铝合金/不锈钢惯性摩擦焊接头的组织特性和力学性能研究

惯性摩擦焊是一种连接异种金属理想的焊接方法,对铝合金/不锈钢采用惯性摩擦焊进行焊接,并详细研究了焊接接头的形貌、组织、界面成分和力学性能。结果表明,在惯性摩擦焊接头的界面处形成了很薄的金属间化合物(IMC)反应层,该反应层主要由Al、Fe元素组成,是富集Si元素的Fe Al3相。惯性摩擦焊接头组织由焊核区、完全动态再结晶区、热机械影响区和热影响区组成。完全动态再结晶区的晶粒尺寸小于0.1μm,它的平均宽度为5μm。接头的显微硬度(HV)最大值出现在不锈钢侧的完全动态再结晶区,其值为3958 MPa。惯性摩擦焊中,初始转速对接头的拉伸性能有显著影响。当初始转速为1200 r/min时,铝/钢惯性摩擦焊接头的最大抗拉强度为323 MPa,达到铝合金母材强度的92%。     

铝合金/不锈钢惯性摩擦焊接头的组织特性和力学性能研究（英文）

惯性摩擦焊是一种连接异种金属理想的焊接方法,对铝合金/不锈钢采用惯性摩擦焊进行焊接,并详细研究了焊接接头的形貌、组织、界面成分和力学性能。结果表明,在惯性摩擦焊接头的界面处形成了很薄的金属间化合物(IMC)反应层,该反应层主要由Al、Fe元素组成,是富集Si元素的Fe Al3相。惯性摩擦焊接头组织由焊核区、完全动态再结晶区、热机械影响区和热影响区组成。完全动态再结晶区的晶粒尺寸小于0.1μm,它的平均宽度为5μm。接头的显微硬度(HV)最大值出现在不锈钢侧的完全动态再结晶区,其值为3958 MPa。惯性摩擦焊中,初始转速对接头的拉伸性能有显著影响。当初始转速为1200 r/min时,铝/钢惯性摩擦焊接头的最大抗拉强度为323 MPa,达到铝合金母材强度的92%。     

0Cr18Ni9不锈钢搅拌摩擦焊接头的微观组织和性能

采用搅拌摩擦焊工艺对3mm厚0Cr18Ni9不锈钢板进行了对接焊接。焊接接头内形成了焊核区、热力影响区和热影响区三个区域。焊核区由动态再结晶组织构成;热力影响区内的组织发生了不同程度的变形;热影响区由不完全再结晶组织构成。焊核区发生了明显的加工硬化现象,其显微硬度(HV)与母材相比提高了22%。在搅拌头旋转速度600r/min、焊接速度70mm/min下,接头的拉伸强度最高,达到412MPa。     

航空用铝合金2024摩擦焊接工艺参数优化及显微组织（英文）

开展航空用铝合金2024的连续驱动摩擦焊工艺优化试验,并表征焊接接头的显微组织演变。结果表明,摩擦压力是影响焊接接头抗拉强度的最显著因素,而采用适中的摩擦压力匹配较短的摩擦时间和较高的顶锻压力更易获取较高抗拉强度的接头。采用田口分析优化后的焊接工艺参数,焊后接头抗拉强度能够达到原始母材的92%。通过解析求解得到优化焊接工艺参数下焊接过程中摩擦界面的峰值温度处于779-794K,与试验测量结果吻合良好。由于高温和塑性变形的影响,摩擦界面的晶粒发生动态再结晶后尺寸明显细化。热影响区的晶粒细化有限,大部分原始晶粒受塑性流动影响发生变形。在摩擦阶段由于界面区域原始强化相发生固溶,且在随后冷却中二次析出不完全,最终导致摩擦界面的显微硬度降低。     

6061/7050异种铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头组织及力学性能

采用扫描电镜、金相显微镜观察,硬度测试和拉伸试验对6061/7050异种铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的显微组织和力学性能进行了研究。结果表明,在接头的搅拌区形成了两种母材混合的漩涡状结构,在6061铝合金一侧热力影响区形成了细小的动态再结晶组织。6061侧焊接区硬度最低,在拉伸载荷下,接头沿该区域以塑性断裂方式发生破坏。接头强度随着焊接转速的提高而增大,在转速为410 r/min时抗拉强度达到192 MPa。     

铜板搅拌摩擦焊接头金相组织及力学性能

通过大量试验分析，在优化了铜板搅拌摩擦焊接工艺的基础上，分析了铜板搅拌摩擦焊接头的组织、性能及其与工艺参数的关系。研究表明：工业纯铜具有良好的搅拌摩擦焊接性能，优化工艺可获得超强于母材的搅拌摩擦焊接接头。焊合区金属在热力耦合作用下发生塑性变形，造成大量晶粒破碎，破碎的晶粒发生动态再结晶，热力影响区组织可以分成再结晶区、不完全再结晶区和动态回复区。     

1561铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头微观组织分析

采用恒压力控制模式对4 mm厚1561铝合金板材进行了搅拌摩擦焊接试验，并对接头微观组织进行了研究. 结果表明，随着由母材向焊缝中心过渡，晶粒尺寸呈先增大后减小的趋势，小角度晶界占比和位错密度持续降低. 其中，热影响区晶粒在焊接热循环的作用下发生长大. 热力影响区由被拉长的条状晶粒及细小等轴晶组成，表明此区域发生部分动态再结晶. 搅拌区晶粒呈细小的等轴晶形态，说明该区域发生了完全动态再结晶. 与母材区数量较小且尺寸较大的沉淀相相比，搅拌区存在大量尺寸较小的Al₆Mn相，说明此区域沉淀相发生了先溶解再析出的过程. 同时，搅拌区存在明显的位错墙和亚晶界等亚结构，表现出连续动态再结晶的组织形成特征. 搅拌区内Al₆Mn相主要分布在位错上，起到了钉扎位错并阻碍再结晶晶粒长大的作用.     

0Cr18Ni9不锈钢搅拌摩擦焊接头的微观组织和性能

采用搅拌摩擦焊工艺对3mm厚0Cr18Ni9不锈钢板进行了对接焊接。焊接接头内形成了焊核区、热力影响区和热影响区三个区域。焊核区由动态再结晶组织构成；热力影响区内的组织发生了不同程度的变形；热影响区由不完全再结晶组织构成。焊核区发生了明显的加工硬化现象，其显微硬度（HV）与母材相比提高了22％。在搅拌头旋转速度600r／min、焊接速度70mm／min下，接头的拉伸强度最高，达到412MPa。     

紫铜-黄铜搅拌摩擦焊接头的组织与力学性能

研究了紫铜和黄铜搅拌摩擦焊接的可行性,对焊接接头的金相组织进行了分析,并通过拉伸实验、硬度分析、弯曲实验,对接头的性能进行了验证.结果表明:紫铜-黄铜具有良好的搅拌摩擦焊接性能,可获得与母材等强度的搅拌摩擦焊接接头.焊合区在热力偶合作用下获得动态再结晶组织,接头黄铜一侧热影响区沿厚度方向上下不同,下侧可分为再结晶区、不完全再结晶区、动态回复区;上侧出现明显的偏析现象;接头紫铜一侧热影响区出现明显的须状组织,并有晶粒微溶的迹象.     

20mm厚6063铝合金搅拌摩擦焊焊缝S曲线控制

针对6063铝合金搅拌摩擦焊缝中易出现"S"曲线的问题,在采用搅拌摩擦焊焊接20 mm厚6063铝合金散热器的过程中,使用气体保护,成功消除了6063铝合金搅拌摩擦焊中易形成的"S"曲线,获得了成形良好的焊缝组织,焊缝的平均抗拉强度达到148.83 MPa,焊接强度系数为母材的81.9%.通过分析焊缝的微观组织,发现焊核区发生了完全动态再结晶,组织为细小的等轴晶粒.热力影响区发生明显塑性变形,发生不同程度的动态再结晶,晶粒发生明显长大.热影响区受焊接热循环影响,发生了微观组织和力学性能变化,但没有发生塑性变形,晶粒发生粗化.     

Microstructural characterization and mechanical properties of aluminum 6061-T6 plates welded with copper insert plate (Al/Cu/Al) using friction stir welding

Friction stir welding was used to join two aluminum 6061-T6 plates with an insert of a pure copper plate (Al/Cu/Al), and then the influence of the copper insert on the joint performance was studied. The dissimilar welding results were also compared with AA 6061 friction stir welds produced without copper insert (Al/Al). Optical and scanning electron microscopes were used for the microstructural observations of the welded samples. X-ray diffraction analysis was used to analyze phase component of the Al/Cu/Al specimen. A defect-free joint was observed for the Al/Cu/Al joint at a rotational speed of 950 r/min and a welding speed of 50 mm/min. Microstructural observation of the weld nugget zone (WNZ) demonstrates the formation of composite-like structure which promotes metallurgical bonding of aluminum and copper. XRD results show the formation of intermetallic compounds (IMCs), such as Al₄Cu₉ and Al₂Cu. Furthermore, it was observed that the hardness of the weld with the Cu insert plate is higher than that of other samples due to more dislocation density and a distinct rise in hardness values was observed due to the presence of IMCs. The ultimate tensile strength of the joint with copper insert plate is higher than that of the other sample due to the strong metallurgical bonding between Al and Cu.     

搅拌摩擦焊待焊界面消失模型

提出了一种搅拌摩擦焊接过程中待焊界面消失并形成焊缝的二维模型,阐述了搅拌摩擦焊接过程中待焊界面在焊接热、焊接作用力及搅拌作用下形成焊缝的过程,并把焊缝划分成晶粒长大区、界面氧化区、待焊界面消失区、塑性金属流动区、S线等区域,同时描述了待焊界面冶金熔合后在搅拌摩擦焊缝内部的分布形态.该模型对晶粒长大区、待焊界面消失区、S线3个特定区域进行了试验验证和说明.结果表明,待焊界面在搅拌针后退侧的前方区域已经达到冶金熔合状态,并在搅拌针的搅拌作用下扭曲并进入焊缝形成S线特征.     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Dissimilar Double-Side Friction Stir Welds Between Medium-Thick 6061-T6 Aluminum and Pure Copper Plates

It is difficult to achieve Al/Cu dissimilar welds with good mechanical properties for medium-thick plates due to the inherent high heat generation rate at the shoulder-workpiece contact interface in conventional friction stir welding. Thus, double-side friction stir welding is innovatively applied to join 12-mm medium-thick 6061-T6 aluminum alloy and pure copper dissimilar plates, and the effect of welding speeds on the joint microstructure and mechanical properties of Al/Cu welds is systematically analyzed. It reveals that a sound Al/Cu joint without macroscopic defects can be achieved when the welding speed is lower than 180 mm/min, while a nonuniform relatively thick intermetallic compound (IMC) layer is formed at the Al/Cu interface, resulting in lots of local microcracks within the first-pass weld under the plunging force of the tool during friction stir welding of the second-pass, and seriously deteriorates the mechanical properties of the joint. With the increase of welding speed to more than 300 mm/min void defects appear in the joint, but the joint properties are still better than the welds performed at low welding speed conditions since a continuous uniform thin IMCs layer is formed at the Al/Cu interface. The maximum tensile strength and elongation of Al/Cu weld are, respectively, 135.11 MPa and 6.06%, which is achieved at the welding speed of 400 mm/min. In addition, due to the influence of welding distortion of the first-pass weld, the second-pass weld is more prone to form void defects than the first-pass weld when the same plunge depth is applied on both sides. The double-side friction stir welding is proved to be a good method for dissimilar welding of medium-thick Al/Cu plates.     

Interface morphology and microstructure of high-power ultrasonic spot welded Mg/Al dissimilar joint

High-power ultrasonic welding technology, which has the excellent characteristics of low-energy input and high efficiency, can effectively shorten the welding time, reduce the formation of intermetallic compounds (IMCs), and improve the strength of Mg/Al dissimilar welded joints in the future manufacturing industry. Mg/Al dissimilar metal ultrasonic welded joints with favourable mechanical properties were obtained through reasonable selection of sonotrode patterns and optimisation of welding parameters. The connection mechanisms of joints were discussed based on the analysis of weld interface morphology, microstructure evolution, and the composition and distribution of Mg–Al IMCs that varied with welding energy. The mechanical interlocking phenomenon and discontinuously distributed Mg₁₇Al₁₂ with low thickness were observed at the weld interface, which helped to improve the joint performance.     

Friction welding of Al-Al,Al-steel,and steel-steel samples

Friction welding of Al- Al, Al- steel, and steel- steel studs is compared. Transient heat generation and temperature rise during the welding process were modeled. Tensile tests and microhardness measurements across the weld zone were carried out. The metallurgical changes in the heat- affected zone were examined by SEM. Temperature rise at the interface plane was computed and related to weld properties. The affecting parameters on weld quality were identified by statistical analysis. Results show that interaction of weld parameters significantly affect yield, tensile, and breaking strength, and the heat- affected zone on the Al side is wider for Al-steel welds.     

S135钻杆摩擦焊接头热处理后的组织和性能

36CrNiMo4A钢制S135钻杆的工具接头和管体采用摩擦方式进行焊接，对摩擦焊接头进行了适当热处理。对钻杆工具接头、管体、焊合区三点弯曲试样的断裂韧度进行了测试，分析了弯曲试样的微观组织和断裂形貌以及接头焊合区韧性损伤的原因。结果表明，S135钻杆经摩擦焊接和热处理后，改善和提高了摩擦焊接头焊合区的组织和性能，其断裂韧度值J1C达到48kJ／m^2，钻杆钻井深度超过5300m，满足了使用要求。     

纯铝纯铁搅拌摩擦焊接头的组织与力学性能

选用3 mm厚冷轧态高纯铝板和退火态高纯铁板作为焊接母材,使用300/400/500/600 r/min-100 mm/min和300 r/min-80/60 mm/min焊接参数进行铝/铁异种金属搅拌摩擦焊对接焊试验。对焊接接头进行显微硬度和拉伸性能测试,通过扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)、电子背散射衍射(EBSD)等对接头组织进行表征。焊缝宏观形貌观察发现,焊缝的正面和背面有孔洞,正面出现毛刺。随着转速焊速比增加,孔洞消失毛刺增加。拉伸试验结果显示,共出现3种失效模式,分别为在300 r/min-100 mm/min参数下孔洞缺陷处断裂,300 r/min-80/60 mm/min参数下Al/Fe界面断裂和400/500/600 r/min-100 mm/min处Al侧基体断裂,3种模式下的最大焊接效率分别为40.1%、41.0%和60.4%,其中Al侧基体断裂模式的焊接效率最高。出现在焊核区的孔洞降低了接头强度,导致了缺陷断裂;在300 r/min低转速下,界面未达到有效的冶金结合,界面强度低于Al基体强度,导致Al/Fe界面断裂。硬度试验结果显示,铝侧硬度呈现先下降后上升...     

铝合金/镀锌钢板脉冲MIG电弧熔-钎焊接头组织与性能

采用数字化脉冲MIG焊机,以ER4043焊丝为填充材料.实现了6013-T4铝合金薄板与镀锌钢板的熔-钎焊接,研究了焊接热输入对接头组织和性能的影响,结果表明,在熔-钎焊接头熔化焊缝焊趾处存在主要由Zn-Al共晶体、富A1的α固溶体和Fe3Al组成的富Zn区:钎焊界面上的Fe-Al金属间化合物层厚度在1.05-4.50μm之间.且随焊接热输入的增加而增大.Fe-Al金属间化合物呈"锯齿"或"舌"状向焊缝内生长,主要为FeAl₂,Fe₂Al₅和Fe₄Al₁₃.随着焊接热输入的增大,熔-钎焊接头的抗拉强度先增大而后减小.在850 J/cm的热输入下达到229 MPa,拉伸后在铝合金焊接热影响区发生断裂,为塑韧性断裂;当焊接热输入较小时接头在钎焊界面断裂,属于脆性断裂.     

Brazing zirconium alloys with an amorphous rapidly quenched strip brazing alloy

Application of aluminum alloy, which is a typical lightweight material, has been expected to achieve energy saving and prevention of pollution in many kinds of transportation vehicles. While the structure made of whole aluminum alloy, however, is lightweight, it still has problems, such as low mechanical strength and high cost. Hence, a hybrid or joining structure made of aluminum alloy and steel seems to be reasonable because of its light weight and higher strength.

To make a hybrid structure for transportation vehicles, we examined welding by friction stirring between aluminum alloy and low-carbon steel, which could be welded without melted weld materials. As a result, welding between aluminum alloy and low-carbon steel that had a thin intermetallic compound at the weld interface was obtained.

In recent automobile manufacturing, zinc-coated steel has been used for structural parts in general. On welding between zinc-coated steel and other materials such as aluminum alloy, existence of a Zn layer between aluminum and steel has to be taken into account to get a high-quality joint between the materials.

In this study, spot joining between aluminum alloy and several kinds of zinc-coated steels by friction stirring was carried out, and the effect of the coated layer both on the weld strength and weld interface microstructure was investigated. As a result, the joint between aluminum alloy and zinc-coated steel was stronger than that between aluminum alloy and non-coated steel, when the coated layer was removed at the weld interface by plastic flow of aluminum alloy.     

Effects of extrusion speed of continuous extrusion with double billets on welding performance of 6063 Al alloy

During continuous extrusion, the welds were formed at the confluence of two billets. Influences of extrusion wheel rotational speed on micromorphology and properties of welds of 6063 Al alloy were investigated through microstructure observation, tensile test, and SEM analyses. Welding parameters were analyzed using finite element simulation. Results indicated that metal welding was remarkably affected by oxide on outer surface of the double billets during continuous extrusion. Degree of oxide breakage on the welding surface increased due to the evident increase in effective strain rate with increasing extrusion speed. The high temperature induced by increased extrusion speed accelerated the formation of metallurgical bonding. A portion of weld seam lines slowly disappeared, and the proportion of the welding interface that failed to reach metallurgical bonding was also gradually reduced. Tensile strength and elongation of the weld specimen increased with the increase of extrusion speed.