新型Al-Mg-Sc-Zr和Al-Zn-Mg-Sc-Zr合金的研究进展

在迄今为止的所有微合金化元素中,钪可最大程度提高铝合金综合性能。相比传统铝镁合金,新型Al-Mg-Sc-Zr合金抗拉强度提高60~130 MPa,屈服强度提高80~150 MPa,且可获得大于2000%高速超塑性。与传统铝锌镁合金相比,新型Al-Zn-Mg-Sc-Zr合金抗拉强度提高66~96 MPa,屈服强度提高36~98 MPa,钨极氩弧焊系数大于0.75,搅拌摩擦焊系数大于0.90,且可获得大于1500%高速超塑性。钪锆添加到铝合金中可形成Al3(Sc,Zr)粒子,该粒子可细化铸造组织、抑制再结晶发生和稳定细晶组织,产生显著的细晶强化、亚结构强化和析出强化,从而提高合金强度,实现优良的超塑性能。     

2060合金FSW接头微观组织与力学性能

利用金相显微镜、显微硬度测试、拉伸性能测试、扫描电镜、透射电镜等手段对2060-T8合金搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)接头的微观组织和力学性能进行研究。结果表明:焊接头的抗拉强度为441 MPa,屈服强度为320 MPa,伸长率为6.9%,但焊接强度系数达到82.9%;经过搅拌摩擦焊,母材的织构类型以及强度发生了变化,由黄铜织构变为高斯织构且强度变弱;热影响区T1相(Al2CuLi)部分发生了溶解,析出了δ′相(Al3Li),热机影响区内T1相大部分溶解,S′相(Al2CuMg)发生了粗化,焊核区析出相全部溶解。     

6061铝合金FSW接头与MIG焊接头对比试验

采用搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)和MIG焊分别对6061铝合金板进行了焊接试验,测试了焊接接头的强度,观察了焊接接头的金相组织,并进行了接头的硬度分布测试.结果表明,搅拌摩擦焊接头抗拉强度高达212.05 MPa,是母材抗拉强度的86％,比MIG焊的接头强度略高.焊接接头软化区宽度比MIG焊接头软化宽度窄.6061铝合金母材为典型的轧制组织,焊核区为细小的等轴晶组织,MIG焊接头焊缝为柱状晶组织.     

5052铝合金薄板搅拌摩擦焊接头组织和力学性能研究

采用搅拌摩擦焊方法对2.2 mm厚的5052-H32铝合金薄板进行焊接,并对焊接接头进行了显微组织观察、拉伸性能及显微硬度测试.结果表明:其焊接接头晶粒明显细化,力学性能显著提高.当搅拌头旋转速度为700 r/min、焊接速度为150 mm/min时,焊接接头的抗拉强度达到215MPa,超出母材(198 MPa)9％,屈服强度达到120MPa,超出母材(86 MPa)39％,接头硬度达到72 HV,超出母材(61 HV)约18％.     

低活化铁素体–马氏体钢搅拌摩擦焊接头组织和性能分析

文中对9% Cr低活化铁素体-马氏体钢搅拌摩擦焊接头的组织和性能进行了分析.结果表明,搅拌摩擦焊接头不同区域微观组织存在明显的差异.搅拌区内奥氏体的动态再结晶引起晶粒细化和马氏体转变,并且晶界M₂₃C₆相溶解,晶内M₃C相析出;热力影响区组织变化与搅拌区相似,但晶粒尺寸明显大于母材;热影响区和母材区均表现回火组织特征.搅拌区硬度显著提高,分布均匀;热力影响区硬度值变化较大;热影响区发生软化,其硬度值在接头区域最低.随着拉伸测试温度的增加,搅拌区的屈服强度单调降低,抗拉强度先增大后减小,而断后伸长率先减小后增大.     

低Cu高强Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金搅拌摩擦焊接组织与性能

分别采用300、900r/min对低Cu高强Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金板材进行搅拌摩擦焊接,研究合金焊接接头的显微组织和力学性能。结果表明,焊接过程中微米级AlMnCr相变化不明显,晶内纳米级和晶界亚微米级MgZn_2相发生回溶与粗化。随着焊接转速增加,析出相回溶程度加剧,焊接接头晶粒尺寸增大。在晶粒和析出相共同作用下,合金焊接接头硬度呈"U"型分布,前进侧热影响区硬度略低于后退侧,焊核及热机影响区硬度较低,是焊接接头断裂位置,受"S"线缺陷影响形成锯齿形断口形貌。综合分析,低Cu高强Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金在300r/min下接头性能较好,抗拉强度、屈服强度、伸长率和焊接系数分别为393MPa、261MPa、12%和80%。     

船用铜合金搅拌摩擦焊研究

针对典型的船用铜合金开展了搅拌摩擦焊试验研究,通过金相显微镜、投射电子显微镜和能谱分析观察研究了焊缝的组织形貌,通过显微硬度、拉伸性能试验测试了接头的力学性能。结果表明,采用搅拌摩擦焊可以得到性能良好的船用铜合金焊缝。接头焊核区由均匀细小的等轴晶粒组成,顶锻区、热机影响区的等轴晶由于摩擦热作用晶粒有所增大,热影响区晶粒受热长大。焊核晶粒发生动态再结晶,得到细晶强化,同时强化相细小分布均匀,实现了弥散强化。焊缝厚度方向硬度比较均匀,没有明显的软化区,水平方向硬度从焊核到母材逐渐降低。接头抗拉强度与母材相当,屈服强度高于母材。     

FGH98合金惯性摩擦焊接头显微组织与力学性能

采用惯性摩擦焊连接FGH98合金,研究了热处理对FGH98合金惯性摩擦焊接头显微组织以及力学性能的影响。结果表明,原始态焊接接头焊合区主要由γ 和 γ′ 两相组成,γ′相在焊接过程中发生了回溶,残余γ′相尺寸和数量均明显降低,经过热处理后,焊合区晶粒尺寸、残余γ′ 相的尺寸和数量未发生明显变化;原始态焊接接头的焊合区的硬度值最高,在焊合区的中心区域存在硬度降低的现象,热处理态焊接接头显微硬度整体分布相比原始态硬度值未发生较大变化;焊接接头室温拉伸的断裂位置在母材区,屈服强度大于1 130 MPa,达到母材的93%以上;抗拉强度大于1 616 MPa,达到母材的99%以上;750 ℃拉伸的断裂位置在焊缝区,屈服强度大于1 025 MPa,达到母材的99%以上;抗拉强度大于1 197 MPa,达到母材同等水平。 创新点：(1)采用惯性摩擦焊焊接FGH98镍基粉末高温合金,研究了热处理前后的焊接接头微观组织形貌。 (2)结合微观组织分析,对力学性能进行了研究。     

在线去应力退火对线性摩擦焊TiAl合金接头微结构与力学性能的影响机制（英文）

采用在线去应力退火工艺对线性摩擦焊TiAl合金接头进行处理,避免了焊后裂纹的产生。显微组织分析表明,接头焊缝区与热力影响区界限明显,焊缝区主要由等轴γ晶组成,并含有少量的α_2相。靠近焊缝的热影响区内的层状γ晶具有明显的流线特征,其方向与焊接界面热塑性金属的流动方向一致。接头的显微硬度从母材区到焊缝区呈逐渐增加的趋势,焊缝区显微硬度相较于母材区增加了约1700 MPa;接头的室温抗拉强度与母材相当,在683 MPa到717 MPa之间。焊缝区的细晶强化效应是接头强度较高的主要原因。     

GH4169合金与S31042钢线性摩擦焊接头组织及力学性能

使用25 Hz振动频率、2 mm振幅、100 MPa摩擦压力和150 MPa顶锻压力的工艺参数对GH4169合金和S31042钢进行线性摩擦焊连接,通过OM、SEM和TEM分析异质接头的组织特征,并进行拉伸、硬度和蠕变实验测试异质接头在室温和高温环境下的力学性能。结果表明,GH4169合金与S31042钢的连接界面在线性摩擦焊过程中发生动态再结晶,形成无孔无裂纹的冶金结合,同时焊缝区在高温和应力作用下形成大量弥散分布的强化相颗粒。通过细晶强化和析出强化的综合作用,异质接头的抗拉强度高于S31042钢,焊缝区的硬度明显高于2种母材。     

胫骨生物陶瓷复合材料的微结构增韧机理

扫描电镜观察显示胫骨是一种由羟基磷灰石和胶原蛋白组成的自然生物陶瓷复合材料.羟基磷灰石具有层状的微结构并且平行于骨的表面排列.观察也显示这些羟基磷灰石层又是由许多羟基磷灰石片所组成,这些羟基磷灰石片具有长而薄的形状,也以平行的方式整齐排列.基于在胫骨中观察到的羟基磷灰石片的微结构特征,通过微结构模型分析及实验,研究了羟基磷灰石片平行排列微结构的最大拔出能.结果表明,羟基磷灰石片长而薄的形状以及平行排列方式增加了其最大拔出能,进而提高了骨的断裂韧性.     

Prospects of the Use of Synergetic Approach to Solution of Problems of the Science of Nanomaterials

A synergetic approach to solution of problems of self-controlled synthesis of nanostructures and creation of self-organizing nanotechnologies is considered in connection with the superproblem of creation of materials with functional properties resembling those of biosystems. __________ Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 7, pp. 55 – 61, July, 2005.     

Kinetics of the oxidation of metals — Influence of self-diffusion of metal

The importance of the self-diffusion of a metal during its oxidation by a gas is treated for the cases of nonstoichiometric oxides having either interstitial cation or cation vacancies. We have established a general relationship for the reaction rate when a mixed diffusion process occurs. From this relationship, we have shown that the pressure dependence can be different, according to whether the rate-determining process is the self-diffusion through the metal or through the product.     

Features of formation of the structure in production of blanks of disks of heat-resistant nickel alloys

Conclusions To provide a high level of mechanical properties in wrought blanks of cast ÉP741NP and ÉP962 alloys it is necessary to form controlled structures. A necklace-type structure formed in homogenizing isostatic treatment, subsequent thermomechanical working including alternation of the operations of deformation in the (+)-area and recrystallization anneals, and final heat treatment is preferable. The temperature conditions of all stages of thermomechanical working are strictly controlled, especially the final operation of deformation and heating for hardening. To eliminate hardening cracks and distortions it is necessary to use molten salts at t=600°C as quenchants. The use of multiple production operations makes it possible to significantly reduce the structural inhomogeneity related to inhertance of the original dendritic structure. However, the structure of the final semifinished product is nevertheless characterized by a difference in occurrence of the processes of polygonization and recrystallization between the former dendritic cells and the interdendritic spaces in deformation and heat treatment.To obtain structurally homogeneous blanks for gas turbine engine parts it is necessary to use basically new methods of remelting such as vacuum double electrode remelting and electron beam remelting with an intermediate vessel.Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 12, pp. 25–29, December, 1991.     

Ab-initio calculation of enthalpies of formation of intermetallic compounds and enthalpies of mixing of solid solutions

A large number of ab-initio calculations of energies of formation of intermetallic compounds have been performed in the last 15 years. The currently used methods are listed. The paper presents a review of the aluminium based compounds which have been studied. Comparisons of calculated and experimental enthalpies of formation are provided for aluminim-3d and-4d transition metal alloys at equiatomic composition. The modelling of the enthalpies of mixing of solid solutions based on a given lattice is described.     

试论洋务派教师聘任的思想

洋务派在洋务学堂的办学活动中,为了解决西学专业学科的教学困难,采用了聘请外籍教师的应急措施.他们以真才实学,合同制管理作为主导思想,并认为这种解决师资的途径只是权宜之计,并非久远.从客观上看,洋务派的教师聘任思想有深刻的历史影响.