Nb-V-Ti和V-Ti微合金钢中碳氮化物的回溶行为

采用TEM和EDX技术,研究了低碳微合金钢中Nb,V,Ti的碳氮化物在不同温度保温后的回溶行为.结果表明,Nb-V-Ti微合金钢中存在尺寸明显不同的两类析出,较大的析出颗粒平均尺寸在80 nm以上,其心部为(Nb,V,Ti)(C,N),而边部为(Nb,Ti)(C,N),较小的析出颗粒平均尺寸在20 nm以下,其类型为(Nb,Ti)(C,N).两类析出物中Nb/Ti原子比均随回溶温度的升高而减小.V-Ti微合金钢中,Ti的存在对V的回溶具有拖曳作用,提高了V的碳氮化物的热稳定性.Nb-V-Ti微合金钢中,由于Nb,V,Ti之间综合作用,使得析出相中V具有更高的热稳定性.     

超低碳微合金钢中碳氮化物的溶解行为

利用萃取复型,结合TEM和EDX技术,研究了超低碳Nb-Ti微合金钢中析出相粒子在1300℃保温后的回溶行为.结果表明,基体中存在两类析出相:一类为凝固过程中形成的比较粗大的析出相,另一类为应变诱导下产生的析出相,尺寸比较细小.凝固过程中形成的析出相中富Ti,应变诱导下的细小析出相富Nb.在1300℃回溶时应变诱导析出相不稳定,2h后基本不存在,而凝固过程中形成的析出相在回溶48 h后,还存在含Nb的(Nb,Ti)(C,N)复合相.在钢中含Ti的情况下,Nb碳氮化物的稳定性大幅提高.     

Nb-Ti微合金钢中第二相的溶解行为

利用碳萃取复型、TEM和EDX分析,研究了低碳Nb-Ti微合金钢在1 300℃等温过程中第二相粒子的溶解行为。实验结果表明:钢中有两类尺度存在显著差异的析出颗粒,其一为尺寸在50 nm以上的富钛相(生成于钢液凝固阶段),其二为尺寸小于20 nm的富铌相(形成于奥氏体变形过程)。在1 300℃保温2 h后,应变诱导析出相基本消失,而凝固过程中形成的析出相在保温48 h后,还存在含Nb的(Nb,Ti)(C,N)复合相。在微合金钢中含Ti的情况下,碳氮化物的稳定性大幅提高。这些结果表明,析出相的形成和热稳定性在很大程度上取决于Nb和Ti原子的相互作用。     

热连轧过程复合微合金碳氮化物析出的定量计算

以微合金元素的析出热力学和析出动力学为基础,针对Fe-Nb-V-Ti-Al-C-N合金系,定量计算了热连轧过程中(Nb,V,Ti)(C,N)和AlN在奥氏体中的析出行为,并进一步分析了热轧制温度对析出行为的影响。计算结果表明,对所研究的钢种成分和工艺条件,在加热过程中(Nb,V,Ti)(C,N)就已经析出,在粗轧阶段,(Nb,V,Ti)(C,N)析出粒子平均半径逐渐减小,在精轧阶段,(Nb,V,Ti)(C,N)基本达到平衡析出量,终轧后析出粒子平均半径保持在23 nm左右。轧制时的热变形增大了形核率,促进了析出,使析出粒子的平均半径减小。随加热和轧制温度的降低,(Nb,V,Ti)(C,N)的析出量有所增加,粒子平均半径减小。     

微合金元素对V-N中碳微合金钢组织和性能的影响

采用金相显微镜和透射电镜等分析方法研究了微合金元素对V-N中碳微合金钢组织和性能的影响.结果表明,V-N中碳微合金钢的热轧态组织为铁素体+珠光体组织,随着钢中V、N含量增加,铁素体含量增多,晶粒变细;微合金钢中的V、Ti、N等元素主要以V(C,N)和V(C,N)+Ti(C,N)形式析出,其中V(C,N)颗粒细小,而V(C,N)+Ti(C,N)颗粒较粗大;细小、弥散分布在钢中的V(C,N)相以析出强化的方式改善了中碳微合金钢的综合力学性能;而适量的Ti在钢中形成弥散分布的TiN相阻止热加工过程中奥氏体晶粒的过分长大,细化了微合金钢的组织.     

P590L连铸过程C、N化物析出行为

为研究微合金钢连铸过程C、N化物析出行为,以P590L微合金钢铸坯为研究对象,通过用碳膜萃取复型方法从拉伸试样中萃取析出物,使用JEM2100透射电镜观察试样中的第二相析出物,系统检验分析了微合金元素Ti、Nb的析出行为规律,分析了温度对析出物数量和尺寸影响规律,以及析出物对热塑性的影响趋势。试验表明,1 100℃时出现少量70nm以上的方形TiN和Ti-Nb复合析出物,在1 100~1 000℃有Nb(C,N)析出,随着温度的降低析出物数量增加,尺寸减小而且更加弥散,热塑性随析出物数量的增加而降低。     

低碳微合金钢碳氮析出物的Thermo-calc热力学分析

利用Thermo-calc热力学软件TCFE3数据库研究Nb-Ti、V-Ti、Nb-V-Ti低碳微合金钢中析出物的析出开始温度、给定温度的奥氏体成分,计算得到Nb-Ti低碳微合金钢中Nb、Ti碳氮化物的开始形成温度分别为1090和1400℃,最大摩尔分数分别为7.1×10-4、2.4×10-4,V-Ti低碳微合金钢中V、Ti碳氮化物的开始形成温度分别为800和1395℃,最大摩尔分数为2.1×10-3,1.5×10-4,Nb-V-Ti低碳微合金钢中Nb-V碳氮化物和Ti碳氮化物的开始形成温度分别为1070和1390℃,其碳氮化物最大摩尔分数分别为1.2×10-3、1.8×10-4。热力学软件的计算结果与有关文献的实验数据有较好的一致性。     

Nb对Ti-Mo微合金钢连续冷却相变规律及组织性能的影响EI北大核心CSCD

利用热模拟试验机、SEM、HRTEM及EDS研究了Ti-Mo和Ti-Mo-Nb低碳微合金钢的连续冷却转变规律,探讨了Nb对Ti-Mo微合金钢组织及性能的影响。结果表明:Nb元素能够提高钢的Ac1和Ac3温度,降低冷却过程中奥氏体的分解温度,缩小铁素体-珠光体相区,使贝氏体相区向左下方移动。此外,Nb的添加能够细化Ti-Mo-Nb微合金钢中的组织,提高硬度。利用HRTEM对冷速为50℃/s的样品进行分析,发现:Ti-Mo和Ti-Mo-Nb微合金钢中均存在少量应变诱导析出的碳化物,分别为(Ti,Mo)C和(Ti,Nb,Mo)C粒子,呈随机分布。2种析出物均为Na Cl型结构,其晶格常数分别为0.432和0.436 nm,平均粒径分别为12.11和8.69 nm。TiMo-Nb微合金钢中析出相体积分数更多,尺寸更小,是其组织细化、硬度提高的主要原因。     

冷却速度对钒微合金钢的组织和析出相的影响

采用光学显微镜和透射电镜研究了不同冷却速度下钒微合金钢的微观组织和析出相变化规律。结果表明:当冷却速度小于或等于5℃/s时,钢的组织均为铁素体+珠光体,且随着冷却速度的增加,铁素体的晶粒尺寸明显变细。当冷却速度达到10℃/s时,钢的组织变为马氏体+少量铁素体。透射电镜研究显示:平衡态时析出相包含大量弥散分布的尺寸主要为45~100 nm的不规则形V(C,N)相和(V,Ti)(C,N)复合相,当冷却速度小于或等于5℃/s时,析出相数量无明显改变,但颗粒尺寸随冷却速度的增加不断减小;但当冷速达到10℃/s时,析出相的数量显著下降,尺寸变小。对含钒微合金钢而言,调整适当的冷却速度,不仅可以细化铁素体晶粒,还可以提高析出强化效果,从而提高钢材的强韧性。     

Ti,Nb,V复合碳氮化物点阵常数的测定

本文介绍了用CBED法和能谱法同时测量不同颗粒尺寸的Ti,Nb,V析出相的点阵常数和化学成分。CBED法的测量精度可达万分之二。它们分别获得颗粒的点阵常数值,误差小于1％。在测量中发现:在Nb-V钢中浓度比(C_(Nb)/C_V)和点阵常数随着析出颗粒尺寸的减小而递减。但是,在Ti-V-Nb钢中Ti,Nb和V的析出量和点阵常数与析出颗粒尺寸的关系无规律。     

Nb对高Ti耐候钢连续冷却后显微组织及硬度的影响

采用Gleeble热模拟试验机研究了微合金元素Nb对高Ti耐候钢奥氏体连续冷却转变行为的影响,通过光学显微镜(OM)、透射电镜(TEM)以及硬度测试等手段比较了0.050%Nb和无Nb试验钢连续冷却转变后显微组织和硬度的变化。结果表明,Nb能抑制铁素体相变,促进贝氏体相变。冷却速度由5 ℃/s提高到10 ℃/s,两种试验钢的晶粒细化效果均最显著,无Nb钢和0.050%Nb钢硬度分别增加了22 HV0.2和25 HV0.2。冷却速度为40 ℃/s时,无Nb试验钢中析出物主要为6～13 nm球形Ti(C, N)复合析出物;含Nb试验钢中主要为5～12 nm球形(Ti, Nb)(C, N)和10～15 nm方形(Ti, Nb)(C, N)复合析出物,含Nb试验钢析出物较多,因此析出强化作用更强。在高Ti耐候钢中,Nb产生的晶粒细化作用并不显著。在相同冷速下,0.050%Nb试验钢的硬度略高于无Nb试验钢,最大差值仅为11 HV0.2。     

氮含量对含Ti-Nb的X70管线钢焊接热影响区组织及冲击韧性的影响

采用中频真空感应炉冶炼了两种不同N含量的X70管线钢。利用Gleeble-2000热模拟研究了两种钢焊接热影响区的组织及冲击性能。采用三丝埋弧焊对两种钢分别进行了焊接,随后采用光学显微镜和冲击试验研究了两种钢的焊接接头组织及冲击韧性。结果表明:在N含量高的钢中发现了尺寸为20~50 nm、弥散分布的(Ti,Nb)(C,N)粒子,而N含量低的钢中只存在少量尺寸为50~100 nm的(Ti,Nb)(C,N)粒子。细小、弥散的(Ti,Nb)(C,N)粒子抑制了晶粒的长大,细化了晶粒,对稳定试验钢的热影响区冲击韧性有利。     

Complex heterogeneous precipitation in titanium–niobium microalloyed Al-killed HSLA steels—I. (Ti,Nb)(C,N) particles

Precipitation in Ti–Nb Al-killed microalloyed HSLA steels (Ti/N weight ratio from 4.4 to 1) was investigated in both the as-rolled and the normalised conditions using analytical electron microscopy including parallel electron energy loss spectroscopy (PEELS). An extensive formation of heterogeneously nucleated complex (Ti,Nb)(C,N) particles down to 10 nm in size was observed. The core of such a complex particle is based on TiN and has a spherical, cubic or cruciform shape. The N/(Ti+Nb) atomic ratio in the core is similar to the average value in the steel whereas the Nb/Ti ratio is much smaller than the average value and not proportional to it. Many of the cores have caps in the form of epitaxial overgrowths based on NbC. Their composition changes from Nb(C,N) to (Nb,Ti)C as the N/Ti ratio decreases. The formation of these complex particles and their detailed morphology are controlled by the processing conditions as well as the overall composition.     

微合金元素Nb,Mo在应变诱导析出过程中的相互作用

运用热模拟技术和透射电子显微镜,研究了C-Mo、C-Ti-Mo和C-Nb-Mo三种简单成分钢奥氏体变形后松弛过程中微合金元素Nb、Mo在析出物中的相瓦作用.结果表明:在850℃变形后松弛1000 s.三种钢均保持了奥氏体状态,但C-Ti-Mo和C-Nb-Mo钢有析出发生,能谱分析显示析出颗粒分别是Ti(C,N)和含Mo的Nb(C,N).微合金元素Mo与Nb有较强的相互作用,在Nb(C,N)析出后,Mo可能溶入Nb(C,N)的析出颗粒之中.     

Characterization of NbC and (Nb, Ti)N nanoprecipitates in TRIP assisted multiphase steels

Multiphase steels utilising composite strengthening may be further strengthened via grain refinement or precipitation by the addition of microalloying elements. In this study a Nb microalloyed steel comprising martensite, bainite and retained austenite has been studied. By means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) we have investigated the size distribution and the structural properties of (Nb, Ti)N and NbC precipitates, their occurrence in the various steel phases, and their relationship with the Fe matrix. (Nb, Ti)N precipitates were found in ferrite, martensite, and bainite, while NbC precipitates were found only in ferrite. All NbC precipitates were found to be small (5–20 nm in size) and to have a face centred cubic (fcc) crystal structure with lattice parameter a = 4.36 ± 0.05 Å. In contrast, the (Nb, Ti)N precipitates were found to have a broader size range (5–150 nm) and to have a fcc crystal structure with lattice parameter a = 8.09 ± 0.05 Å. While the NbC precipitates were found to be randomly oriented, the (Nb, Ti)N precipitates have a well-defined Nishiyama–Wasserman orientation relationship with the ferrite matrix. An analysis of the lattice mismatch suggests that the latter precipitates have a high potential for effective strengthening. Density functional theory calculations were performed for various stoichiometries of NbC_x and Nb_xTi_yN_z phases and the comparison with experimental data indicates that both the carbides and nitrides are deficient in C and N content.     

热浸镀锌Ti- IF和Nb+Ti- IF钢组织和织构研究

实验对比研究了Ti- IF和Ti+Nb- IF钢热轧、退火过程中微观组织和织构的变化,采用透射电镜和能谱仪研究分析了二相粒子在热轧、冷轧、退火过程中的形貌、尺寸及分布。实验结果表明：添加Nb使得Ti+Nb- IF钢中析出粒子较Ti- IF钢更为细小且弥散,抑制了γ纤维再结晶织构的发展,削弱了{111}〈110〉在γ纤维织构中的强度,且细小的析出物有助于提高IF钢的抗拉强度,但两者成形性能没有明显差异。     

Influence of Ti addition on the hydrogen induced cracking of API 5L X70 hot-rolled pipeline steel in acid sour media

In this study, Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC) testing of high strength API 5L grade X70 linepipe hot rolled steel containing Ti was performed to investigate the effects of (Nb, Ti, V)(C, N) particles on HIC susceptibility. By controlling chemical composition and hot rolling parameters, experimental steel with Bainitic ferrite and Bainite microstructures was fabricated. HIC testing was carried out within an acidic condition (pH=2.7±0.1) according to NACE standards with test results showing cracking propagated along coarse (Nb, Ti, V)(C, N) particles at mid-thickness. This is mainly due to centerline segregation and hydrogen blistering between matrix and coarse (Nb, Ti, V)(C, N) particles without external stress.     

Precipitation of carbonitrides and high-temperature strength in heat-affected zone of high-Nb containing fire-resistant steel

The morphology and structure of precipitates in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of fire-resistant steel were studied by transmission electron microscopy, while the simulated elevated temperature strength studies were carried out to elucidate the effect of precipitation state on strength at high temperature. The precipitates were identified as (Nb,Ti)(C,N) with FCC structure. A high density of fine (Nb,Ti)(C,N) precipitated in subcritical HAZ. As the peak temperature of thermal cycle was increased, the density and size of particles were observed to decrease. During austenisation, precipitates were dissolved mostly in the coarse-grained heat-affected zone and dissolved totally in the fusion line. The higher strength at 600?°C was present in coarse-grained heat-affected zone and lower in intercritical heat-affected zone. The different precipitate condition in sub-HAZs led to the different evolution behaviour of carbonitrides on heating and thus high-temperature strength.