含复合(Ti,Mo)C析出相的马氏体钢的氢捕获与解吸附（英文）

采用热脱氢分析装置(TDS)研究了含复合(Ti, Mo)C析出相的马氏体钢的氢的捕获与解吸附行为。结果表明,36～60 nm的未溶球形(Ti, Mo)复合析出相在室温电化学充氢过程中不能捕获氢,而回火析出的1～5 nm的复合(Ti, Mo)C析出相是有效的氢陷阱,尽管其氢陷阱激活能相对较低,为16.4～22.1k J/mol,与晶界、位错处的氢陷阱激活能相近,同时远低于纯的共格Ti C析出相的氢陷阱激活能,但在大气中放置时,被回火析出的1～5 nm的复合(Ti, Mo)C析出相捕获的氢无法解吸。     

氢对含(Ti,Mo)C析出相的调质钢的超高周疲劳性能的影响

研究了未溶和回火析出的(Ti,Mo)C析出相的氢陷阱作用对调质铬钼钢的超高周疲劳性能的影响。结果表明:球形未溶(Ti,Mo)C析出相的氢解吸附激活能为142.6 kJ/mol,这种强氢陷阱在电化学充氢条件下不会捕获氢;细小的回火(Ti,Mo)C析出相是有效的氢陷阱,其捕获的氢的解吸附激活能为17.0 kJ/mol,这部分氢的扩散系数较小,室温放置336 h仍不能扩散出试样,但在循环载荷下能够从氢陷阱处解吸附并且向裂纹尖端或应力集中处扩散,仍能在一定程度上降低钢的超高周疲劳强度;位错和晶界处的可逆氢的解吸附激活能为16.9 kJ/mol,这部分氢扩散系数较大,室温放置96 h就能全部扩散出试样,在循环载荷下这部分氢能够迅速向裂纹尖端或应力集中处扩散,显著降低疲劳裂纹扩展应力强度因子门槛值,最终显著降低超高周疲劳强度;考虑到两者捕获的氢含量相当,被细小的回火(Ti,Mo)C析出相捕获的氢对超高周疲强度的有害作用要远小于位错、晶界处的可扩散氢对超高周疲劳强度的有害作用。非金属夹杂物的氢解吸附激活能为70.9 kJ/mol,这种强氢陷阱在电化学充氢条件下同样不会捕获氢。     

氢对含(Ti,Mo)C析出相的调质钢的超高周疲劳性能的影响（英文）

研究了未溶和回火析出的(Ti,Mo)C析出相的氢陷阱作用对调质铬钼钢的超高周疲劳性能的影响。结果表明:球形未溶(Ti,Mo)C析出相的氢解吸附激活能为142.6 kJ/mol,这种强氢陷阱在电化学充氢条件下不会捕获氢;细小的回火(Ti,Mo)C析出相是有效的氢陷阱,其捕获的氢的解吸附激活能为17.0 kJ/mol,这部分氢的扩散系数较小,室温放置336 h仍不能扩散出试样,但在循环载荷下能够从氢陷阱处解吸附并且向裂纹尖端或应力集中处扩散,仍能在一定程度上降低钢的超高周疲劳强度;位错和晶界处的可逆氢的解吸附激活能为16.9 kJ/mol,这部分氢扩散系数较大,室温放置96 h就能全部扩散出试样,在循环载荷下这部分氢能够迅速向裂纹尖端或应力集中处扩散,显著降低疲劳裂纹扩展应力强度因子门槛值,最终显著降低超高周疲劳强度;考虑到两者捕获的氢含量相当,被细小的回火(Ti,Mo)C析出相捕获的氢对超高周疲强度的有害作用要远小于位错、晶界处的可扩散氢对超高周疲劳强度的有害作用。非金属夹杂物的氢解吸附激活能为70.9 kJ/mol,这种强氢陷阱在电化学充氢条件下同样不会捕获氢。     

马氏体钢中(Ti,Mo)C粒子的析出行为和强化效应

为了研究复合(Ti,Mo)C粒子的析出行为和强化效应，本文选取了一种含钛的Cr-Mo钢作为研究对象，对此钢分别进行880 ℃和1350 ℃淬火并回火。化学萃取相分析结果表明，当淬火温度为880 ℃时，(Ti,Mo)C粒子的尺寸主要分布在18-36，36-60，60-96 nm，这些粒子是在热轧过程中析出的。当淬火温度为1350 ℃时，回火过程中新析出了1-5 nm的(Ti,Mo)C粒子，这些新析出的(Ti,Mo)C粒子产生了一个明显的二次硬化平台，析出强化量约为165 MPa。新析出的(Ti,Mo)C粒子中的Ti/Mo原子比随回火温度的升高而降低并稳定在1左右。     

马氏体钢中(Ti,Mo)C粒子的析出行为和强化效应（英文）

为了研究复合(Ti,Mo)C粒子的析出行为和强化效应选取了一种含钛的Cr-Mo钢作为研究对象力对此钢分别进行880和1350℃淬火并回火。化学萃取相分析结果表明,当淬火温度为880℃时,(Ti,Mo)C粒子的尺寸主要分布在18~36,36~60,60~96 nm,这些粒子是在热轧过程中析出的。当淬火温度为1350℃时,回火过程中新析出了1~5 nm的(Ti,Mo)C粒子,这些新析出的(Ti,Mo)C粒子产生了一个明显的二次硬化平台,析出强化量约为165 MPa。新析出的(Ti,Mo)C粒子中的Ti/Mo原子比随回火温度的升高而降低并稳定在1左右。     

回火温度和Mo对Ti微合金化钢组织和性能的影响

针对Ti微合金化钢和Ti-Mo复合微合金化钢,采用淬火+回火的热处理工艺,利用扫描电镜(SEM)和透射电镜(TEM)等研究了回火温度和Mo对Ti微合金化钢组织和力学性能的影响。研究结果表明:随回火温度升高,板条马氏体逐渐转变成铁素体,两种试验钢的硬度都呈现先增大后减小的趋势;最佳的回火温度为600℃。对比两种试验钢的研究结果表明,Mo的加入使得Ti微合金化钢回火过程中板条马氏体转变为铁素体的倾向增强,析出相尺寸变小,可获得10 nm以下的(Ti,Mo)C析出颗粒,提高Ti微合金化钢的综合力学性能。     

Ti-V-Mo复合微合金钢中(Ti,V,Mo)C在γ/α中沉淀析出的动力学

根据多元复合析出相的固溶析出理论和经典形核长大动力学理论,计算了Ti-V-Mo复合微合金钢中(Ti,V,Mo)C在奥氏体(γ)和铁素体(α)中沉淀析出的形核参量、析出-时间-温度(PTT)曲线、形核率-温度(Nr T)曲线,并探讨了奥氏体中形变储能和形变诱导析出量对(Ti,V,Mo)C在γ/α中沉淀析出动力学的影响。结果表明,复合析出相(Ti,V,Mo)C在γ/α中沉淀析出的PTT曲线呈典型的"C"曲线形状,而Nr T曲线表现为典型的反"C"曲线形状,(Ti,V,Mo)C在γ中的最快析出温度为1020~1050℃。增加γ的形变储能,使(Ti,V,Mo)C在γ中沉淀析出的PTT曲线向左上方移动。增加γ中(Ti,V,Mo)C沉淀析出的形变诱导析出量,使(Ti,V,Mo)C在α中沉淀析出的Nr T曲线向右下方移动,经计算可知,(Ti,V,Mo)C在α中的最大形核率温度在630~650℃,理论计算结果和实验结果吻合较好。     

淬火温度对高Ti低合金耐磨钢组织及力学性能的影响

研究了淬火温度对高Ti低合金耐磨钢组织转变、析出相和力学性能的影响,并分析了组织演变和力学性能变化的原因。结果表明:试验钢经不同温度淬火和200 ℃回火后的组织均为高位错密度板条马氏体;析出相尺寸主要为微米-亚微米-纳米三种尺度,微米级析出相呈杆棒状,亚微米以及纳米析出相呈球状,马氏体板条上分布着细小的(Ti, Mo)C析出相。随着淬火温度的升高,试验钢的屈服强度、抗拉强度和维氏硬度均先升高后降低,均在920 ℃时有最大值,分别为1248 MPa、1535 MPa和434 HV,此时伸长率为10.0%。随淬火温度升高,纳米级析出相逐渐回溶,数量减少且尺寸逐渐长大,沿轧制方向被压扁拉长的原奥氏体晶粒尺寸以及马氏体板条块尺寸略有增大,但马氏体板条宽度却无明显长大。大量的弥散分布的5～10 nm的(Ti, Mo)C粒子是促进耐磨钢硬度升高的主要因素。细小的(Ti, Mo)C析出相逐渐长大以及原奥氏体晶粒的增大都不利于耐磨钢硬度的提高。     

20Cr11MoVNbNB钢回火过程的原子扩散控制

研究了淬火20CrllMoVNbNB钢在室温-750℃不同温度回火0.5—100h后的硬度相析出变化,析出相中合金元素含量变化以及回火激活能等,证明在低于400℃时,该钢的回火过程受C原子在α-Fe中扩散所控制;在高于400℃时,回火过程受合金元素Cr(以及Mo,V)在α-Fe中扩散所控制     

回火温度对960MPa级工程机械用钢组织及析出相的影响

采用透射电子显微镜研究了960 MPa级工程机械用钢淬火及不同温度回火后显微组织及析出相的变化规律.结果表明:920℃淬火后,显微组织以板条马氏体为主,还有极少量孪晶马氏体,马氏体发生自回火现象.在400℃以下回火,(Ti,Nb)(C,N)尺寸和数量没有明显变化.500℃回火后,在晶界和亚晶界开始析出(Fe、Mn、Cr)3C合金渗碳体.600℃回火后,在晶内和晶界析出(Fe,Mn,Cr,Ni,Mo,V)3C合金渗碳体,Mo2C大量析出.650℃回火后,VC大量析出,发生再结晶,开始多边形化.     

Precipitation Behavior and Microstructural Evolution of Ferritic Ti–V–Mo Complex Microalloyed Steel

Precipitation behavior of(Ti,V,Mo)C and microstructural evolution of the ferritic Ti–V–Mo complex microalloyed steel were investigated through changing coiling temperature(CT).It is demonstrated that the strength of the Ti–V–Mo microalloyed steel can be ascribed to the combination of grain refinement hardening and precipitation hardening.The variation of hardness(from 318 to 415 HV,then to 327 HV) with CT(from 500 to 600–625 °C,then to 700 °C) was attributed to the changes of volume fraction and particle size of(Ti,V,Mo)C precipitates.The optimum CT was considered as 600–625 °C,at which the maximum hardness value(415 HV) can be obtained.It was found that the atomic ratios of Ti,V and Mo in(Ti,V,Mo)C carbides were changed as the CT increased.The precipitates with the size of \ 10 nm were the V-rich particles at higher CT of 600 and 650 °C,while the Ti-rich particles were observed at lower CT of 500 and 550 °C.Theoretical calculations indicated that the maximum nucleation rate of(Ti,V,Mo)C in ferrite matrix occurred around 630 °C,which was consistent with the 625 °C obtained from experiment results.     

Ti-Mo微合金钢连续冷却过程中纳米碳化物的析出行为

利用透射电镜对Ti-Mo微合金钢热轧后冷却过程中的析出相分布、形貌和尺寸进行了分析。结果表明:热轧试验钢的基体组织主要由铁素体和少量贝氏体组成,较高的屈服强度主要得益于铁素体基体上形成的高体积分数的相间沉淀颗粒;这些粒子形成于热轧后的连续冷却过程中,主要是(Ti,Mo) C,尺寸约5～10 nm,对铁素体基体产生明显的沉淀强化作用。铁素体在相变初期由于较快的生长速度导致晶粒内很少形成相间沉淀,这类析出主要形成于相变中后期的铁素体基体内。      

Einflüsse von Mo,V, Nb,Ti, Zr und deren Karbiden auf die Korrosion und Wasserstoffaufnahme des Eisens in Schwefelsäure

Effects of Mo, V, Nb, Ti, Zr and their carbides on the corrosion and hydrogen uptake of iron in sulphuric acid The effects of Mo, V, Nb, Ti, Zr and their carbides on the corrosion and hydrogen uptake of iron in 1 M H₂SO₄/N₂/25°C were investigated by electrochemical and surface analytical methods using binary and ternary Fe-Me alloys with about 0.2 at.-%Me. Due to the experimental conditions, no protective surface layers formed. The transition metals were enriched at the iron surface only as a carbide or oxicarbide. Mo or Zr were not markedly enriched. The corrosion current density and the hydrogen activity were decreased only by Mo or Zr. Hydrogen permeation measurements were analysed in terms of the trapping theory. The average binding energy of shallow traps for hydrogen increases with increasing atomic radius of the substituted alloying elements in the order V, Mo, Ti, Nb and Zr. Correspondingly, the hydrogen diffusion coefficient (after saturation of the deep traps) decreases and the hydrogen solubility increases. The steadystate hydrogen permeation rate remains almost unaffected. The total hydrogen content is determined by the density of deep traps and thus mostly independent of the external hydrogen activity. The trapping effect of iron is strongly increased by dissolved Zr or Nb or in the presence of fine dispersed carbides as VC_x. The effect of coarse carbide particles at a lower density is small.     

低碳微合金钢中Nb、V、Ti碳氮化物的回溶研究

采用透射电镜和X射线光谱技术,研究了低碳微合金钢中Nb、V、Ti的碳氮化物在不同温度保温1 h后的回溶行为.结果表明,低碳微合金钢中存在尺寸明显不同的两类析出,其中颗粒尺寸较大的在80 nm以上;这种颗粒的心部是(Nb,V,Ti)(C,N)相,而颗粒边缘为(Nb,Ti)(C,N)相;颗粒尺寸较小的在20 nm以下,其类型为(Nb,Ti)(C,N).两类析出物中Nb与Ti的原子比均随回溶温度的升高而减小.     

Thermal desorption spectroscopy study of the interaction of hydrogen with TiC precipitates

Thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) was used to study hydrogen-trap interactions for an experimental steel (0.025 wt%C-0.09%Ti). After lab processing, the microstructure consisted of small (～20 μm) ferrite grains containing nanometer TiC precipitates. After hot and cold rolling, the material contained some hydrogen (originated from the hot rolling) in irreversible traps, the TiC precipitates. After annealing in hydrogen, the TDS spectra consisted of a high temperature peak, attributed to irreversible trapping by TiC precipitates. Annealing slightly increased the TiC precipitate size. Both the peak temperature and peak area increased with increasing annealing temperature. The increase in peak area occurred together with the increase in TiC precipitate size. The TDS spectra for samples annealed at 800 °C, and electrochemically charged, contained (i) a low temperature peak which decreased in height with increasing desorption time, and (ii) a high temperature peak that did not change significantly with desorption time, and was similar to those after gaseous charging. The low temperature peak was attributed to reversible traps such as grain boundaries, whereas the high temperature peak was attributed to irreversible trapping by TiC precipitates. The high temperature TDS peak was composed of constituent peaks with essentially the same activation energy of 145 kJ/mol.     

Nb-V-Ti和V-Ti微合金钢中碳氮化物的回溶行为

采用TEM和EDX技术,研究了低碳微合金钢中Nb,V,Ti的碳氮化物在不同温度保温后的回溶行为.结果表明,Nb-V-Ti微合金钢中存在尺寸明显不同的两类析出,较大的析出颗粒平均尺寸在80 nm以上,其心部为(Nb,V,Ti)(C,N),而边部为(Nb,Ti)(C,N),较小的析出颗粒平均尺寸在20 nm以下,其类型为(Nb,Ti)(C,N).两类析出物中Nb/Ti原子比均随回溶温度的升高而减小.V-Ti微合金钢中,Ti的存在对V的回溶具有拖曳作用,提高了V的碳氮化物的热稳定性.Nb-V-Ti微合金钢中,由于Nb,V,Ti之间综合作用,使得析出相中V具有更高的热稳定性.     

Stability of (Ti, M)C (M = Nb, V, Mo and W) carbide in steels using first-principles calculations

The lattice parameters, formation energies and bulk moduli of (Ti, M)C and M(C, Va) with the B1 crystal structure have been investigated using first-principles calculations, where M = Nb, V, Mo and W. The replacement at 0 K of Ti by Mo or W in the TiC lattice is found to be energetically unfavorable with respect to the formation energy. However, it decreases the misfit strain between the carbide and ferrite matrix, a factor which is of critical importance during the early stages of precipitation, thus favoring the substitution of Ti by Mo, as is observed in practice. The effect of Mo in enhancing the coarsening resistance of (Ti, Mo)C precipitates is discussed in terms of its role in the nucleation process, but followed by a more passive contribution during coarsening itself. The role of tungsten has been predicted to have a similar effect to molybdenum on the nucleation and coarsening process. Analysis of precipitates in Ti-, Ti-Mo- and Ti-W-bearing steels shows results consistent with the calculations.     

Three-dimensional atom probe microscopy study of interphase precipitation and nanoclusters in thermomechanically treated titanium–molybdenum steels

Atom probe microscopy was used to generate tomographic analyses of solute clustering and precipitation reactions in a Ti–Mo added microalloyed steel under simulated strip-rolling conditions. It was observed that the interphase row spacing of precipitates was reduced with the application of a pre-strain. The atom probe data also revealed the coexistence of nanoclusters and precipitate particles, even after isothermal holding for 3600 s. These microstructural features occurred both within 3-D interphase precipitate sheets, and in randomly selected fields of view. A bimodal distribution of larger (～8–10 nm) precipitates coexisted with smaller nanoclusters (～3 nm) within the interphase sheets/rows. Both the nanoclusters and the precipitates possessed a disc morphology, although nanoclusters with less than ～30 atoms were more irregular in shape. The size of the nanoclusters and the precipitates was expressed as a Guinier radius, and this varied between 0.5 and 8 nm for both strain conditions, with the average size ～1.8 nm. The composition of the nanoclusters varied over a wide range, yet was mostly rich in C. All of the nanoclusters and precipitates consisted of a mixture of Ti, Mo and C and the average precipitate composition was close to that of MC carbide stoichiometry, where M represents a mixture of Ti and Mo. In the majority of cases, the Ti/Mo ratio in the MC carbides was > 1. As the Guinier radius increased above 2.5 nm, the composition range became narrower, towards the MC carbide stoichiometry, with a small amount of Fe (～3–12 at.%).