In-situ TiB2 and Al2O3 formation by DC plasma spraying

In-situ plasma spraying (IPS) is a promising process to fabricate composite coatings with in-situ formed thermodynamically stable phases. In the present study, mechanically alloyed Al-12Si, B₂O₃ and TiO₂ powder was deposited onto an aluminum substrate using atmospheric plasma spraying (APS). It has been observed that, during the coating process, TiB₂ and Al₂O₃ are in-situ formed through the reaction between starting powders and finely dispersed in hypereutectic Al-Si matrix alloy. Also, obtained results demonstrate that in-situ reaction intensity strongly depends on spray conditions.     

Structural evolution of mechanically alloyed Al-12Si/TiB2/h-BN composite powder coating by atmospheric plasma spraying

In the present study, mechanically alloyed Al-12Si/TiB₂/h-BN composite powder was deposited onto an aluminum substrate by atmospheric plasma spraying. The effect of mechanical alloying (MA) and plasma spray parameters on composite powder and coating structure were investigated. It has been observed that the MA process has a significant effect on the composite powder morphology and reactivity between the selective powders. Results also demonstrate that, at relatively high milling time h-BN decomposes into B and N and forms a solid solution. Also, it has been found that, the relative amount of the in-situ formed AlN through the reaction between h-BN and Al and/or the decomposition of Al-B-N solid solution is independent from the plasma parameters (arc current and secondary gas flow rate). However, spray parameters remarkably affects the coating hardness due to coarsening of Si during the solidification of the coating.     

基于孔隙率的Cr2O3涂层工艺优化及回归分析

孔隙率是评价Cr2O3涂层质量的重要指标之一。根据Box-Behnken二阶响应曲面法设计了3因素3水平的回归分析试验,采用大气等离子喷涂技术在TC4钛合金表面制备了Cr2O3涂层,以不同工艺条件下的涂层孔隙率作为响应值,建立了喷涂电流、等离子气体和喷距影响因子与响应输出之间的数学模型,讨论了3种影响因子的显著性及交互作用影响,得到涂层孔隙率的连续变量响应曲面和等高曲线。模型可以用于大气等离子喷涂Cr2O3涂层的工艺优化和性能预测,最小孔隙率的预测参数是电流I=500A,氩气流量QAr=40L/min和喷距d=80mm,能获得的最小孔隙率为1.5%。     

Erosion Performance of HVOF-Sprayed Cr3C2-NiCr Coatings

Cr₃C₂-NiCr coatings were deposited by high-velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) spraying process under spray conditions of different flows of oxygen and propane gases, and spray distances. The orthogonal regression experimental design method was used for systematic investigation of the influence of spray parameters on the erosion performance of Cr₃C₂-NiCr coatings. Erosion tests were performed at different jet angles of abrasive particles. The erosion mechanism of Cr₃C₂-NiCr coatings was examined through the surface morphology and cross-sectional microstructure of the eroded coatings. The correlations of the carbide particle size and carbide content with the erosion rate were examined. It was found that the erosion occurred dominantly by spalling of splats from the lamellar interfaces. The spalling resulted from the propagation of cracks parallel to the interfaces between the lamellae exposed to the surface and underlying coating. The carbide particle size and content in the coating influenced significantly the erosion performance of Cr₃C₂-NiCr coatings.     

Modeling of motion and heating of powder particles in laser, plasma, and hybrid spraying

Mathematical models for simulation of motion and heating of fine ceramic particles in plasma and laser spraying, as well as under conditions of a new technological process, that is, hybrid laser plasma spraying, are proposed. Trajectories, velocities, and temperature fields of fine SiO₂ particles being sprayed using the argon plasma jet, CO₂ laser beam, and their combination have been calculated. It is shown that the space-time distribution of temperature in spray particles greatly depends on the spraying method. This article was originally published inBuilding on 100 Years of Success, Proceedings of the 2006 International Thermal Spray Conference (Seattle, WA), May 15–18, 2006, B.R. Marple, M.M. Hyland, Y.-Ch. Lau, R.S. Lima, and J. Voyer, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 2006.     

The effect of plasma spray parameters on the cavitation erosion of Al2O3-TiO2 coatings

This paper reports a study of how the choice of plasma spray parameters, used during deposition of Al₂O₃-13%TiO₂ coatings on carbon steel, influences the cavitation erosion properties of such coatings. The parameters studied are the power feeding rate and hydrogen flow rate. The surface and cross section of coatings before and after cavitation were also observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The phases present in the coatings were characterized by X-ray diffraction method (XRD). The microscopic observations were used to study the inter-lamellar connection, porosity, unmelted particles and so on inside the coating. We also measured the roughness, microhardness, adhesion strength and cavitation erosion of the coatings. The XRD results showed that the coating includes different allotropes of Al₂O₃ such as α and γ. The cavitation erosion studies of the coatings were conducted by ultrasonic cavitation testing on the basis of ASTM G32 standard. It was found that cavitation erosion is accelerated around the unmelted particles and porosities. The results reveal that the cavitation resistance of the coating is determined by its microstructure and that increasing discontinuities (inside the coating) reduce its cavitation resistance. We have found that the coating obtained at hydrogen gas flow rate of 16 L/min and powder feeding rate of 20 g/min has the best cavitation resistance.     

In-situ plasma spraying: Alumina formation and in-flight particle diagnostic

In-situ plasma spraying (IPS) is a promising process to fabricate composite coatings with in-situ formed thermodynamically stable phases. In the present study, mechanically alloyed Al-12Si and SiO₂ powder was deposited onto an aluminum substrate by atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) to obtain a composite coating consisting of in-situ formed alumina reinforced hypereutectic Al-18Si matrix alloy. The effects of spray parameters (arc current and spray distance) and in-flight particle characteristics (temperature and velocity) on in-situ reaction intensity (alumina and silicon) have been investigated. The results show that, in-situ alumina formation and silicon intensity strongly depend on in-flight particle characteristics, spray distance and substrate temperature.     

Investigation of particle in-flight characteristics during atmospheric plasma spraying of yttria stabilized ZrO2: Part 2. modeling

Yttria stabilized ZrO₂ particle in-flight characteristics in an Ar-H₂ atmospheric plasma jet have been studied using analytical and experimental techniques. In the previous article,^[1] the primary gas flow, plasma composition, current, and powder feed rate were systematically varied and particle surface temperatures, velocities, and size distributions measured and statistically analyzed. In this paper, a mathematical model for the plasma flow and particle characteristics is presented. Model predictions are compared with the experimental results in Ref 1 and a reasonable correlation is found. A statistical investigation (composite cubic face (CCF)) is performed on the particle predictions, giving fast and simple relationships between gun parameters and particle in-flight properties. The statistical and theoretical models that are presented here combine to form a powerful and cost-effective tool, which can be used in the evaluation and optimization of spray parameters off-line.     

Effect of H2 flow rate and stand-off distance on the formation of phases in plasma-sprayed Al2O3 coatings

Plasma-sprayed Al₂O₃ coatings contain both metastable and stable phases of Al₂O₃. The formation of these phases is influenced by various process parameters, such as stand-off distance (SOD), gas flow rates, nozzle diameter and is also dependent on the melting and solidification behaviour of feedstock particles, as these help in controlling the weight fraction of different phases formed in the coating. The present work reports the investigation on the effect of two major plasma spray parameters, namely secondary gas (H₂) flow rate and SOD, on the formation of phases in plasma-sprayed Al₂O₃ coating. The phases were identified by X-ray diffraction analysis and to quantify those phases, the Rietveld refinement method was used. The influence of α-phase on the mechanical properties of the Al₂O₃ coatings was evaluated, and it has been observed that α-phase content decreases with the increase in secondary gas flow rate. With the increase in SOD, the α-Al₂O₃ phase content first decreases and then increases.     

TiB2-SiC粉末喷雾造粒及其等离子喷涂沉积机理研究

利用喷雾干燥对TiB_2-SiC复合粉末进行造粒,研究了浆料固含量、粘结剂含量及SiC含量对喷雾干燥粉体颗粒形貌等的影响。采用大气等离子喷涂技术,以抛光的石墨为基体,在不同预热温度和不同喷距下对TiB_2-SiC粉末进行粒子收集,研究不同工艺参数对TiB_2-SiC粒子铺展形貌的影响,并制备了TiB_2-SiC涂层。结果表明:当浆料固含量为50%,粘结剂含量为5%,SiC含量为10%时,喷雾造粒获得球形度高、流动性好的TiB_2-SiC粉末;随着基体预热温度的升高,喷距的增大,扁平粒子的溅射逐渐减弱,形成规则的圆盘状粒子;在等离子焰流作用下,TiB_2-SiC粒子熔化加速并与基体发生碰撞,熔融粒子扁平化,急速冷却凝固,不断堆叠、搭接为宏观涂层。     

溶液等离子喷涂铈酸镧热障涂层的制备及表征

采用溶液前驱体等离子喷涂(solution precursor plasma spray,SPPS)方法制备了La2Ce2O7涂层。通过SEM、XRD、EDS、激光导热仪对制备的涂层进行了表征,应用STA-FTIR-QMS联用技术对La2Ce2O7干燥前驱体的分解过程进行了研究,分析了前驱体的分解温度及分解过程,从而确定了喷涂温度为450℃。通过正交实验确定了雾化压力0.1MPa、电流700A、送液速率23 mL/min为最佳喷涂工艺参数,用此参数喷涂20遍制备的La2Ce2O7涂层厚度达到121μm,相对密度为92.4%,硬度为2.1 GPa。结果表明,得到了热导率较低、元素分布均匀、具有萤石结构的La2Ce2O7热障涂层。     

大气等离子射流中粒子飞行行为的试验测量

为考察等离子熔射中粉末的飞行过程,应用芬兰Oseir公司等离子喷涂在线监测和分析设备SprayWatch对射流中粒子的温度、飞行速度和粒子流量进行了测量,探讨了等离子弧电压、电流、功率以及送粉量等参数对粒子飞行状态的影响.结果表明:同等功率下,电流对粒子速度的影响高于电压,电压对粒子流量的影响高于电流,电压、电流对粒子温度则呈现交替重要的影响;在电流400A、电压50V下粒子流量随送粉量的增加呈现低-高-低的"山峦"状变化,反映了粒子飞行路径和分布的变化.     

超音速等离子喷涂工艺参数对 Cr2O3涂层硬度的影响

目的研究影响超音速等离子喷涂Cr2O3涂层硬度的主要因素,制备出高硬度涂层。方法首先采用单变量法研究超音速等离子生成气体压力(空气压力)和喷涂距离对涂层显微结构的影响,然后采用正交试验研究喷涂电流、空气压力、喷涂距离对Cr2O3涂层硬度的影响。结果工艺参数对Cr2O3涂层硬度影响的主次顺序为:空气压力>喷涂电流>喷涂距离。结论获得高硬度涂层的最佳工艺参数组合为:空气压力0.4 MPa,喷涂电流270 A,喷涂距离200 mm。在该工艺条件下获得的涂层致密、均匀,孔隙率小。     

CO_2焊/喷射高碳铬铁合金粉复合堆焊层耐磨性

采用CO2焊/喷射送粉复合堆焊新方法,通过喷射高碳铬铁粉体,研究送粉量及送粉气流量对堆焊层硬度及耐磨性的影响,并通过XRD,TEM等分析方法研究了堆焊层组织结构与耐磨性的影响规律.结果表明,当送粉速度800 g/h,送粉气体流量5L/min时,堆焊层硬度为55 HRC,耐磨性与单纯H08Mn2Si焊丝堆焊相比提高了4倍...     

Mechanical and tribological performance of Al2O3-TiO2 coatings elaborated by flame and plasma spraying

Mechanical properties and wear rates of Al₂O₃-13 wt.% TiO₂ (AT-13) and Al₂O₃-43 wt.% TiO₂ (AT-43) coatings obtained by flame and atmospheric plasma spraying were studied. The feed stock was either ceramic cords or powders. Results show that the wear resistance of AT-13 coatings is higher than that of AT-43 and it seems that the effect of hardness on wear resistance is more important than that of toughness. Additionally, it was established that, according to conditions used to elaborate coatings and the sliding tribological test chosen, spray processes do not seem to have an important effect on the wear resistance of these coatings.     

反应等离子喷涂 Al2O3-TiB2-Al 复相涂层的反应机理

目的在铝合金表面制备Al2O3-TiB2-Al复合涂层,研究Al,TiO2,B2O3在等离子喷涂中的反应机理。方法采用反应等离子喷涂技术在铝合金表面制备复合涂层,应用扫描电镜与X射线衍射技术测试复合涂层的物相组成和显微组织,并通过燃烧波淬熄试验分析等离子喷涂产物。结果机械球磨可以有效降低粉末发生反应的活化能,等离子喷涂最佳飞行距离范围为150~200 mm。结论喷涂粉末在飞行过程中发生反应,经历了预热、熔化、分解、团聚等过程,验证了最终引燃发生燃烧化学反应的机理。     

Characterization of plasma-sprayed Y2O3 coating and investigation of its visual aspect change

Yttria (Y₂O₃) has been commonly used as a protective coating material because it has strong resistance to plasma erosion with reducing the amount of reaction products generated during the semiconductor/LCD fabrication process. We have investigated the visual aspect of the plasma-sprayed Y₂O₃ coating both experimentally and numerically to propose the process conditions proper for white Y₂O₃ coating. It was demonstrated that heating of the particle surface in oxygen deficient plasma jet core resulted in the reduction of coating materials associated with the formation of black spots, while the re-oxidation of reduced feed stock materials at long spray distance, where they were exposed to relatively lower temperature of plasma and abundant oxygen, caused the whitening of coating. Based on the results, we proposed a spray coating condition proper for reducing the black spots formed in protective Y₂O₃ ceramic coating.     

Investigation of particle in-flight characteristics during atmospheric plasma spraying of yttria-stabilized ZrO2: Part 1. Experimental

A detailed investigation of the relationship between the parameters of the spray process and the in-flight properties of the particles was carried out using a multivariate statistical approach. A full factorial designed experiment concerning the spray process was performed, the spray gun parameters’ current, argon flow rate, hydrogen flow rate, and powder feed rate being selected to control the process. The particle properties, viz. velocity, temperature, and diameter, were determined using an optical measurement system, DPV 2000. In addition, the standard deviations of, and the correlations between, the measured particle properties were analyzed. The results showed current to have the strongest impact on particle velocity and particle temperature and argon flow rate to be the only parameter with an inverse effect on velocity and temperature.     

热喷涂TiB2-Ni复合涂层组织结构和力学性能

采用团聚烧结方法制备TiB₂-Ni复合粉末喂料,并采用大气等离子喷涂和高速火焰喷涂两种喷涂方法制备了TiB₂-Ni涂层,比较分析了两种涂层的显微组织、物相组成、孔隙率、硬度和断裂韧性.结果表明,与等离子喷涂相比,高速火焰喷涂制备的TiB₂-Ni涂层具有更高的致密度,TiB₂含量,硬度和断裂韧性.两种涂层中TiB₂都没有发生明显的脱硼,氧化,但等离子喷涂过程中TiB₂向金属相中发生了溶解生成了大量脆性Ni₂₀Ti₃B₆相,并降低了涂层中TiB₂的含量,这是涂层硬度和断裂韧性相对较低的主要原因.     

Study of Al2O3 coatings on AISI 316 stainless steel obtained by controlled atmosphere plasma spraying (CAPS)

The tribological behaviour of Al₂O₃ coatings on AISI 316 stainless steel, obtained by the process of controlled atmosphere plasma spraying (CAPS), is studied in this work. Atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) and high pressure plasma spraying (HPPS) were applied in order to produce these coatings. The APS coatings exhibited lower microhardness values compared to the values of HPPS coatings. Regarding the HPPS coatings it was found that plasma composition, through its heat capacity, does influence the heat transfer to particles, and, consequently, their flattening and densification process, which govern coating properties. It was revealed that tribological behaviour of coatings was influenced by the applied spraying method too. Coatings from HPPS under high-enthalpy conditions led to worst wear behaviour. In general, properties, such as microstructure, microhardness, coefficient of friction and wear resistance depended on the processing conditions such as pressure and composition of the spraying chamber atmosphere.