为了解决西学专业学科的教学困难,采用了聘请外籍教师的应急措施.他们以真才实学,合同制管理作为主导思想,并认为这种解决师资的途径只是权宜之计,并非久远.从客观上看,洋务派的教师聘任思想有深刻的历史影响.     

胫骨生物陶瓷复合材料的微结构增韧机理

扫描电镜观察显示胫骨是一种由羟基磷灰石和胶原蛋白组成的自然生物陶瓷复合材料.羟基磷灰石具有层状的微结构并且平行于骨的表面排列.观察也显示这些羟基磷灰石层又是由许多羟基磷灰石片所组成,这些羟基磷灰石片具有长而薄的形状,也以平行的方式整齐排列.基于在胫骨中观察到的羟基磷灰石片的微结构特征,通过微结构模型分析及实验,研究了羟基磷灰石片平行排列微结构的最大拔出能.结果表明,羟基磷灰石片长而薄的形状以及平行排列方式增加了其最大拔出能,进而提高了骨的断裂韧性.     

Mechanism of Nucleation of Precipitates of Carbides of Refractory Metals Under Hot Rolling of Automotive Sheet Steel

Metal Science and Heat Treatment - The problem of formation of properties in microalloyed sheet steels is considered. The cause and the possible mechanism of precipitation of carbides of refractory...