等离子堆焊合金层组织及腐蚀磨损性能

在 16Mn钢表面等离子堆焊自熔性铁基合金层 (Fe5 5 )、镍基合金层 (Ni6 0 )以及镍基WC合金 (NWC2 5 ) ,并对三种堆焊层进行了显微组织、X射线衍射分析、硬度及在三种不同腐蚀介质下的磨损试验。结果表明 ,合金堆焊层的显微组织均为γ固溶体基体上分布着多种复杂的化合物相 ,如Fe2 3 (C ,B) 6,(Cr ,Fe) 7C3 ,Cr7C3 ,NiB等。NWC2 5堆焊层具有最高的硬度和耐磨性 ;合金堆焊层在稀H2 SO4和稀NaOH溶液介质中的耐磨性与在中性水中相比都有所降低 ,在酸性介质中降低更加明显     

等离子弧喷焊镍基合金对喷焊层硬度的影响

以提高基体材料喷焊层的硬度及耐磨性为目的,使用等离子弧喷焊技术对基体材料(Q345C低合金钢)进行焊接,对于DG.Ni60B镍基合金粉末,选用100,150 A转移弧电流对其进行喷焊。而对于DG.Ni60WC25镍基合金粉末,则在100,150,170,200 A转移弧电流下进行喷焊。结果表明,当使用同一种镍基合金粉末喷焊时,喷焊层最大硬度值和耐磨性随转移弧电流增大而降低。在相同转移弧电流条件下,添加硬质复合材料(碳化钨,WC)镍基合金粉末DG.Ni60WC25焊层的硬度和耐磨性明显高于未添加硬质复合材料镍基合金粉末DG.Ni60B的焊层。试验得出:等离子弧喷焊时,随着转移弧电流的增大,会使喷焊层表面耐磨性减小。但在DG.Ni60B镍基合金粉末中加入硬质相WC之后,对其复合合金粉末进行喷焊,可使转移弧电流对焊层表面耐磨性的影响程度降低。同时,在喷焊层和基体材料结合界面之间出现较大的硬度值,甚至在界面处可获得硬度的最大值。     

Ni基合金高速火焰喷焊层组织及耐磨性研究

使用QT-E-7/h型喷枪的高速火焰喷焊设备,在45圆钢表面喷焊添加了不同含量Ni包WC的Ni基合金粉末,并对喷焊层的微观组织、显微硬度及摩擦磨损性能进行研究。研究结果表明:喷焊层微观组织为奥氏体的基体上弥散分布着Fe Ni3,Cr2Ni3,Cr3Si,WC等相;Ni包WC含量在0%~30%范围内时,随着Ni包WC含量的增加,喷焊层显微硬度增加,耐磨性增强;当Ni基合金粉末中Ni包WC含量为27%时,喷焊层表层的显微硬度最高,耐磨性最好,耐磨性较不加Ni包WC提高了约1倍;喷焊层磨损机理以黏着磨损和磨粒磨损为主;当进一步增加Ni包WC含量达到30%时,喷焊层出现宏观裂纹,致使喷焊层无法成形。     

氧乙炔火焰喷焊合金层组织与性能的试验研究

利用火焰喷焊法在16Mn钢表面得到铁基合金喷焊层和镍基合金喷焊层，并对两种合金层进行了显微组织，X射线衍射，硬度和腐蚀介质下的耐磨性以及热疲劳性能试验。结果表明，上述两种合金层组织都具有亚共晶型枝晶生长特征，但铁基合金层枝晶发达，镍基合金层枝晶细小均匀，合金喷焊层均由γ固溶体和各种化合物硬质相所组成，焊态时镍基合金层比铁基合金层的硬度和耐磨性高，时效处理后铁基合金层的硬度和耐磨性都明显增加，镍基合金层却略有降低；合金喷焊层在HCl介质中的耐磨性小于在中性水中的耐磨性，镍基合金层比铁基合金层具有较好的抗热疲劳性能；时效处理能改善合金层的抗热疲劳性能。     

等离子喷焊镍基合金耐磨性能研究

采用等离子弧喷焊技术在不同转弧电流下喷焊DG.Ni60A和DG.Ni60WC25两种镍基合金粉末,对各喷焊层进行了硬度和耐磨性分析。试验结果表明,转弧电流大小对喷焊镍基合金层的耐磨性影响较大,喷焊DG.Ni60A合金粉末时,转弧电流为100 A时的试样磨损量为0.090 57 g,转弧电流为150 A时的试样磨损量高达1.116 17 g,相差10余倍。喷焊DG.Ni60WC25合金粉末时,转弧电流为100 A时的磨损失质量仅为0.018 83 g,转弧电流为200 A时的磨损失质量高达0.744 97 g,相差约40倍。镍基合金中加入WC,在一定条件下可以提高喷焊层的耐磨性能;转弧电流为150 A时,未添加WC硬质相的DG.Ni60A合金粉末喷焊层的磨损失质量高达1.116 17 g,而添加了WC硬质相的DG.Ni60WC25合金粉末磨损失质量为0.018 83～0.744 97 g。     

等离子弧喷焊铜基合金的组织和耐磨性

采用等离子弧喷焊技术，在Q235钢表面制成熔敷低磷锡青铜和镍基合金混合粉末的喷焊层。利用金相、扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)等方法对喷焊层和结合层的组织进行研究，同时测试了喷焊层的硬度和耐磨性。结果表明，喷焊层与基体是冶金结合，结合线清晰。熔敷合金稀释率低。喷焊材料为铜基合金DGCul50时，喷焊层含有α—Cu相，δ相，ε相和Cu3P。喷焊材料为铜基合金DGCul50 适量镍基合金DGNi50A时喷焊层主要含有α—Cu相，δ相，ε相，Cu3P，γ—Ni，Ni2B，CrB，(Fe，Ni)23C6，(Cu，Ni)23C6和Fe5Si2B2。随加入铜基合金粉末中的镍基合金粉末量的增加，喷焊层与基体之间的结合层加厚，喷焊层的硬度和耐磨性显著提高。     

激光重熔及回火对Ni基合金火焰喷焊层组织和性能的影响

利用金相显微镜、扫描电镜、X-射线衍射物相分析以及显微硬度测定的方式,分析比较了原始喷焊层和激光重熔喷焊层以及经400℃、500℃、550℃、600℃、650℃、700℃和750℃分别进行1 h和3 h回火处理的Ni基合金喷焊层的显微组织、硬度和耐磨性.结果表明:原始喷焊层的组织主要由γ-(Ni,Fe)和硬质相Cr23C6、Cr5B3、NiB、Fe3B、Ni3B、CrB、Fe2B等组成.经激光重熔的喷焊层与原始喷焊层相比,显微组织得到明显细化,而且硬度和耐磨性都有较大提高.激光重熔喷焊层再经600℃×3h回火后硬度值达到最大,耐磨性最好.     

WC对铁基合金喷焊层组织及磨损性能的影响

采用等离子喷焊技术在Q235表面制备铁基合金喷焊层,借助X射线衍射分析、金相显微镜以及摩擦磨损实验,研究一定含量的WC对铁基合金喷焊层组织及磨损性能的影响。结果表明:铁基合金喷焊层主要由α-Fe,γ-Fe,(Fe,Cr)_7C_3和(Fe,Ni)固溶体等物相组成,加入WC后,出现了(Fe,Cr)_(23)C_6,WC,W_2C等新物相。未加入WC的喷焊层出现了疲劳剥落,数量较多、较深且平直的犁沟,表现为粘着磨损和磨料磨损;加入WC后疲劳剥落减弱,犁沟减少,表现为磨料磨损。喷焊层中硬质相的弥散强化作用提高了硬度和耐磨性。     

纳米CeO2对铁基合金喷焊层组织和耐磨性的影响

采用等离子弧喷焊技术在Q235钢表面喷焊含纳米CeO2的铁基自熔性粉末。对喷焊层进行了显微组织、硬度和耐磨损性能的测试。结果表明,添加和未添加纳米CeO2的铁基合金喷焊层的主要组成相均为γ-（Fe,Ni）和（Cr,Fe）7C3,添加5.0%纳米CeO2的喷焊层中出现了（Cr,Fe）3C2相。此外,加入适量纳米CeO2可细化喷焊层的显微组织,提高喷焊层的硬度和耐磨性,磨损机制由黏着磨损转变为磨粒磨损。     

氧乙炔火焰和等离子弧喷焊合金涂层的组织和耐腐蚀磨损性能

研究了用氧乙炔火焰和等离子弧喷焊两种方法在16Mn钢基材表面制备的自熔性铁基合金涂层和镍基合金涂层的显微组织、相组成、硬度和不同腐蚀介质下的腐蚀磨损性能．发现两种合金涂层组织都具有枝晶生长特征。枝晶间存在细小的共晶组织，涂层均由γ固溶体和多种共晶化合物相所组成；铁基合金涂层枝晶发达，镍基合金涂层枝晶细小；涂层硬度越高，其耐磨性越好．几种涂层的硬度和耐磨性由高到低的顺序为：HNi60→DFe55→DNi60→HFe55．合金涂层在酸碱腐蚀介质中的耐磨性与在中性水中的耐磨性相比都降低,在酸性腐蚀介质中更差．     

面向零件形状的计算机图形库的开发

论述了CAD技术中参数化设计的三种建模方法，重点介绍了基于特征的参数化建模原理。在此基础上，分析机械设计中的机构结构，归纳出其零件的几何特征构成。设计了机构CAD图形库，并提出了该图形库生成步骤和人机交互界面。     

FeCrAIW电弧喷涂层组织的致密化研究

采用激光辐照对FeCrAlW电弧喷涂层的组织进行致密化处理,借助扫描电镜和X衍射对涂层的组织进行了分析.测试了涂层的显微硬度.结果表明:涂层组织致密度提高,孔隙率明显降低.随着激光扫描速度的增加,涂层的显微硬度降低.在较低的扫描速度下,涂层与基体之间形成互熔区,涂层与基体之间产生良好的冶金结合.     

Prospects of the Use of Synergetic Approach to Solution of Problems of the Science of Nanomaterials

A synergetic approach to solution of problems of self-controlled synthesis of nanostructures and creation of self-organizing nanotechnologies is considered in connection with the superproblem of creation of materials with functional properties resembling those of biosystems. __________ Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 7, pp. 55 – 61, July, 2005.     

Kinetics of the oxidation of metals — Influence of self-diffusion of metal

The importance of the self-diffusion of a metal during its oxidation by a gas is treated for the cases of nonstoichiometric oxides having either interstitial cation or cation vacancies. We have established a general relationship for the reaction rate when a mixed diffusion process occurs. From this relationship, we have shown that the pressure dependence can be different, according to whether the rate-determining process is the self-diffusion through the metal or through the product.     

Features of formation of the structure in production of blanks of disks of heat-resistant nickel alloys

Conclusions To provide a high level of mechanical properties in wrought blanks of cast ÉP741NP and ÉP962 alloys it is necessary to form controlled structures. A necklace-type structure formed in homogenizing isostatic treatment, subsequent thermomechanical working including alternation of the operations of deformation in the (+)-area and recrystallization anneals, and final heat treatment is preferable. The temperature conditions of all stages of thermomechanical working are strictly controlled, especially the final operation of deformation and heating for hardening. To eliminate hardening cracks and distortions it is necessary to use molten salts at t=600°C as quenchants. The use of multiple production operations makes it possible to significantly reduce the structural inhomogeneity related to inhertance of the original dendritic structure. However, the structure of the final semifinished product is nevertheless characterized by a difference in occurrence of the processes of polygonization and recrystallization between the former dendritic cells and the interdendritic spaces in deformation and heat treatment.To obtain structurally homogeneous blanks for gas turbine engine parts it is necessary to use basically new methods of remelting such as vacuum double electrode remelting and electron beam remelting with an intermediate vessel.Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 12, pp. 25–29, December, 1991.     

Ab-initio calculation of enthalpies of formation of intermetallic compounds and enthalpies of mixing of solid solutions

A large number of ab-initio calculations of energies of formation of intermetallic compounds have been performed in the last 15 years. The currently used methods are listed. The paper presents a review of the aluminium based compounds which have been studied. Comparisons of calculated and experimental enthalpies of formation are provided for aluminim-3d and-4d transition metal alloys at equiatomic composition. The modelling of the enthalpies of mixing of solid solutions based on a given lattice is described.     

试论洋务派教师聘任的思想

洋务派在洋务学堂的办学活动中,为了解决西学专业学科的教学困难,采用了聘请外籍教师的应急措施.他们以真才实学,合同制管理作为主导思想,并认为这种解决师资的途径只是权宜之计,并非久远.从客观上看,洋务派的教师聘任思想有深刻的历史影响.