Deep spinning of sheet metals

Spinning of sheet metals into cylindrical cups is an important sheet metal forming process for its advantages of flexible tooling and very small forming loads. The most challenging aspect in this process is its low formability due to wrinkling formation in the free flange. In this work, a new deep spinning process with roller set aided with blank-holder of constant clearance is proposed aiming to suppress the wrinkling formation in the deformation zone. Experimental work on annealed and hard aluminum sheet metals is carried out to assess the new process. The proposed spinning process has shown rapid increase in the formability of the sheet metals as the roller feed increases. On the other hand, significant increase in the roller feed worsens the formability of sheet metals in conventional spinning. The Limiting Spinning Ratios, LSRs; or the blank to mandrel diameters ratios, have increased from 1.75 using the conventional spinning to 2.40 using the deep spinning with annealed aluminum sheets in one pass. Also, the LSRs have increased from 1.67 using the conventional spinning to 2.24 using the deep spinning with hard aluminum sheets in one pass. New failure modes of flange jamming and wall fracture have been presented and discussed. In addition, the formability limitations, thickness strains, and spun cup form features at different process parameters are experimentally investigated and discussed. Further, a finite element model for the new process is presented and verified showing the limitation of the available shell elements offered by ANSYS Mechanical APDL in modeling the new process.     

大直径薄壁铝合金封头剪切旋压成形研究

应用ABAQUS/Explicit软件平台建立了大直径薄壁铝合金封头剪切旋压成形过程的有限元数值模型,通过数值模拟对大直径薄壁铝合金封头在剪切旋压过程中的应力应变分布进行了分析,获得了工艺参数对成形质量的影响规律为:随旋轮圆角半径R、旋轮进给比f及芯模转速n的增大,旋压件的不均匀变形度呈增大趋势;随旋轮圆角半径、旋轮进给比的增大,旋压件壁厚极小值逐渐减小;随芯模转速提高,壁厚极小值增大,旋压件壁厚极大值对工艺参数的变化不敏感。在此基础上确定了优化工艺参数为:R=12 mm,f=1 mm·r~(-1),n=40 r·min~(-1),并进行剪切旋压成形试验,获得了质量合格的Ф2600 mm大直径薄壁铝合金封头样件。     

大型复杂薄壁壳体多道次旋压过程中的壁厚变化

基于ABAQUS/Explicit和Standard建立的包含回弹与退火的大型复杂薄壁壳体多道次旋压全过程模拟模型,分析了该过程中壁厚的分布与变化及工艺参数对壁厚的影响规律。结果表明,壁厚减薄经历了剪切减薄和拉薄两个阶段,壁厚剧烈减薄部位位于旋轮后方的环带并向工件口部移动,而且其值逐渐减小;壁厚沿工件母线方向分布不均匀,沿周向分布较均匀;回弹对壁厚的分布影响不大。摩擦系数在一定范围内的增大,可以有效地抑制第一道次旋压过程中壁厚过度减薄的发生,使壁厚分布更均匀;而旋轮进给比对工件壁厚的影响与摩擦系数的作用相反。在后续道次旋压过程中,工件壁厚差随着摩擦系数的增大先减小后增大,随着旋轮进给比的增大逐渐减小。这些结果可为大型复杂薄壁壳体多道次旋压成形参数的确定和优化设计提供理论依据。     

Asymmetric forming of aluminum sheets by synchronous spinning

Asymmetric conventional metal spinning was performed in this study to break through the limitation of ordinary axisymmetric spinning. A synchronous spinning machine was developed for this purpose; in this case, the mandrel motion, mandrel feed, and roller feed were synchronized by pulse control. Trial spinning experiments were carried out on a 1-mm-thick aluminum sheet to obtain an asymmetric truncated-elliptical-cone-shaped product. The roller path was traced using a control software by taking into account the errors caused by the step pulse control. Asymmetric sheet metal forming was successfully carried out by using the developed synchronous spinning method. The characteristics of asymmetric spinning were discussed by comparing the shape of the product, strain distributions, and force components with those obtained in the case of axisymmetric spinning.     

Influence of process parameters on hybrid forming of aluminum sheet

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基于主辅旋轮的曲母线件无芯模旋压成形

无芯模旋压由于不受芯模限制,适合复杂曲母线工件的柔性旋压成形,但仍需一定的辅助支撑,以克服成形形状精度较差的问题。针对主辅旋轮的曲母线件无芯模旋压,运用仿真与实验相结合的方法分析其在有无端部辅助支撑、有无辅助旋轮支撑时的旋压效果,分别对仿真结果的应力、应变、轮廓形状和壁厚分布情况进行了探讨。结果表明,端部辅助支撑有助于提高整体弯折变形效果,辅助旋轮支撑有助于板料局部成形,复合辅助支撑则综合了两者的成形特性,可以得到满足成形质量的工件。另外,通过变进给和首道次预成形直线形状的两道次旋压成形方法,对成形质量进行改善,结果表明两种方法相结合可以明显提高最大减薄率,改善壁厚均匀度。     

铝板/塑料混合成型中铝板大塑性变形区的有限元分析

采用弹塑性大变形更新的Lagrange有限元方法研究了铝板 /塑料混合成型过程中铝板的成形过程和变形特点。结果表明 ,当塑料熔体压力从 30MPa增大到 5 0MPa时 ,铝板凸缘区已基本不再参与变形 ,铝板上两个板厚减薄较严重的大塑性变形区在此阶段形成。模底接触区与自由变形区交界处的大塑性变形区依次处于板料曲面内双向伸长变形和平面应变状态 ;模腔入口圆角区与自由变形区交界处的大塑性变形区由两部分构成 ,其中与模壁接触部分依次处于板料曲面内双向伸长变形、拉伸变形和平面应变状态 ,另一部分依次处于板料曲面内双向伸长变形和平面应变状态。     

An investigation of cold extruding hollow flanged parts from sheet metals

Hole flanging with cold extrusion can avoid necking or fracture as encountered in conventional sheet metal-forming operations. Substantial flange height and lip thickness can be achieved with flange extrusion because the forming load is compressive. Using a hydraulic press, flange extrusions of 5 and 10 mm inner diameters were produced in pieces of cup-shaped galvanized steel, as well as aluminum 5052 workpieces with a thickness of 0.8 mm, both of which had a pre-hole on the cup bottom. As the punch load was exerted on the cup rim, a clamping force was applied to suppress dilation on the cup bottom.The experiments showed that with sufficient clamping force, significant flange height could be extruded. The utmost extruded flange of 5 mm i.d. was 6 times larger than that drawn from the conventional method, whereas that of 10 mm i.d. was 3.8 times larger than that drawn from the conventional method. However, no flange was extruded and buckling occurred on the cup bottom when the clamping force was insufficient. The experiments confirmed the results predicted by the FE simulation. For a selected flange inner diameter, the ratio of the extruded flange height to the increase in cup bottom thickness was directly related to the normalized clamping pressure, i.e. the ratio of clamping pressure to workpiece yield strength. Therefore, both the application of a larger clamping force or the use of low-strength workpiece materials facilitated the extrusion of flange while suppressing the dilation of the cup bottom. Flange extrusions with a larger diameter correspond to a smaller extrusion ratio or reduction of area. Experiments showed that a significant flange height could be extruded with a 10 mm inner diameter for both galvanized-steel and aluminum 5052, while results for extrusions with a 5 mm inner diameter were unfavorable when using galvanized-steel. High-strength materials and a high extrusion ratio required greater clamping force for the flange extrusion process, and consequently caused excessive forming load on the forming dies as well as on the hydraulic press, thus rendering the process less effective.     

高强铝合金7A52喷管锥段剪切旋压数值模拟研究

喷管锥段是火箭发动机能量转化和推力向量控制机构,一般采用剪切旋压加工。采用ABAQUS有限元软件,建立了高强铝合金7A52锥形件剪切旋压模型;采用单一变量法,分析了旋压间隙、旋轮进给比、旋轮圆角半径对锥形件剪切旋压壁厚差的影响,为锥形件的制造提供一定的指导。     

成形工艺参数对杯形件单道次拉深旋压力的影响

分析了成形工艺参数对杯形件单道次拉深旋压力的影响，试验中所采取的成形工艺参数为：芯模转速n，材料性质、旋轮进给比f、名义拉深系数m以及旋轮与芯模之间的相对间隙C等。研究结果表明，除芯模转速外，其它成形工艺参数都不同程度地对旋压变形力产生影响，而且工件在成形过程中是否产生缩颈，将会影响到旋压力的变化特征。     

碟形件新型旋压成形工艺实验研究

介绍了基于离散点逐个调形原理的新型高效旋压成形工艺的原理,在研制出的旋压成形装置上进行了碟形件的成形实验,研究了成形辊加载方式对板材成形的影响,分析了蝶形件成形过程中起皱和减薄原因。结果表明,两种加载顺序蝶形件都有减薄现象出现,但是由中心向边缘的成形顺序的减薄率略低于由边缘向中心成形实验件的减薄率,着重分析了厚度为2 mm板材的旋压成形件减薄规律,为较厚板材蝶形件的加工奠定基础。     

Deformation Mechanism of TA15 Shells in Hot Shear Spinning under Various Load Conditions

采用考虑了各种热效应而建立的TA15钛合金加热剪切旋压多场耦合模型,研究揭示了TA15钛合金在各种热载荷和机械载荷条件下的变形机制.结果表明,高的工件加热温度和芯模预热温度可以减小工件厚向温度梯度,偏离率对变形区厚向温差的影响复杂,对贴模性影响显著且大的偏离率会恶化贴模性.工件和旋轮间的摩擦对温度差有显著影响.增加旋轮进给比会加大厚向温差但有助于贴模性的改善,这与冷旋的结果相反.大的旋轮安装角有助于减小厚向温差和改善贴模性.     

旋轮参数对铝合金分形旋压的影响规律

铝合金分形旋压是一个复杂的多因素耦合影响的塑性成形过程,研究其旋轮参数对成形过程的影响可为相关成形参数的确定和优化设计提供理论依据。基于建立的可靠的铝合金分形旋压三维有限元模型,文章研究揭示了旋轮分形角、旋轮圆角半径、旋轮轴向进给比等旋轮参数对成形过程中的切向拉应力、周向压应力以及成形凸缘的不均匀变形程度和最终壁厚偏差的影响规律。结果表明,增大旋轮分形角,可以消除旋轮前方的金属堆积和降低成形过程中坯料开裂失效的可能性,可以使得成形凸缘的不均匀变形程度减小和成形精度降低;旋轮圆角半径的改变,对消除旋轮前方的金属堆积和降低成形过程中坯料开裂失效的可能性影响并不明显,但增大旋轮圆角半径,可以使得成形凸缘的不均匀变形程度增大和成形精度升高;旋轮轴向进给比的改变,对消除旋轮前方的金属堆积和成形凸缘的成形精度的影响并不明显,但增大旋轮轴向进给比,可以降低成形过程中坯料开裂失效的可能性,可以使得成形凸缘的不均匀变形程度减小。     

板料冲压成形一步正向有限元分析

提出基于理想成形理论的板料冲压成形一步正向有限元分析方法。给出迭代初始解获取、线性化处理、收敛条件判定等具体算法,以及所使用的材料应力应变关系和屈服准则。运用该方法进行带凸缘盒形件和无凸缘筒形件的冲压成形模拟,将减薄率与增量有限元方法计算结果进行比较,并就无凸缘筒形件进行实验验证。结果表明,该方法计算结果可靠,使用简便,计算效率高。     

柔性压辊拉形中回弹的数值模拟

拉形是飞机蒙皮件的主要成形方法。柔性压辊拉形是一种新的拉形工艺,将传统的拉形过程中使用夹钳进行拉伸包覆的加载方式,改变为利用柔性压辊垂直下压的加载方式,使板料产生变形。对柔性压辊拉形成形球形件的过程和回弹进行数值模拟,分析加载量、板厚、板料与模具之间的摩擦系数等因素对回弹的影响。研究结果表明,在柔性压辊拉形方式下,成形件应力分布比较均匀,且在成形一定尺寸的球形件时,加载量越小,回弹量越大;板料越薄,回弹量越大;板料与模具之间的摩擦系数越大,回弹量越大。     

Combined Methods for the Prediction of Dynamic Instabilities in Sheet Metal Spinning

A technological and mathematical understanding of the sheet metal spinning process allows to predict dynamic instabilities which lead to wrinkling and other defects in the workpiece depending on the axial feed of the roller tool, the design and the number of the forming passes as well as the angular velocity of the workpiece. The development and combined application of methods of statistical design of experiments, nonlinear time series analysis and finite element analysis yields insight into the dominant effects. The results will allow to predict wrinkling and to design and control the process as to avoid it. Preventing workpiece damage by wrinkling, this methods will help to significantly improve process efficiency.     

Mechanical flange forming in steel and copper foil

Flange forming is a process which is wide spread in macro range for blanks with thicknesses from less than 1?mm up to several millimeters. Flange formed geometries are used as preforms for threads but also as device to give guidance and contact face to bolts and axles in sheet metal. A great advantage of flange forming compared to other machining processes is low process cycle time combined with high material utilization. Thus, a reasonable repertoire of knowledge has been gained for flange forming in macro range. Due to ongoing miniaturization of today??s products, flange forming is an interesting process applicable in micro range as well whereas size effects do not generally allow transfer of process limits from macro to micro range. Therefore the maximum flaring ratio for flange forming in micro range for sheet metal foil of 10?C25???m for a stainless steel 1.4301 and Copper E-Cu58 is investigated and compared with results in macro range. It is shown that the maximum flaring ratio decreases with decreasing sheet metal thickness. The resulting flange heights of experiments are compared with theoretical estimations which show a good accordance.     

薄壁铝合金封头旋压成形工艺研究

应用ANSYS软件对薄壁铝合金封头冷旋压成形过程进行了弹塑性有限元数值模拟.通过对球冠部分和翻边部分第1道次各阶段的应力应变分析,揭示了其成形时的塑性变形流动规律,并分析了几种主要工艺参数对成形质量的影响规律及失效问题产生的原因.研究结果表明：薄壁铝合金封头冷旋压成形的主要失效形式是翻边部分的外缘起皱,控制皱纹产生的有效方法是采用弯边措施增加外缘法兰的刚度、选择合适的第1道次倾角和采用较小的进给比.     

The mechanics of incremental sheet forming

The deformation mechanism of incremental sheet forming (ISF) is examined experimentally through forming specially prepared copper sheets. Strain distributions through the thickness of the sheets are measured for two configurations of ISF: two-point incremental forming (TPIF) and single-point incremental forming (SPIF), and a comparison is made to pressing. The measurements show that the deformation mechanisms of both SPIF and TPIF are stretching and shear in the plane perpendicular to the tool direction, with shear in the plane parallel to the tool direction. Strain components increase on successive laps, and the most significant component of strain is shear parallel to the tool direction. Increasing stretching and shear perpendicular to the tool direction account for differences between the sine law prediction and measured wall thickness for both SPIF and TPIF. The observed mechanisms of SPIF and TPIF differ from a mechanism of pure shear that has previously been assumed.     

Hot shear spinning of cast aluminium alloy parts

A hot shear spinning process of cast aluminium alloy parts was developed to eliminate casting defects and to obtain a desired distribution of wall thickness. The forming load of the shear spinning is comparatively low even for large deformation requisite for eliminating the casting defects. Dendrites and shrinkage cavities in the cast aluminium alloys were successfully eliminated without occurrence of a fracture by the hot shear spinning. Surface cracks around the corner of the mandrel caused by large shear deformation were reduced by decreasing the feed rate of the roller and by increasing the tip radius of the roller. It was found that hot shear spinning is effective in improving the mechanical properties of cast aluminium alloys parts.