Production of Ag−ZnO powders by hot mechanochemical processing

Ag–CdO composites are still one of the most commonly used electrical contact materials in low-voltage applications owing to their excellent electrical and mechanical properties. Nevertheless, considering the restriction on using Cd due to its toxicity, it is necessary to find alternative materials that can replace these composites. In this study, the synthesis of Ag?ZnO alloys from Ag?Zn solid solutions was investigated by hot mechanochemical processing. The hot mechanochemical processing was conducted in a modified attritor mill at 138 °C under flowing O₂ at 1200 cm³/min for 3.0 h. The microstructure and phase evolution were investigated using X-ray diffractometry, field emission gun scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The results suggest that it is possible to complete the oxidation of Ag?Zn solid solution by hot mechanochemical processing at a low temperature and short time. This novel synthesis route can produce Ag?ZnO composites with a homogeneous distribution of nanoscale ZnO precipitates, which is impossible to achieve using the conventional material processing methods. Considering the fact that the fundamental approach to improving electric contact material performance resides in obtaining uniform dispersion of the second-phase in the Ag matrix, this new processing route could open the possibility for Ag?ZnO composites to replace non-environmentally friendly Ag?CdO.     

Effects of Oxide-Modified Spherical ZnO on Electrical Properties of Ag/ZnO Electrical Contact Material

Silver-zinc oxide (Ag/ZnO) electrical contact material is widely used as contacts of the medium duty switching devices. Effects of modified ZnO on properties of Ag/ZnO electrical contact material were investigated in this work. NiO and CuO were introduced to modify spherical ZnO by a chemical solution nano-coating method. Ag/ZnO contacts prepared using the modified spherical ZnO were produced by powder metallurgy (PM) method in a muffle furnace in temperature ranges from 750 to 900 °C. Results show that electrical conductivity, stability of relative density, and Vickers’ hardness of Ag/ZnO electrical contact material can be improved by the addition of NiO because of the formation of NiO solid solution Zn_0.2Ni_0.8O. The addition of CuO to Ag/ZnO electrical contact material makes arcing energy and mass loss lower. Since this is attractive for a longer service life, using NiO and CuO co-modified ZnO as a second phase may be a promising way to improve properties of Ag/ZnO electrical contact material. Hence, the presented results could also be useful for the design of a new Ag/ZnO electrical contact material.     

银基电接触材料的最新研究进展和展望

贵金属基电接触材料广泛应用于电子、电工行业，而Ag基电接触材料的用途和用量最大。总结了主要银基电接触材料中传统的Ag/Ni、Ag/CdO、Ag/SnO2、Ag/ZnO、Ag/C、Ag/W、Ag/WC材料，以及新型的Ag/CNT、Ag/Graphene、Ag/MAX材料的制备方法、性能、用途和研究现况。综述了近年来在电接触材料的实时原位测试技术，并对熔桥、电弧等现象的观测结果和技术进展，以及模拟仿真技术在电接触材料研究中对熔桥、电弧等研究成果和技术进展。分析了银基电接触材料研究中存在的问题，并展望了发展趋势。     

环保型氧化物增强银基电接触功能复合材料研究进展

围绕研制开发具有与AgCdO性能相媲美的银基电接触材料,报道了近3年来传统Ag/SnO_2、Ag/ZnO、Ag/CuO三种银基电接触材料体系的研究现状,主要论述国内外研究学者从掺杂改性、制备方法、材料模拟仿真、第一性原理计算等方面开展的大量优化研究;梳理了目前制备银基电接触材料体系的常规制备技术及其工作原理;简述了当前部分学者研制开发的诸如Zn_2SnO_4、La SrCuO_4、Ti_2AlN、La_2Sn_2O_7等新型增强相改性银基电接触材料体系;论述了关于材料模拟仿真、第一性原理等理论计算在电接触材料中的应用现状,这些理论计算为银基电接触材料的成分-结构-性能的优化设计提供了相应的指导意义,有助于缩短材料筛选与研发周期。采用新型表征技术检测Ag/CdO等电接触材料的本质特性,为新材料体系研发推导出最本质的设计判据,而关于电弧能量场作用下银基电接触材料的表面熔池特性、熔池内部冶金反应行为及其电寿命失效机制有待深入探究。     

制备工艺对Ag-ZnO触头材料组织与性能的影响

研究了AF法(雾化粉末热锻法)和PM法(粉末冶金法)制备的Ag-ZnO电接触材料.利用X-ray 衍射、光学显微镜、扫描电镜等手段分析了Ag-ZnO合金的物相组成及显微组织结构和成分,对比分析了不同工艺对其组织、性能的影响.结果表明:AF法制备的Ag-ZnO材料,ZnO颗粒弥散分布在Ag基体中,Ag相和ZnO相结合紧密.而PM法制备的Ag-ZnO材料,ZnO颗粒团聚严重.AF法制备的Ag-ZnO电接触材料的致密度、硬度、电阻率都要优于PM法.     

大变形Ag/Ni20纤维复合电接触材料电弧侵蚀及形貌特征

采用包覆挤压、集束挤压、大变形冷拉拔等大变形技术制备出Ag/Ni20纤维复合电接触材料,研究该材料在直流条件下触点的电弧侵蚀,利用扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱(EDS)等方法分析电弧侵蚀后触点表面微观结构和元素分布,归纳出大变形Ag/Ni20纤维复合电接触材料具有浆糊状凝固物、珊瑚状结构、骨架结构、孔洞或气孔、裂纹等5种电弧侵蚀形貌特征。     

银基系列电接触复合材料的研发与应用

银基电接触复合材料具有优异的电接触性能,在低压电器、汽车电器和家用电器等行业有广泛的应用。从银基系列电接触复合材料的物理、力学、电学及加工性能等应用要求出发,介绍了银基系列电接触复合材料的制备方法、种类、性能、特点及应用领域,阐述了在已有的银基电接触材料中添加第三组元,改善银基系列电接触复合材料性能的情况。同时介绍了Ag-碳纳米管、Ag-导电陶瓷、Ag-石墨烯等新型银基电接触复合材料的性能、特点及应用领域。     

负载纳米CeO2的多孔银的制备、表征及SERS研究

采用NaOH溶液腐蚀Ag/CeO2/ZnO前驱体，制备出含有纳米CeO2微粒的多孔银复合材料。随着ZnO组元被溶解，CeO2微粒均匀分散到纳米多孔银的内表面。形貌表征表明，通过调节前驱体中ZnO的含量可细化纳米多孔AgCeO2复合材料的微观结构，当ZnO加入摩尔分数为70%时，CeO2微粒尺寸为6 nm。表面拉曼增强效应(SERS)测试表明，CeO2纳米微粒的形成和分散显著增强了多孔银的SERS性能；该复合材料在可见光条件下能够降解罗丹明(R6G)并有较好的自清洁性。     

Ag/Cu、Ag/BZn15～20复合材料性能的研究

对比分析了Ag/Cu、Ag/BZn15-20两种丝材在机械性能和电学性能方面的差异以及由此造成的加工工艺的不同，试验并分析了控制壁厚和复合界面扩散对材料复合质量和加工性能的影响因素，在此基础上制订出合适的拉拔和软化退火工艺。     

变形方式对Cu-8.3Fe-1Ag形变原位复合材料组织性能的影响

分别采用冷拉拔和冷轧变形并结合中间退火工艺,制备了丝状和带状形变Cu-8.3Fe-1Ag原位复合材料。用SEM、精密万能试验机、显微硬度计和电阻测量仪对两种变形方式下试样的微观组织、力学性能和导电性能进行了比较研究。微观组织观察表明:冷拉拔和冷轧变形试样的横截面组织形貌有显著差异,前者为基体上分布着弯曲、扭折、交叠的蠕虫状相,后者为基体上定向排列着与冷轧方向平行的平直颗粒相。力学性能和导电率测试结果表明:相同应变量下,冷拉拔变形的抗拉强度、硬度均高于冷轧变形,但二者的导电率几乎相同。应变量达到6.70时,二者的抗拉强度/硬度/导电率分别达到838 MPa/149 HV/58%IACS和924 MPa/160 HV/58%IACS。     

铜基自润滑电接触复合材料研究综述

铜基自润滑复合材料因其优异的机械强度、良好的导电导热性能及自润滑特性,常被用于制备电刷、受电弓滑板等滑动电接触元件。从摩擦接触界面固体润滑膜形成的角度,详细叙述了铜基自润滑复合材料的润滑机理,指出摩擦接触界面固体润滑膜有效阻止了摩擦副对磨表面间的直接接触,使摩擦主要发生在固体润滑膜的内部,是铜基自润滑复合材料具备减摩自润滑特性的主要原因。同时对铜基自润滑复合材料的电磨损机制进行了详细介绍,指出铜基自润滑复合材料在滑动电接触过程中的磨损机制主要有磨粒磨损、粘着磨损、剥层磨损和氧化磨损四种,并从作用机制和形貌特征角度对它们进行了详细分析。最后,提出了铜基自润滑电接触复合材料研究领域目前存在的问题,并展望了相应的研究方向。     

新型Ag/SnO_2/CeO_2电器触头材料的制备及其电气性能的研究

为了改善现有Ag/Sn O2电器触头材料的机械性能和电气使用性能,制备了以Ag为基体、Sn O2为增强相、Ce O2为添加剂的一种新型Ag/Sn O2/Ce O2电器触头材料。首先,采用液相原位化学法制备了弥散分布的纳米Sn O2-Ce O2复合粉末,结合微观分析手段测试,研究了稀土氧化物Ce O2对Sn O2相成分和微观结构的影响。接着,采用粉末冶金工艺制备了新型Ag/Sn O2/Ce O2电器触头材料,并对材料的物理和机械性能以及温升、额定接通与分断能力等电气使用性能进行了测试和分析。测试结果表明,本研究制备的新型Ag/Sn O2/Ce O2电器触头材料的电气使用性能优于国内现有的Ag/Sn O2触头材料。     

不同方法制备的AgSnO2TiB2 电接触材料的微观结构和电弧侵蚀行为

分别采用球磨法、可溶性淀粉模板法和滤纸模板法制备了AgSnO₂TiB₂复合粉末,并利用火花等离子体烧结技术（SPS）制备了块体材料。对Ag4%SnO₂4%TiB₂（质量分数）电接触材料的物理性能和电弧侵蚀特性进行了研究。结果表明,模板的空间限域效应有效地改善了增强相在基体中的均匀分散,提高了Ag4%SnO₂4%TiB₂接触材料的导电率和硬度。与球磨法相比,滤纸模板法和淀粉模板法制备的Ag4%SnO₂4%TiB₂复合材料的电导率分别增加了12.18倍和9.60倍, 显微硬度分别增加了17.10%和33.94%。滤纸模板更有利于SnO₂和TiB₂的均匀分散,减少集中电弧侵蚀和飞溅损失,因此具有更好的抗弧蚀性。     

Advances in deformation processed gold composites

Conventional metallic composites are comprised of a metal matrix with a ceramic second phase. In recent years, composites have been developed in which both the matrix and the reinforcing phase are ductile metals. In 1998 a 90 vol%Au – 10 vol% Ag metal-metal composite wire was produced and found to possess both high tensile strength (550 MPa) and low electrical resistivity (2.56 m ohm-cm). In that composite, the silver reinforcing phase consisted of sub-micron diameter filaments parallel to the wire axis. This article describes the microstructures, mechanical properties, and electrical resistivity of three gold matrix composites in which the reinforcing phases are 7 vol% Ag, 14 vol% Ag, and 7 vol%Pt. These composites were drawn to diameters as small as 60 microns. Results from wedge bonding trials with these composite wires are also reported.     

Mechanical and electrical properties of In-Bi solder at Bi2212 superconductor interface with annealed Ag spray layers and Ag precoating layers

The electrical properties of solder contact layers between Cu-Ni shunt metal and tube type Bi₂₂₁₂ superconductor that is applied in superconducting fault current limiter were studied. The contact properties of the solders are improved not only by Ag precoating layers, but also by the pre-sprayed Ag layer and subsequent Ag precoating layers. The annealed Ag sprayed layers onto Bi₂₂₁₂ superconductor prior to Ag electroplating work as protecting layers for the superconductor from plating solutions. The contact angle of the electroplated Ag layer is 42.91° and decreases to 15.25° and 5.88° with Ag sprayed layer and additional Ag electroplated layers. The Ag sprayed layer with suitable annealing prior to Ag electroplating improves contact strength of the Ag electroplated layer by about 12% due to denser microstructure of the Ag electroplated layers.     

ZnO_p/Cu复合材料的制备工艺与物理性能的研究

采用粉末冶金法制备含不同质量分数ZnO的铜基复合材料,并对材料的密度、硬度和电导率进行考察.结果表明,与相同工艺制备的紫铜相比,复合材料的硬度有很大程度的提高,而电导率降低不明显.随着ZnO质量分数的增加,材料的密度和电导率都呈下降趋势,而硬度先增大后减小.当ZnO含量为10%时,复合材料具有最好的综合性能,密度达98%以上,HV硬度、电导率分别达980 MPa和41.5 MS/m.     

A Novel Method for the Preparation of Ag/SnO2 Electrical Contact Materials

描述了一种制备Ag/Sn O2电接触材料(Sn O2的质量分数为12%)的新方法。首先采用共沉淀法制备Ag-Sn O2纳米复合粉体(Sn O2的质量分数为42%)并对该Ag-Sn O2纳米复合粉体进行了表征。XRD结果表明制备的复合粉体由纯立方相的Ag和四方金红石相的Sn O2组成;SEM及TEM结果表明,纳米Sn O2与纳米Ag颗粒均匀弥散分布在复合粉体中;并借助于TG-DTA热分析对纳米复合粉体前驱体的制备过程进行了分析。然后,将Ag-Sn O2纳米复合粉体与Ag粉混合,采用粉末冶金法制备成Ag/Sn O2电接触材料,并对制备的Ag/Sn O2电接触材料进行了表征。结果表明,由于纳米Sn O2在Ag基体中弥散分布,制备的材料的物理性能如密度、硬度及电导率比普通工艺制备的材料好。     

Pd／Ag纤维复合材料的制备工艺

用包套拉伸法和挤压法制备Ｐｄ／Ａｇ纤维复合材料，并通过金相和电子显微镜分别观察其微镜分别观察其微观结构，测试其性能，如电阻率，硬度，强度及接触电阻等。通过对比其工艺性及所得材料的微观结构和性能，认为挤压法优于包套拉伸法。此种Ｐｄ／Ａｇ纤维复合材料适合Ｐｄ／Ａｇ型复合铆钉和生产复铜铆钉。     

Microstructure and Properties of a Deformation-Processed Cu-Cr-Ag In Situ Composite by Directional Solidification

Cu-7Cr-0.07Ag alloys were prepared by casting and directional solidification, from which deformation-processed in situ composites were prepared by thermo-mechanical processing. The microstructure, mechanical properties, and electrical properties were investigated using optical microscopy, scanning electronic microscopy, tensile testing, and a micro-ohmmeter. The second-phase Cr grains of the directional solidification Cu-7Cr-0.07Ag in situ composite were parallel to the drawing direction and were finer, which led to a higher tensile strength and a better combination of properties.     

新型AgC5电触头材料的性能及显微组织

采用高能球磨．还原剂液相喷雾化学包覆．粉末冶金工艺制备出新型银石墨电触头材料AgC5(质量分数)。经与烧结挤压和机械混粉工艺的同类触头相对比，该材料具有优异的机械物理性能。电磨损分断对比试验发现，与常规机械混粉同类触头相比该材料的耐电腐蚀性能提高了40％以上。利用扫描电镜和金相显微镜对AgC包覆粉体及烧结复压后触头显微组织进行了分析，发现微米尺寸的Ag颗粒呈絮凝状结构包覆在石墨片外，这种絮凝体内部孔洞尺寸细小且分布均匀；新工艺材料组织细腻，球磨石墨均匀分布在Ag基体上，弥散度较高。材料经电弧作用后的工作面用SEM和EDS分析发现：新工艺改善了Ag与C间的润湿性和物理结合强度，在电弧瞬时高温作用后，熔融Ag能够以珠状粘附在基体表面，有助于减少Ag液的喷溅损失。