原位合成TiB/Ti基复合材料的氧化行为

研究了TiB/Ti基复合材料在550,600和650℃空气中的恒温氧化行为,分析了增强体TiB对钛基复合材料氧化动力学行为的影响,并用X射线衍射仪和配有能谱仪的扫描电子显微镜对氧化层表面的相组成、形貌以及氧化层剖面的显微结构进行了分析.结果表明:该复合材料的氧化动力学曲线主要为抛物线类型;TiB/Ti基复合材料的氧化层由金红石型的氧化物TiO2组成,没有发现B2O3的氧化物;增强体TiB能够提高钛基复合材料的抗氧化性,而且随着TiB增强体含量的增加,钛基复合材料的抗氧化性增加;这主要是因为TiB增强体促进了致密氧化膜的生成.     

放电等离子原位烧结制备TiC＋TiB／Ti复合材料

采用放电等离子烧结（SPS），通过Ti与B4C之间的原位反应合成TiC＋TiB／Ti复合材料。首先通过热力学计算判断可能发生的反应，利用x射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）对球磨混合粉以及烧结后材料的相组成和显微组织进行了研究，测定材料的相对密度和硬度，并探讨了Ti与B4C采用放电等离子烧结制备TiC＋TiB／Ti复合材料的致密化过程和反应机理。结果表明，采用SPS技术，在1150℃保温5min的条件下，Ti与B4C能同步完成反应、烧结、致密化，生成TiC＋TiB／Ti复合材料，并且原位生成的增强相分布均匀且细小。     

热压合成C-B4C（TiB2）-SiC复合材料的氧化行为

以1950℃下原位合成热压烧结生成的C—B4C（TiB2）-SiC复合材料在600℃，800℃，1000℃，1200℃，1400℃空气中的恒温氧化行为，TG／DTA实验为基础，结合材料的显微结构，研究了不同温度区间复合材料在静态空气中的氧化机理，计算出氧化反应激活能，并对氧化层表面的相组成形貌以及氧化层剖面的显微组织进行了分析。结果表明该复合材料的氧化动力学曲线主要为抛物线形。扫描电镜照片显示氧化剖面层分成3层，不同的氧化温度，其表面氧化膜有不同的缺陷。     

原位自生成TiC／Ti基复合材料的高温氧化

利用热重分析(TGA)测量了原位生成的TiC／Ti-6Al复合材料在600，700和800℃下经连续20h的氧化增重特性，利用SEM，EDS和XRD研究了复合材料经氧化试验后表面氧化层的结构，相组成及成分。结果表明，原位生成的Ti基复合材料在高温氧化时遵循抛物线规律在800℃时的氧化增重量远大于600℃和700℃时的，计算获得该复合材料的氧化激活能为255．7kJ／mol。研究发现经20h的600℃或700℃氧化形成的氧化物呈现不连续的岛屿状，主要成分为金红石型的Ti02，而在800℃氧化20h后，氧化物是均匀连续的致密膜，由TiO2，A12O3组成。该复合材料的氧化首先发生在TiC颗粒的表面上，而不是象均质Ti材料一样氧化在整个表面上均匀地发生。     

Al含量及SiC预处理对SiCp/Ti基复合材料高温抗氧化性能的影响

通过800℃氧化试验,研究了不同Al含量以及SiC经600℃×3 h预处理后,SiCp/Ti基复合材料的氧化行为.利用SEM、EDS以及XRD分析了表面氧化层的形貌以及相组成.结果表明,未加Al复合材料氧化层的氧化产物主要为金红石TiO2,添加Al的材料中有少量Al2O3;对于SiC颗粒增强的Ti基复合材料,未加Al的抗氧化性能最好;当比较所有含Al的复合材料时,随着Al含量的增加,抗氧化性增强;对于具有相同Al含量的材料,SiC预处理可以促使界面较好结合,故可提高材料的抗氧化性.     

晶粒尺寸对（TiB2＋TiC）/Ni3Al复合材料循环氧化性能的影响（英文）

采用放电等离子烧结法制备（TiB2＋TiC）/Ni3Al复合材料。在950°C下烧结的（TiB2＋TiC）/Ni3Al复合材料的组织比在1050°C下烧结的（TiB2＋TiC）/Ni3Al复合材料的组织更细小。对烧结温度分别为950°C和1050°C的复合材料在900°C下进行循环氧化性能测试。结果表明,在950°C下烧结的复合材料的循环氧化质量损失要小于在1050°C下烧结的复合材料的。晶粒细化有助于在氧化过程汇总的选择性氧化,使得连续的TiO2和Al2O3氧化膜得以在复合材料表面形成,从而提高复合材料的抗氧化性能。     

Ti3SiC2基复合材料中第二相对抗氧化性能的影响

利用钨极氩弧熔敷技术以钛合金为基底制备了Ti3SiC2基复合材料，研究了第二相对复合材料抗氧化性能的影响. 高温氧化试验分析结果表明,样品在1 100℃以下的抗氧化性良好；当温度升高到1 200℃时，复合材料的氧化速率变得迅速，符合抛物线-线性氧化规律.XRD，SEM和EDS分析结果表明，复合材料中的主要物相为Ti3SiC2，第二相为TiB2，SiC和TiSi2相，并且均匀分布在Ti3SiC2基体中. 热力学分析结果表明，TiB2和SiC相作为第二相可以提高Ti3SiC2的抗氧化性，而TiSi2相作为第二相则降低Ti3SiC2的抗氧化性.     

SiCf/Ti-22Al-23Nb-2Ta合金复合材料的界面微结构

利用分析电子显微镜（AEM）研究了磁控溅射法＋真空热压方法制备的SiC纤维增强Ti-22Al—23Nb-2Ta（原子分数，％）合金复合材料的界面微结构．该复合材料的纤维／合金界面由细晶粒的TiC＋TiSi层、等轴晶TiC层和（Al，Ti）Nb2相层组成．界面的形成主要是基体合金中的Ti元素与SiC纤维表面的C涂层直接反应生成TiC；同时导致在次层形成贫Ti层和贫Ti层中Nb元素富集，以致形成（Al，Ti）Nb2相．     

Fe40Al/TiC复合材料的高温氧化特性

用自发熔渗法制备了TiC基Fe40Al金属间化合物复合材料。用氧化增重方法，研究了Fe40Al／80vol％-88vol％TiC复合材料在700℃-1100℃的恒温空气中的氧化动力学，并借助SEM／EDS和XRD等手段研究了氧化过程中材料微观组织结构的演变及材料表面粗糙度对氧化特性的影响。复合材料的氧化增重和氧化时间呈幂函数关系，幂指数约为0．63—0．75，氧化速率随着氧化时间的延长而降低。氧化层主要由致密的TiO2组成，TiO2颗粒的尺寸与氧化温度和材料表面粗糙度有关。     

TiC增强钛基复合材料激光熔覆层显微组织及形成机理

在Ti-6A1-4V（质量分数，下同）合金表面进行了Ti＋TiC激光熔覆试验研究。利用SEM对熔覆层的显微组织进行了分析，提出了一个激光熔覆层显微组织演化过程模型，对显微组织的形貌特征和形成机理进行了解释。从复合材料的制备过程、质量、工艺性、制造成本和增强效果等多个方面，对激光熔覆Ti＋TiC复合粉末制备钛基复合材料的方法进行了分析。结果表明：采用激光熔覆Ti＋TiC复合粉末制备TiC／Ti复合材料是一种可行的方法。     

铸造镍基合金K444在900℃空气中的长期氧化行为

用热重法研究镍基高温合金K444在900℃下氧化1000 h的动力学。结果表明,K444合金氧化动力学遵从抛物线规律,以x射线衍射、扫描电镜和能谱分析及电子探针成分分析测定氧化膜的组成,结果表明氧化膜由多层组成,外层为TiO₂,内层以Cr₂O₃为主还包括内氧化层和贫Υ′层。观察到沿晶界偏聚的碳化物氧化,提出了氧化饥制。     

Oxidation characteristics of Ti-25Al-10Nb-3V-1Mo

Static oxidation kinetics of Ti-25Al-10Nb-3V-1Mo (atomic percent) were investigated in air over the temperature range of 650–1000°C using thermogravimetric analysis. The oxidation kinetics were complex at all exposure temperatures and displayed up to two distinct stages of parabolic oxidation. Breakaway oxidation occurred after long exposure times at high temperatures. Oxidation products were determined using x-ray diffraction techniques, electron microprobe analysis, and energy dispersive x-ray analysis. Oxide scale morphology was examined using scanning electron microscopy of the surfaces and cross-sections of oxidation specimens. The oxides during the parabolic stages were compact and multilayered, consisting primarily of TiO₂ doped with Nb, a top layer of Al₂O₃ and a thin bottom layer of TiN. The transition between the first and second parabolic stage is linked to the formation of a TiAl layer at the oxide-metal interface. Porosity also formed in the TiO₂ layer during the second stage, causing degradation of the oxide and breakaway oxidation.     

Effects of aluminum on the oxidation of 25Cr-35Ni cast steels

The oxidation kinetics and morphological development during reaction of two cast austenitic steels at 1000°C in pure dry oxygen at 20 kPa are reported. Both steels contained approximately 25 wt.% Cr and 35 wt.% Ni and, in addition, one steel contained 3.3 wt. %. Both steels oxidized to form external scales consisting mainly of Cr₂O₃ with a thin outer layer of manganese rich spinel. Scale growth kinetics were parabolic, and somewhat faster rates were observed for the aluminum bearing steel. In both steels, deep internal oxidation occurred at the site of primary (interdendritic) carbides. The kinetics of this process were parabolic, and rate control was attributed to oxygen diffusion along the interface between internal oxide and matrix metal. In the aluminum-free steel, interdendritic carbides were converted to chromium rich oxide, but when aluminum was present, a sheath of aluminum rich oxide formed around the carbides. In this latter case, the rate of interdendritic penetration was somewhat slower. The aluminum bearing steel also formed large numbers of rod-shaped Al₂O₃ precipitates within the austenitic dendrites. Deepening of the Al₂O₃ precipitate zone also proceeded according to parabolic kinetics at a rate consistent with rate control by diffusion of oxygen along the oxide-alloy interfaces.     

等离子喷涂NiCrCoAlY涂层氧化控制研究

利用等离子喷涂技术制备了NiCrCoAlY粒子和涂层,研究了等离子喷涂过程中NiCrCoAlY粒子的氧化行为以及屏蔽气体对NiCrCoAlY涂层抗高温氧化性能的影响。结果表明,粒子在飞行过程中存在对流氧化和扩散氧化两种氧化机制,对NiCrCoAlY粒子来说,在距喷嘴55 mm以内的射流中心处以对流氧化为主,在距离喷嘴55 mm以外将以扩散氧化为主;除飞行中的氧化外,粒子在喷涂过程中还发生形成涂层后的氧化,NiCrCoAlY粒子以飞行中的氧化为主;添加屏蔽气体能减少喷涂过程中涂层的氧化,提高涂层的抗高温氧化性能     

纯钛TIG焊接接头的高温氧化行为

对纯钛氩弧焊焊接接头在550 ℃下氧化不同时间（2,4,6,8 h）以及在不同温度（650,750,850,950 ℃）下氧化4 h的氧化动力学、氧化形态和氧化产物进行了研究。结果表明,在550 ℃下,氧化时间对焊接接头氧化行为的影响有限,而氧化温度对纯钛焊接接头的氧化行为有显著影响,且温度越高,氧化越严重。在低温下,纯钛焊接接头的氧化动力学接近准线性定律,随着温度升高,氧化速率呈指数增长。此外,焊接接头表面产生的氧化产物是具有锐钛矿和金红石结构的TiO₂,温度对TiO₂的类型没有明显影响。纯钛焊接接头的氧化过程可描述为：氧气在表面被吸收;氧化物优先在缺陷区形核;氧化物横向生长、增厚。在较高温度下,氧化膜中出现裂纹或空隙,成为O原子传输通道,导致O和Ti原子的高扩散速率和氧化速率。     

The Effect of Crystallographic Orientation on the Oxidation Behavior of a Single-Crystal Nickel-Base Superalloy

The oxidation kinetics of DD100 nickel-base single-crystal alloy, with (221) and (100) surface orientations were tested in this study by thermogravimetry. A pronounced anisotropy in both the cyclic and isothermal oxidation resistance of DD100 alloy was observed. The (221) crystallographic surface of DD100 had a slower oxidation rate than the (100) surface when isothermally exposed to stationary air at 950°C, whereas the opposite results were obtained at 1050°C. When cyclically oxidized at 1100°C, the weight loss of samples with (221) surfaces was significantly greater than that of (100) surfaces, so that the cyclic-oxidation anisotropy was more remarkable at 1100°C than at 950°C. The different spatial alignment of the / interface is thought to be responsible for the anisotropic oxidation behavior of the nickel-base single crystal alloy.     

High temperature oxidation of metals under time-dependent gas pressure

A theoretical study on the high-temperature oxidation of thick oxide films grown under a time-dependent gas partial pressure is reported. The diffusion across the film is assumed to be the rate-limiting step of the overall reaction, and Wagner's hypotheses were used as the starting point for our reasoning. A general formulation for the oxidation under no time constant gas pressure, in terms of a time-dependent answer function is given. The effect of an external electric field on the reaction rate is also reported when a constant current density,J, is applied to the oxide scale. If the oxide is a good electronic conductor atJ=0 andt , we found that the reaction rate assumes formally the well-known Wagner's expression of the rate constant but with a gas partial pressure at oxide/gas interface which is a time function. If the oxide is a good ionic or electronic conductor, the effect due to an external electric field,J 0, on the reaction rate is the same as predicted by the Wagner's theory.     

Fe-Y合金在800℃空气中的氧化行为

研究了Fe-5Y和Fe-10Y合金在800℃空气中的氧化行为。结果表明：二元Fe-Y合金氧化动力学曲线不规则,此温度下Fe-10Y合金的氧化速率高于Fe-5Y合金的氧化速率。Fe-5Y合金及Fe-10Y合金形成了相似的氧化膜结构,且它们都发生了内氧化现象。同时合金未形成单一的Y₂O₃层,这归结于Y在Fe中非常低的溶解度及合金中两相共存而阻碍了Y通过合金向外扩散。     

V/Nb对Ti-45Al-9(V, Nb, Y)合金抗氧化性能的影响

βγ-TiAl合金具有良好的高温变形能力,为TiAl合金的发展开辟了新的途径。成功制备了不同x=V/Nb(x=1,1.5,2,3.5)的βγ-TiAlTi-45Al-9(V,Nb,Y)合金,研究了上述合金在800℃静止空气中的氧化行为。结果表明:当x=1时,Ti-45Al-9(V,Nb,Y)合金中形成条带状、连续致密的Al2O3氧化层,显著提高了合金的抗氧化能力。随着x=V/Nb的增加,Al2O3氧化层厚度变薄,合金的抗氧化能力下降。     

Oxidation resistance of eight heat-resistant alloys at 870°, 980°, 1095°, and 1150°C

Oxidation testing of heat-resistant alloys is described. The testing procedure utilized weight-gain measurements using one specimen, which was withdrawn and weighed at intervals of 1 week, for 10–18 weeks. The specimen was placed in a porcelain cup during exposure and covered upon cooling to retain spalled oxide. Weight gain was used to determine the kinetics of oxidation and was extrapolated to 3000 hr. The specimen was withdrawn at the end of the exposure, weighed, cathodically descaled, and reweighed. The ratio of oxygen ions to metal ions was determined for each alloy and test temperature. This ratio approaches the stoichemetric ratio for Fe₃O₄ or Cr₂O₃. The ratio for each test is used to convert weight gain to weight loss. The amount of adherent oxide was determined as well as the total amount of oxide, leading to an expression for oxide adherency. The oxidation resistance of Fe-Cr-Ni alloys increased with increasing Cr and Ni, with Cr being the most critical element. Additions of Si, Al, or Ce were shown to extend the usefulness of Fe-Cr-Ni alloys.