Casting/mould interfacial heat transfer during solidification in graphite,steel and graphite lined steel moulds

Heat flow between the casting and the mould during solidification of three commercially pure metals, in graphite, steel and graphite lined steel moulds, was assessed using an inverse modelling technique. The analysis yielded the interfacial heat flux (q), heat transfer coefficient (h) and the surface temperatures of the casting and the mould during solidification of the casting. The peak heat flux was incorporated as a dimensionless number and modeled as a function of the thermal diffusivities of the casting and the mould materials. Heat flux transients were normalised with respect to the peak heat flux and modeled as a function of time. The heat flux model proposed was used to estimate the heat flux transients during solidification in graphite lined copper composite moulds.     

充型散热对缩孔缩松缺陷预测的影响

充型过程所伴随的热量传播交换与散失,导致铸件凝固过程初始温度场分布的不均匀性,进而影响缩孔缩松缺陷的形成。为了更加准确地预测缩孔缩松的位置与大小,凝固模拟应建立在充型过程传热计算的基础上。用实例说明充型散热对缩孔缩松缺陷的影响。     

Enhanced cooling for solidification of aluminium alloys in permanent moulds using advanced heat pipe solutions

Abstract

In order to obtain sound cast components with good properties, a number of measures must be taken to make parts defect free. It is well recognised by the casting industry that it is essential to control cooling rates of permanent mould castings in order to speed up solidification and control the solidification pattern. Each of the traditional controlled cooling techniques (air or water cooling passages and chill inserts) presents certain disadvantages and none offers optimum thermal management. A new cooling method for permanent moulds is proposed. This new technique is based on heat pipe technology that was developed specifically for the cooling of permanent moulds in the casting of light metals where high heat fluxes are normally encountered. The influence of the conductivity of mould coatings on casting solidification and dendrite arm spacing with heat pipe cooling was investigated. Typical experimental results are also presented.     

Effect of section thickness and modification on thermal analysis parameters of A357 alloy

Abstract

Thermal analysis technique relies on the cooling curve obtained when the sample is cooled in a sampling cup. This may not represent the cooling behaviour of the real casting. The microstructure developed during solidification depends not only on the nucleation and modification potential of the melt but also on the thermal gradient imposed during solidification by the mould. The factors affecting the thermal gradient are the mould material and casting section thickness. In the present investigation the effect of modification melt treatment, cooling rate and casting section thickness on the thermal analysis parameters of A357 alloy was studied. It is found that the dimensionless heat flux parameter is high for small section thickness castings. The metal/mould interfacial heat flux is high in a copper mould. Thermal analysis parameters of A357 alloy are found to be affected significantly by the combined action of modification, chilling and section thickness.     

Refinement of primary carbides in AISI DC 53 cold work tool steel by thin section copper permanent mould casting and water atomization

In this study, as alternative methods to conventional production methods involving thin section copper permanent mould casting (fast solidification) and water atomization (rapid solidification) of AISI DC 53 cold work tool steel have been investigated. Thin slabs obtained by copper mould casting was homogenized at 1150 °C for one hour and then hot rolling was be applied. After hot rolling, conventional heat treatment have been applied to thin slabs. The same heat treatment procedure have been performed for a commercially available AISI DC 53 which is manufactured by thick section ingot casting and rolling. In order to investigate also the effect of rapid solidification on AISI DC 53 tool steel, steel powder was produced by water atomization technique. Experiments have revealed that thin steel slabs in permanent copper mould and rapidly solidified tool steel powder by water atomization have a more refined primary M₇C₃ carbides than commercially available steel.     

铝合金压铸工艺数值模拟分析

采用压铸工艺成形铝合金薄壁长轴类零件。首先根据压铸模具浇注系统的设计原则,对铝合金件压铸模的浇注系统进行了设计计算;其次运用procast软件对铝合金压铸成形工艺进行数值模拟,根据压铸过程中的温度场云图,进行了压铸模具的热平衡分析和压铸件的充型凝固分析;最后针对模拟的结果进行了压铸模具的设计。     

连铸凝固传热过程的数值模拟

研究和开发了连铸凝固传热过程数值模拟程序,并以生产厂的铸坯为研究对象,计算了铸坯断面温度分布和凝固壳厚度,该模型考虑了结晶器表面散热的不均匀性,处理了凝固时相变所产生的结晶潜热,将计算出的断面温度、坯壳厚度等数据与生产实验测得的数据相比较,吻合性很好.他可用来优化连铸工艺参数,是进一步开发在线控制模型的基础.     

圆坯连铸结晶器传热的反算法

基于圆坯连铸结晶器实测温度数据,建立了结晶器传热反问题数学模型,通过确定结晶器和铸坯之间局部热阻大小及其分布,计算出结晶器热流场和坯壳厚度,且分析了结晶器热流分布特征和铸坯凝固状态,并比较两者之间的关系．计算结果准确地反映了实际生产过程中沿结晶器周向非均匀传热特征,为将数值模拟技术应用于连铸凝固过程监控和“可视化结晶器”技术提供了可借鉴的实用方法.     

基于Matlab的板坯连铸凝固传热过程及热损失研究

基于Matlab数值计算,对板坯连铸凝固传热问题进行研究,得到随板坯厚度及其与结晶器弯月面距离变化的板坯温度场分布,通过拟合得到板坯凝固点末端位置与二冷总供水流量、过热温度和拉坯速度的关系式,分析二冷区水量分配比对结晶器和二冷区内单位长度板坯热损失率和板坯表面温度梯度的影响。结果表明：板坯温度随冷却阶段的不同其温度变化趋势显著不同;随着过热温度和拉坯速度的增大、二冷总供水流量的减小,板坯凝固点末端位置增大;拉坯速度对板坯凝固点末端位置的影响最为显著,其次是二冷总供水流量,过热温度对其影响较小。通过适当调整二冷区内水量分配比可实现降低板坯表面温度梯度和较少热损失率的折衷,从而在提高板坯质量的同时也提高其蓄能,以实现板坯连铸过程的节能。所得结果能对板坯连铸凝固过程的参数设计和动态运行提供依据和理论指导。     

Heat transfer characteristics of lost foam casting process of magnesium alloy

1 Introduction The growing demand for mass reduction in aerospace and automotive industries has greatly increased the magnesium application. Currently, casting is the main industrial forming method for magnesium alloys, but the lag of research and develop…     

MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR HEAT TRANSFER IN SOLIDIFICATION OF CONTINUOUSLY CAST SLABS

本文介绍了连续铸锭凝固传热数学模型。从热平衡观点出发,导出了考虑小单元体内部和相邻小单元体之间热平衡的差分方程。并应用于连铸板坯结晶器凝固过程的模拟计算。讨论了操作工艺条件(如拉速、浇注温度、钢液流动、结晶器长度等)对结晶器内钢液凝固过程的影响。     

Heat transfer and solidification analysis in the mould region of a horizontal copper alloy billet continuous caster

Abstract

Mathematical modelling has been widely used as a powerful tool for process design and optimisation of the continuous casting process. A three-dimensional heat transfer model was developed to simulate heat transfer and solidification in a horizontal billet continuous casting system. In this model, the air gap formation and its effect on heat extraction from the billet was also modelled and considered. The developed model was run to simulate the heat transfer and solidification for an industrial billet casting machine. The predicted temperature distribution within the mould and billet was compared with those measured on an industrial caster and good agreement was obtained. Parametric studies were carried out to evaluate the effects of different parameters on the temperature distribution and solidification profile within the cast brass billet. Finally, the secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS) was determined experimentally and a semi-empirical correlation between measured SDAS and corresponding calculated cooling rate was proposed for continuously cast brass billet.     

耐候钢连铸工艺的改进

分析耐候钢连铸出现的问题,认为凝固时应力过大和磷铜元素偏析造成晶界脆化是出现铸坯纵裂的主要原因;结晶器中喂稀土丝恶化保护渣性能,影响结晶器与坯壳间的润滑与传热,并使热流不均匀是连铸漏钢的主因。采用钙处理代喂稀土丝工艺,以及减缓连铸一、二次冷却强度,改进保护渣后,连铸缺陷获得极大改善。     

The Horizontal Ohno Continuous Casting Process: Process Variables and Their Effects on Casting Stability

Abstract

Temperature profile measurements within a heated mould have been made during continuous casting of pure tin rod of 8.5 mm dia in an attempt to obtain an understanding of the influence of process variables on the position of the solidification front. It has been established that process variables such as casting speed, mould temperature and cooling position have a sensitive effect on the position of the solidification front. It varies linearly with casting speed for a given cooling position and mould temperature. The change in position of the solidification front in turn exerts a significant effect on the surface quality of the cast strand. It has been demonstrated that the solidification front should be brought well within the mould in order to obtain good dimensional and casting stability.     

用颗粒推移模型模拟Al-Si/SiCp复合材料微观组织

对搅拌铸造法制备SiC颗粒（SiCp）增强Al-7．0%Si（质量分数）复合材料的微观组织形成过程进行了模拟研究，建立了常规凝固条件下相应的宏观传热、等轴枝晶形核生长以及颗粒推移的二维计算模型，采用一种改进的CA（cellular automaton）方法与有限差分法耦合进行数值计算，研究了不同铸造方式对复合材料微观组织以及颗粒分布的影响．为了验证模拟结果，浇注了阶梯形金属型和砂型试样、结果表明，模拟得到的复合材料颗粒分布及微观组织与实验结果吻合良好．     

Conference Reports

Abstract

The outcome of a long-term programme on the computer-aided design of castings, carried out at Sharif University of Technology, has been the development of computer simulation software known as SUTCAST. This is currently employed in 16 local foundries. The program is based on a numerical method involving a classical approach to an explicit three-dimensional heat-transfer finite difference method. The software has been designed for the solidification simulation of pure metals, and eutectic and long-freezing-range alloys. It has been written for IBM personal computers and compatibles in the Turbo C version 2.01 programming language.

This paper discusses the computer solidification simulation of an Al—12%Si casting poured in a sand mould and the heat- transfer coefficient at the metal—mould interface. A mathematical model for the estimation of the gap width at the metal—mould interface during solidification based on the plane strain thermoelasticity equations is suggested.

The solidification process for Al—12%Si contained with a sand mould was monitored by measuring temperature at different locations within the casting and the sand mould. An experimental procedure was employed to measure the displacement of the metal and mould walls during solidification. The width of the gap was measured as the difference between the location of the casting and the inner surfaces of the mould, which varies with time.

The computer results are compared with the experimental data and are shown to be in good agreement as regards to cooling curves, solidification time and gap size.     

拉速对板坯倒角结晶器钢液流动的影响

为研究凝固坯壳影响时拉速变化对板坯倒角结晶器内流场和温度场的影响,通过数值模拟和物理模拟研究相结合的方法,建立了板坯倒角结晶器流动、传热及凝固三维数学模型和相似比为1∶1的断面尺寸为1 490 mm×230 mm的板坯倒角结晶器物理模型。数值模拟和物理模拟流场形态及液面相同位置流速结果进行的对比分析表明了数模和水模试验结果趋势的一致性;拉速变化对倒角结晶器内流场及温度场的数值影响明显,但对整体形态影响不大;拉速增大到1.7 m/min时液面流速过快、波动剧烈,极易出现卷渣;拉速增大会强化钢液流股对窄面凝固坯壳的冲击,导致坯壳重熔减薄;在本试验研究范围内以1.5 m/min拉速进行生产能够取得较好的综合效果。     

小方坯连铸机高速结晶器的研究与设计

本文建立了铸坯凝固传热数学模型,模拟计算了铸坯温度场、坯壳厚度、热流场、坯壳热收缩应力场、坯壳与铜壁间气隙厚度,计算坯壳厚度与实测坯壳厚度基本吻合;计算结果为连铸机生产、连铸机设计提供依据.并设计了高速结晶器,平均拉速达3.5m/min.     

Effect of mould baffle technology on stray grain formation in single crystal blades by integral fabrication based on 3D printing

Stray grains, the most serious casting defect, mainly occur in the platform because of the abrupt transition of the cross-section in the directional solidification of superalloy single-crystal blades. A new mould baffle technology based on 3D printing and gelcasting is proposed herein to reduce the formation of stray grains in the platform. The influence of the proposed mould baffle technology on the temperature field in the platform during solidification was investigated by simulation and experiment. The numerical simulation results indicate that the proposed mould baffle technology can effectively hinder the radiation and heat dissipation at the platform extremities, and therefore, reduce undercooling in the platform and the formation of stray grains during directional solidification. Casting trials of a hollow turbine blade were conducted using CMSX-4 superalloy. The trial results demonstrate the potential of the proposed approach for manufacturing single-crystal superalloy blades.

     

汽车轮毂低压铸造凝固过程模拟研究

以铝合金轮毂生产为背景，利用有限差分原理开发出适应于复杂工艺的凝固模拟软件。该程序综合考虑低压铸造中边界换热的复杂情形，即对不同的边界单元，采用不同的换热方式。对工艺流程采取了分段处理的方式以加快计算速度，并针对多风道工艺的处理提出了相应的解决办法。对一个实际生产的轮毂进行了凝固过程模拟，所得结论与实际基本符合。