差相磁场对水平连铸3004铝合金铸锭内部组织的影响

采用差相磁场水平连铸技术生产了直径为100mm的3004铝合金铸锭,采用宏微观组织观察、金相分析等方法研究差相磁场对3004铝合金水平连铸铸锭内部组织的影响.试验结果表明:差相磁场可以有效减小皮下偏析层的厚度,改善铸锭的铸态组织,施加差相磁场后3004铝合金铸态组织由粗大的柱状晶转变为细小均匀的等轴晶.     

差相磁场对水平连铸7075铝合金锭坯组织与性能的影响

采用宏微观组织观察和拉伸试验,研究了差相磁场对铝合金水平连铸7075铝合金锭坯组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明,差相磁场可以显著改善7075铝合金铸锭的铸态组织,使粗大不均匀的羽毛晶转变成细小均匀的等轴晶。致密性好、无疏松的羽毛晶的抗拉强度明显高于致密性差、存在大量疏松的等轴晶的抗拉强度;差相磁场使铸锭的组织更加均匀。     

低频电磁水平连铸新型超高强铝合金

在水平连铸过程中施加低频交变磁场,制备新型超高强铝合金铸锭,利用金相分析方法研究电磁场对铸锭质量的影响。结果表明,电磁场能提高铸锭表面质量,减少宏观偏析,细化宏观和微观组织。低频电磁水平连铸新型超高强铝合金铸锭经过挤压和热处理后屈服强度为742MPa,抗拉强度为758MPa,伸长率为8.5%。     

电磁铸造2E12铝合金的铸态组织与力学性能

分别采用电磁铸造和普通连铸技术制备了2E12铝合金连铸锭.通过显微组织和力学性能的对比分析,研究施加电磁场对2E12铝合金连铸过程及铸锭性能的影响.结果表明,使用电磁铸造技术制备的2E12铝合金铸锭具有良好的表面质量和内部组织,以及优良的力学性能.其中,电磁铸造方法获得的2E12铝合金铸锭相对于普通连续铸造铸锭晶粒平均尺寸由58 μm减小至36 μm,抗拉强度提高了9.08%,伸长率提高了61.58%,断裂方式为准解理断裂.     

低频电磁场水平连铸铝合金板坯铸态组织

研究了低频电磁场对水平连铸铝合金板坯铸态组织以及合金元素宏观分布的影响.将传统水平连铸铝合金板坯的铸态组织与低频电磁水平连铸板坯进行了比较.研究结果表明,在铝合金水平连铸中施加低频电磁场可显著提高铸锭品质,具体表现为:施加低频电磁场能够细化晶粒,削弱重力对铸锭凝固的影响,从而在整个铸锭横截面上获得细小均匀的铸态组织;施加低频电磁场能够减少负偏析和重力偏析,使溶质元素在铸锭横截面上的分布趋于均匀.     

水平连续铸造5182铝合金组合磁场作用下的组织演变

采用试验的方法研究了组合磁场作用下5182铝合金水平连铸过程中铸态组织的演变。试验结果表明,在无磁场作用的常规铸造条件下,由于重力影响,熔池中热的熔体上升,冷的熔体下降,铸锭下表面冷却强度大于上表面,导致液穴内部产生不均衡的流场及温度场,进而导致铸锭内部产生不均匀的铸态组织;在施加组合磁场作用后,电磁力引起的对流使熔体得到充分搅拌,加强了熔体中的传热传质,使液穴变浅,有效减少了因重力而产生的温度场差异,铸锭的铸态组织也由常规条件下粗大且不均匀的柱状晶组织转变为细小的等轴晶组织。     

气膜对6063铝合金连铸坯中心裂纹及表面质量的影响

在6063铝合金连铸过程中使用气膜润滑技术,研究了气膜对液穴形状及铸坯表面质量的影响.结果表明,气膜可以有效改变液穴形状,使铸坯凝固过程中不可补缩区缩小,内应力和应变降低,消除了中心裂纹产生的诱因;气膜降低了结晶器的一次冷却强度,缩短了结晶器有效冷却长度,消除了冷隔及偏析瘤;同时,液体金属在气体的约束力下与结晶器内壁"软接触",减小了与结晶器间的摩擦,因此铸锭表面质量明显改善.     

低频电磁热顶铸造7050铝合金铸锭的表面质量和组织

在传统热顶铸造基础上,开发了一种新的热顶铸造结晶器,并在铸造过程中施加低频电磁场;得出了稳定铸造φ500mm 7050高强铝合金铸锭的工艺条件,当电磁场频率为15 Hz、磁场强度为10000 A/m时,铸造出了表面光滑的铸锭.采用偏光显微镜(Leica DMI)观察试样,分析试样的微观组织.试验结果表明:铸造过程中施加低频电磁场能提高铸锭的表面质量,细化铸锭的内部组织,抑制铸锭内部裂纹的产生.总结了低频电磁铸造改善表面质量和细化组织的原因以及低频电磁场对液穴形状的影响.     

防止6063铝合金圆铸锭光亮晶粒的措施

6063铝合金圆铸锭在低倍组织检查时，发现有光亮晶粒，造成部分铸锭废品。对圆铸锭光亮晶粒产生的原因进行了分析，提出了所采取的相应措施，防止了6063铝合金圆铸锭光亮晶粒的再次产生。     

均匀化退火工艺对6060铝合金挤压材力学性能的影响

研究了不同均匀化退火制度对6060铝合金挤压型材性能的影响。通过对6060铝合金铸锭的金相显微组织和型材力学性能分析得出,在合适的均匀化退火制度下,可以有效消除6060铝合金铸锭组织的枝晶偏析和非平衡相的熔解,达到缩短均匀化时间,提高挤压速度、改善型材表面质量。     

Prospects of the Use of Synergetic Approach to Solution of Problems of the Science of Nanomaterials

A synergetic approach to solution of problems of self-controlled synthesis of nanostructures and creation of self-organizing nanotechnologies is considered in connection with the superproblem of creation of materials with functional properties resembling those of biosystems. __________ Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 7, pp. 55 – 61, July, 2005.     

Kinetics of the oxidation of metals — Influence of self-diffusion of metal

The importance of the self-diffusion of a metal during its oxidation by a gas is treated for the cases of nonstoichiometric oxides having either interstitial cation or cation vacancies. We have established a general relationship for the reaction rate when a mixed diffusion process occurs. From this relationship, we have shown that the pressure dependence can be different, according to whether the rate-determining process is the self-diffusion through the metal or through the product.     

胫骨生物陶瓷复合材料的微结构增韧机理

扫描电镜观察显示胫骨是一种由羟基磷灰石和胶原蛋白组成的自然生物陶瓷复合材料.羟基磷灰石具有层状的微结构并且平行于骨的表面排列.观察也显示这些羟基磷灰石层又是由许多羟基磷灰石片所组成,这些羟基磷灰石片具有长而薄的形状,也以平行的方式整齐排列.基于在胫骨中观察到的羟基磷灰石片的微结构特征,通过微结构模型分析及实验,研究了羟基磷灰石片平行排列微结构的最大拔出能.结果表明,羟基磷灰石片长而薄的形状以及平行排列方式增加了其最大拔出能,进而提高了骨的断裂韧性.     

Features of formation of the structure in production of blanks of disks of heat-resistant nickel alloys

Conclusions To provide a high level of mechanical properties in wrought blanks of cast ÉP741NP and ÉP962 alloys it is necessary to form controlled structures. A necklace-type structure formed in homogenizing isostatic treatment, subsequent thermomechanical working including alternation of the operations of deformation in the (+)-area and recrystallization anneals, and final heat treatment is preferable. The temperature conditions of all stages of thermomechanical working are strictly controlled, especially the final operation of deformation and heating for hardening. To eliminate hardening cracks and distortions it is necessary to use molten salts at t=600°C as quenchants. The use of multiple production operations makes it possible to significantly reduce the structural inhomogeneity related to inhertance of the original dendritic structure. However, the structure of the final semifinished product is nevertheless characterized by a difference in occurrence of the processes of polygonization and recrystallization between the former dendritic cells and the interdendritic spaces in deformation and heat treatment.To obtain structurally homogeneous blanks for gas turbine engine parts it is necessary to use basically new methods of remelting such as vacuum double electrode remelting and electron beam remelting with an intermediate vessel.Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 12, pp. 25–29, December, 1991.     

Ab-initio calculation of enthalpies of formation of intermetallic compounds and enthalpies of mixing of solid solutions

A large number of ab-initio calculations of energies of formation of intermetallic compounds have been performed in the last 15 years. The currently used methods are listed. The paper presents a review of the aluminium based compounds which have been studied. Comparisons of calculated and experimental enthalpies of formation are provided for aluminim-3d and-4d transition metal alloys at equiatomic composition. The modelling of the enthalpies of mixing of solid solutions based on a given lattice is described.     

试论洋务派教师聘任的思想

洋务派在洋务学堂的办学活动中,为了解决西学专业学科的教学困难,采用了聘请外籍教师的应急措施.他们以真才实学,合同制管理作为主导思想,并认为这种解决师资的途径只是权宜之计,并非久远.从客观上看,洋务派的教师聘任思想有深刻的历史影响.     

Mechanism of Nucleation of Precipitates of Carbides of Refractory Metals Under Hot Rolling of Automotive Sheet Steel

Metal Science and Heat Treatment - The problem of formation of properties in microalloyed sheet steels is considered. The cause and the possible mechanism of precipitation of carbides of refractory...