A new look at φ-pH diagram (Ⅱ) ——All-equilibrium φ-pH diagram for M-ligand-H_2O system <

1　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＴｈｅｓｔｕｄｙｏｆｍｅｔａｌ ｌｉｇａｎｄｓｙｓｔｅｍｉｓａｌｗａｙｓｔｈｅｔｏｐｉｃｏｆｍｅｔａｌｌｕｒｇｙｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｅｒｓ .Ｏｓｓｅｏ Ａｓａｒｅ[1] ｔｒｉｅｄｔｏｃｏｍｐｉｌｅａｇｅｎｅｒａｌｐｒｏｇｒａｍｔｏｐｌｏｔ φ ｐＨｄｉａｇｒａｍｆｏｒＭｅｔａｌ ＮＨ3 Ｈ2 Ｏｓｙｓｔｅｍ ,ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ ,ｔｈｅｐｌｏｔｔｅｄｄｉ ａｇｒａｍｄｅｖｉａｔｅｓｆｒｏｍ ｐｒａｃｔｉｃａｌｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎｄｕｅｔｏｉｔｓａｓ ｓｕｍｐｔｉｏｎｓ ,ｗｈｉｃｈｌｅａｄｓｔｏｔ…     

Kinetics of Thermal Decomposition for Complex [Zn(C_(16)H_(18)FN_3O_3)_2(NO_3)_2]·2H_2O

1 ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＩｎｒｅｃｅｎｔｙｅａｒｓ ,ｔｈｅｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｎｏｒｆｌｏｘａｃｉｎａｎｄｃｅｒｔａｉｎｍｅｔａｌｌｉｃｉｏｎｓｈａｓｂｅｅｎｖａｌｕｅｄｗｉｄｅｌｙ[1～ 4].Ｂｕｔｔｈｅｎｏｎ ｉｓｏｔｈｅｒｍａｌｋｉｎｅｔｉｃｓｏｆ[Ｚｎ(ＮＦＡ) 2 (ＮＯ3) 2 ]·2Ｈ2 Ｏｔｈｅｒｍａｌｄｅｃｏｍ ｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎｈａｓｒａｒｅｌｙｂｅｅｎｓｔｕｄｉｅｄ .Ｉｎｔｈｉｓｐａｐｅｒ ,ｗｅｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｅｄｉｔｓｔｈｅｒｍａｌｄｅｃｏｍｐｏｓｉ ｔｉｏｎｂｅｈａｖｉｏｒｂｙ…     

Key technologies of numerical simulation of cup hydrodynamic deep drawing

1　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＴｈｅｆｏｒｍｉｎｇｔｈｅｏｒｙｏｆｈｙｄｒｏｄｙｎａｍｉｃｄｅｅｐｄｒａｗ ｉｎｇ (ＨＤＤ) ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｉｓｓｈｏｗｎｉｎＦｉｇ .1[1] .Ｉｔｈａｓｂｅｅｎｐａｉｄｍｕｃｈａｔｔｅｎｔｉｏｎｉｎｔｈｅｗｏｒｌｄｂｅｃａｕｓｅｉｔｈａｓｍａｎｙａｄｖａｎｔａｇｅｓ[2～ 4 ] .Ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ ,ｍａｎｙｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｉｎｇｆａｃｔｏｒｓｅｘｉｓｔｉｎｔｈｅｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｏｆＨＤＤ ,ａｎｄｔｈｅｍｏｓｔｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｉｎｇｆａｃｔｏｒｉｓｔｈｅｅｆｆｅｃｔ…     

Mode Ⅱ fracture mechanism of direct shearing specimen with guiding grooves of rock

1　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＭｏｄｅⅡ (ｓｈｅａｒ)ｆｒａｃｔｕｒｅｉｓｏｎｅｏｆｔｙｐｉｃａｌｆａｉｌｕｒｅｐａｔｔｅｒｎｓｉｎｒｏｃｋｅｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇ .Ｉｔｈａｓａｔｔｒａｃｔｅｄａｎｉｎ ｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇａｔｔｅｎｔｉｏｎｉｎｒｅｃｅｎｔｙｅａｒｓ ,ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｂｏｔｈｔｈｅｏ ｒｅｔｉｃａｌｓｔｕｄｙｏｆｆｒａｃｔｕｒｅｃｒｉｔｅｒｉｏｎ[1～ 4 ] ａｎｄｌａｂｏｒａｔｏｒｙｔｅｓｔｉｎｇｏｆｆｒａｃｔｕｒｅｔｏｕｇｈｎｅｓｓ[5～ 8] .Ａｌｔｈｏｕｇｈａｎｕｍ ｂｅｒｏｆｔｅｓｔｉｎｇｍ…     

Effect of La_2O_3 nanoparticles on properties of molybdenum powder

1　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＡｓｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅａｌｔｅｒｎａｔｉｖｅｓｏｆＴｈＯ2 Ｗｃａｔｈｏｄｅ ,Ｌａ2 Ｏ3 Ｍｏｔｈｅｒｍｉｏｎｉｃｃａｔｈｏｄｅ (Ｌａ Ｍｏ)ａｐｐｅａｒｅｄｉｎｒｅｃｅｎｔ 30 ｙｅａｒｓ[1～ 4 ] .Ａｌｔｈｏｕｇｈｔｈｉｓｃａｔｈｏｄｅｈａｓｇｏｏｄｅｍｉｓｓｉｖｉｔｙ ,ｉｔｈａｓｎｏｔｂｅｅｎｕｓｅｄｃｏｍｍｅｒｃｉａｌｌｙｂｅｃａｕｓｅｏｆｉｔｓｐｏｏｒｅｍｉｓｓｉｏｎｓｔａｂｉｌｉｔｙ[5～ 8] .Ｔｈｅｍｉｃｒｏｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｓｔｕｄｙｏｎｔｈｉｓｃａｔｈｏｄｅｓｈｏ…     

Hot pressing of hydroxyapatite(HA)-Ti material and stability of HA

1　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＡｔｐｒｅｓｅｎｔ ,ｔｈｅｈｙｄｒｏｘｙａｐａｔｉｔｅ (ＨＡ )ａｎｄｔｈｅＨＡ ｂａｓｅｄｃｏｍｐｏｓｉｔｅｃａｎｎｏｔｂｅｕｓｅｄｆｏｒｈｅａｖｙｌｏａｄ ｂｅａｒｉｎｇａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓａｓｈａｒｄｔｉｓｓｕｅｒｅｐｌａｃｅｍｅｎｔｉｍ ｐｌａｎｔｓｂｅｃａｕｓｅｏｆｔｈｅｉｒｐｏｏｒｍｅｃｈａｎｉｃａｌｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓ[1] .Ｏｎｔｈｅｏｔｈｅｒｈａｎｄ ,ｔｈｅＨＡｃｏａｔｉｎｇｓｕｓｅｄｔｏｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｔｈｅｓｕｒｆａｃｅｂｉｏａｃｔｉｖｉｔｙｏｆＴｉａ…     

Tensile behavior of SiCp/2124Al composites with various SiC particle sizes at room temperature

1　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＩｎｒｅｃｅｎｔ ｙｅａｒｓｍａｎｙｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｏｒｓｈａｖｅｂｅｅｎｌｏｏｋｉｎｇｆｏｒｔｈｅｗａｙｓｔｏｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｔｈｅｄｕｃｔｉｌｉｔｙａｎｄｔｏｕｇｈｎｅｓｓｏｆｐａｒｔｉｃｕｌａｔｅｒｅｉｎｆｏｒｃｅｄｍｅｔａｌｍａｔｒｉｘｃｏｍ ｐｏｓｉｔｅｓ (ＰＲＭＭＣｓ) .Ｍｏｓｔｏｆｔｈｅｉｒｓｔｕｄｉｅｓｗｅｒｅｆｏ ｃｕｓｅｄｏｎｔｈｅｅｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆｍａｔｒｉｘａｌｌｏｙ[1～ 3] ,ｒｅｉｎｆｏｒｃｅ ｍｅｎｔｓｈａｐｅ[2 ,4 ] ａｎｄｖｏｌｕｍｅｆｒａｃ…     

Preparation of Ti6Al4V/BG/HA graded coating by electrophoresis deposition in absolute alcohol medium

1　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＨｙｄｒｏｘｙａｐａｔｉｔｅ (ＨＡ ) ,ａｍａｊｏｒｉｎｏｒｇａｎｉｃｓａｌｔｃｏｍｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎｉｎｈｕｍａｎｂｏｎｅ ,ｈａｓｅｘｃｅｌｌｅｎｔｂｉｏｃｏｍｐａｔ ｉｂｉｌｉｔｙ ,ｓｏｉｔｃａｎｃｏｍｂｉｎｅｗｉｔｈｂｏｎｅｔｉｓｓｕｅｗｅｌｌｉｎｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｂｏｎｄａｆｔｅｒｉｔｉｓｉｍｐｌａｎｔｅｄｉｎｔｏｈｕｍａｎｂｏｄｙ[1,2 ] .Ｉｔｉｓａｇｏｏｄｂｏｎｅｆｉｌｌｅｒａｎｄｒｅｐｌａｃｅｍｅｎｔｍａ ｔｅｒｉａｌ;ｂｕｔｂｅｃａｕｓｅｏｆｉｔｓｂｒｉｔｔｌｅｎ…     

Structure parameters and function of hydraulic elastic bulging roller

1　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＯｎｔｈｅｖｉｅｗｏｆｇｅｏｍｅｔｒｙ ,ｗｅａｔｈｅｒｔｈｅｓｈａｐｅｉｓｐｅｒｆｅｃｔｄｅｐｅｎｄｓｕｐｏｎｃｈａｎｇｅｏｆｃｒｏｗｎｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｒｏｌｌｉｎｇｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ.Ｉｆｔｈｅｓｔｒｅｔｃｈｉｎｇｏｆｔｈｅｒｏｌｌｉｎｇｓｔｏｃｋｉｎｔｈｅｒｏｌｌｉｎｇｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｉｓｎｅｇｌｅｃｔｅｄ ,ｇｅｏｍｅｔｒｉｃａｌｄｅｐｅｎ ｄｅｎｃｅｏｆｐｅｒｆｅｃｔｓｈａｐｅｃａｎｂｅｅｘｐｒｅｓｓｅｄａｓ[1 ] :Ｃｈ =ｈＨＣＨ ( 1 )ｗｈｅｒｅ　Ｃｈｉｓｔｈｅ…     

Mechanism of removing inclusions from molten aluminum by stirring active molten flux

1　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＭｏｌｔｅｎａｌｕｍｉｎｕｍｉｓｓｏａｃｔｉｖｅｔｈａｔｉｔｅａｓｉｌｙｒｅａｃｔｓｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｌｙｗｉｔｈＨ2 Ｏ(ｇａｓｅｏｕｓｓｔａｔｅ)ｉｎｍｅｌｔｉｎｇｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎ ,ａｎｄａｌｕｍｉｎａｉｎｃｌｕｓｉｏｎｓ(Ａｌ2 Ｏ3 )ａｎｄｈｙｄｒｏｇｅｎｇａｓ(Ｈ2 )ａｒｅｐｒｏｄｕｃｅｄ .Ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ,ｓｏｍｅｎｏｎ ｏｘｉｄａｔｉｖｅｉｎｃｌｕｓｉｏｎｓ ,ｓｕｃｈａｓＴｉＢ2 ,Ａｌ4 Ｃ3 ,ＭｇＡｌ2 Ｏ4 ,ａｒｅａｌｓｏｐｒｏｄｕｃｅｄｄｕｒｉｎｇｔｈｅｅｌｅｃｔｒｏｌ…     

Thermodynamics of Cu(Ⅱ)-NH3-NH4Cl-H2O system

The thermodynamics of a complex solution system, Cu(Ⅱ)-NH3-NH4Cl-H2O, was presented both theoretically and experimentally. Firstly, according to the principles of simultaneous equilibrium and aqueous electronic charge neutrality of the system, a nonlinear mathematical thermodynamic model with multi-members was set up. In this model, there were six unknowns: pH value, concentration values of free Cl-, free NH3, total concentration values of Cu2 , Cl- and NH3, four equilibrium equations and three equilibrium equations of total quantum of Cu2 , Cl- and NH3, as well as an equilibrium equation of electric charge, were involved in the model. Then after specifying the values of total concentrate of NH3 and Cl-, the model was solved precisely using MATLAB language, and the other four unknowns were obtained. According to the values obtained above, various valuable figures regarding thermodynamic relation of the system were protracted also with MATLAB, including two and three dimensions figures. These figures and data can supply the theoretic conference for optimizing the ratio of leaching reagents in copper extraction through ammonia hydrometallurgy. Finally, the solubility of CuO were measured in the system of NH3-NH4Cl-H2O. The results show that the model and the thermodynamic data obtained are reliable.     

Anodic reaction kinetics of electrowinning zinc in system of Zn(Ⅱ)-NH3-NH4Cl-H2O

The anodic reaction kinetics of zinc electrowinning was investigated on the titanium base RuO2 anode in the system of Zn(Ⅱ)-NH3-NH4Cl-H2O. The effects of stirring speed, ammonium chloride concentration and temperature on anodic reaction rate were studied through the curve measurement of potentiostatic polarization. The results reveal that the electrochemically controlled anodic reaction obeys Tafel equation and the anodic reaction order for ammonium chloride is 1. 056, with the apparent activation energy of 40.17 kJ/mol. The general equation of anodic reaction kinetics was obtained.     

Thermodynamic simulation of metal behaviors in Cu2+-Ni2+-NH3-NH4+-C2O42--H2O system

To investigate the behaviors of Cu²⁺ and Ni²⁺ with the change of conditions in Cu²⁺-Ni²⁺-NH₃-NH₄⁺- C₂O₄^2--H₂O reaction system, mathematical models of thermodynamics based on the principle of mass conservation were established. The simulation results indicate that the precipitation of metal ions from the aqueous phase is a complicated dynamic equilibrium process, during which the coordination reactions of Cu²⁺ and Ni²⁺ with NH₃ forming [Cu(NH₃)_n]²⁺ (n=3-5) and [Ni(NH₃)_m]²⁺ (m=3-6) are predominant under high pH conditions, respectively. The pH ranges for the simultaneous precipitation of Cu²⁺ and Ni²⁺ are 2.0-6.5 and 2.0-5.5 when [NH₃]_T equals 0.6 and 4.2 mol/L, respectively, with the prefixed [C₂O₄^2-]_T of 0.6 mol/L. Due to the fractional precipitation of Cu²⁺ and Ni²⁺, Cu-Ni composite is obtained after the thermal decomposition of Cu-Ni oxalate complex salts prepared in a pure water system when pH>7.0. By applying the mixed solvent (water/ethanol) as the precipitation medium, the Cu-Ni alloy rods can be finally fabricated with high purity and crystallinity.     

Thermodynamic calculation of Sn (Ⅳ)-NH4+-Cl--H2O system

According to the principles of simultaneous equilibrium and electronic charge neutrality, the thermodynamics of Sn(Ⅳ)-NH4 -Cl- -H2O system under normal condition was calculated. Relation between all sorts of complex of Sn4 and pH was plotted. Based on thermodynamics analysis and calculation, some experiments were done to validate the relation between the total concentration of tin ion and pH in this system. The results suggest that the total concentration of ammonium and pH are the most important factors which determine whether (NH4)2SnCl6 or Sn(OH)4 exists in this system. Results further suggest when contnet of HCl is more than 6 mol/L, Sn4 in this system will be also precipitated in the form of (NH4)2SnCl6. These results lay the solid theory foundation to preindium tin oxide(ITO), from the tinny material.     

Synthesis of GdF3 from the Gd2O3-NH4HF2 system

GdF3 was synthesized with Gd2O3 and NH4HF2 under atmospheric pressure and vacuum. The effects of pressure,temperature,and reactant ratio on the reaction process were investigated. A new mechanism for the synthesis of GdF3 was proposed. Powdered Gd2O3 started to react with NH4HF2 at low temperature,and the products were GdNH4F4,NH4F,NH3,and H2O. GdNH4F4 decomposed to GdF3 and NH4F after further high-temperature treatment,accompanying the volatilization and decomposition of NH4F. The whole process could be divided into three steps： synthesis,decomposition,and deamination. The initial and final reaction temperatures decreased under vacuum condition. An optimized process for the preparation of GdF3 was obtained： synthesis under atmospheric pressure at low temperature and decomposition and deamination under vacuum at high temperature.     

Mn2+-NH4+-SO42--H2O的相平衡及其溶液性质

采用等温溶解平衡法,研究了Mn2 -NH4 -SO42--H2O三元体系在298 K下的相平衡及其平衡液相的主要物理化学性质(密度和pH值),绘制了溶解度平衡相图及物化性质组成图.结果表明:在三元体系Mn2 -NH4 -SO42-H2O相图中存在3条饱和曲线、2个共饱和点及3个纯盐结晶区.根据经验公式对平衡液相的密度进行了计算,计算值与实验测定结果的变化趋势相一致,但少数计算值的相对误差较大.     

304不锈钢在NaCl-(NH4)2SO4-NH4Cl溶液中的腐蚀行为

用电化学极化曲线和交流阻抗方法，研究了对304不锈钢（304SS）在3％NaCl和NaCl-（NH4）2SO4-NH4Cl混合溶液中的腐蚀行为．结果表明，在混合溶液中浸泡750h后，304SS仍然保持良好的钝化状态，其平均腐蚀电流密度为0．056mA／cm^2．根据交流阻抗研究结果，不锈钢在3％NaCl溶液中，主要表现出裸金属表面的点蚀和形成一定程度的钝化膜的特征，在2．0g／LNaCl、0．67g／L（NH4）2sSO4、2．3g／LNH4Cl混合溶液中，不锈钢表面形成稳定致密的钝化膜的典型特征．此钝化膜的电阻远小于腐蚀反应极化电阻．即使在形成良好的钝化膜的情况下，不锈钢所表现出的优良的抗腐蚀性能主要是由于金属表面活性点的钝化，而非钝化膜对离子导电或者对反应物／产物的扩散过程的阻隔作用．     

Radio frequency bias power effects on silicon nitride film deposited in SiH4-NH3 using a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition

Silicon nitride films were deposited at room temperature in a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition system. Ion energy and ion energy flux were measured with an ion energy analysis system. The effects of the radio frequency bias power on the ion energy distribution, deposition rate, refractive index, and surface roughness were examined along with the correlations between the ion energy diagnostics and film properties. The bias power varied from 30 W to 90 W. The surface roughness measured by atomic force microscopy was detailed in terms of the mean surface roughness and major pixel density. The deposition rate increased from 271 Å/min to 308 Å/min, increasing the bias power and correlation with the ion energy. Particularly, the refractive index increased with a decrease in the bias power. This is a unique feature resulting from the room-temperature deposition of silicon nitride film controlled in terms of the bias power. Moreover, the large variation from 1.94 to 2.49 facilitates the control of the refractive index as a function of the bias power. Strong dependency of the refractive index on the ion energy flux was also identified.     

Zn(Ⅱ)-NH3-Cl--CO32--H2O体系中Zn(Ⅱ)配合平衡

用双平衡法研究Zn(Ⅱ)-NH3-Cl--CO32--H2O体系中Zn(Ⅱ)配合平衡热力学,求出氨水浓度和氯离子浓度在0～10 mol/L范围内变化时,体系中各物种的平衡浓度,绘制热力学平衡图,并对热力学计算结果进行实验验证和差异分析.结果表明:锌离子浓度理论计算值与实验值之间的平均相对误差为7.47%,这说明该热力学模型是正确的,所选数据的准确性较好.     

Thermodynamics and technology of extracting gold from low-grade gold ore in system of NH4Cl-NH3-H2O

1 Introduction Hydrometallurgy with ammoniacal ammonium chloride as extracting system is a new developing field with many merits. Above all, NH3 and Cl- ions existing in the system have relatively high complex ability with some heavy or noble metal ions. …