Kinetic study on pressure leaching of high iron sphalerite concentrate

The kinetics of pressure leaching high iron sphalerite concentrate was studied.The effects of agitation rate,temperature, oxygen partial pressure,initial acid concentration,particle size,iron content in the concentrate and concentration of Fe2 added into the solution on the leaching rate of zinc were examined.The experiment results indicate that if the agitation rate is greater than 600 r/min,its influence on Zn leaching rate is not substantial.A suitable rise in temperature can facilitate the leaching reaction,and the temperature should be controlled at 140-150℃.The increase trend of Zn leaching rate becomes slow when pressure is greater than 1.2 MPa,so the pressure is controlled at 1.2-1.4 MPa.Under the conditions of this study,Zn leaching rate decreases with a rise in the initial sulfuric acid concentration;and Zn leaching rate increases with a rise of iron content in the concentrate and Fe 2 concentration in the solution.Moreover,the experiment demonstrates that the leaching process follows the surface chemical reaction control kinetic law of“shrinking of unreacted core”.The activation energy for pressure leaching high iron sphalerite concentrate is calculated,and a mathematical model for this pressure leaching is obtained.The model is promising to guide the practical operation of pressure leaching high iron sphalerite concentrate.     

Bioleaching of pyrite by A. ferrooxidans and L. ferriphilum

Pyrite oxidation rates were examined under various conditions in the presence of A. ferrooxidans and L. ferriphilum, in which different pulp concentration, inoculation amount, external addition of Fe^3＋ and initial pH value were performed. It is found that A. ferrooxidans and L. ferriphilum show similar behaviors in the bioleaching process. The increasing pulp concentration decreases the leaching rate of iron, and external addition of high concentration Fe^3＋ is also adverse to leaching pyrite. The increased inoculation amount and high initial pH value are beneficial to leaching pyrite, and these changed conditions bring more obvious effects on leaching pyrite by L. ferriphilum than by A. ferrooxidans. The results also show that adjusting the pH values in leaching process baffles leaching pyrite due to the formed jarosite. Jarosite formed in leaching process was observed using XRD, SEM and energy spectrum analysis, and a considerable amount of debris with a crystalline morphology is present on the surface of pyrite. The results imply that the indirect action is more important for bioleaching pyrite.     

Recovery of V_2O_5 from Bayer liquor by ion exchange

A new technology was developed to recover V2O5 from Bayer spent liquor by ion exchange.The experimental results show that in the conditions of 105°C and 0.20-0.25 mass ratios between CaO in lime and Al2O3 in spent liquor, the precipitation rate of vanadium in Bayer liquor is more than 85%.The vanadium-bearing precipitation is leached by NaHCO3 solution.The leaching rate of vanadium can reach 85% in the conditions of 95°C, 40 g·L-1 of NaHCO3 concentration, and ventilating of CO2.The 201 × 7 type of resin has good adsorption effect on vanadium in the leaching solution.The adsorption rate is more than 94% with the flow rate of 0.09 mL·min-1·g-1 of leaching solution and the temperature of 40-50°C.By using 3 mol·L-1 of NaOH to desorb the saturated resin after adsorption at 40-50°C, a solution with more than 5 g·L-1 of V2O5 can be obtained.After roasting ammonium metavanadate that precipitates from the desorption solution when NH4Cl is added at the temperature of 500-550°C for 2 h, V2O5 with more than 99% of purity is obtained.     

Recovery of bismuth and antimony metals from pressure-leaching slag

The leaching behavior of metals from a pressure-leaching slag was investigated using a desulphurization-leaching-hydrolysis process for the recovery of bismuth and antimony.Various parameters were studied,including the amount of acid added,temperature,time,addition of NaCl and solid-liquid ratio in the leaching process.The experimental results show that the contents of bismuth and antimony are mostly enriched in the process of kerosene desulphurization.More than 98％ Sb and 96％ Bi are extracted under the determined conditions.In the process of hydrolysis,the precipitation rates of bismuth and antimony are 97.80％ and 94.59％,respectively.Under the optimum experimental conditions,the recovery rate of bismuth and antimony can be up to 95.80％ and 90.80％,respeoively.     

Bioleaching of marmatite in high concentration of iron

Bioleaching of marmatite with a culture of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans and Thiobacillus thiooxidans in high concentration of iron was studied,the results show that the zine leaching rate of the mixed culture is faster than that of the sole Thiobacillus ferrooxidans,the increasing iron concentration in leaching solution enhances the zine leaching rate.The SEM analysis indicates that the chemical leaching residues is covered with porous solid layer of elemental sulfur,while elemental sulfur is not found in the bacterial leaching residues.The primary role of bacteria in bioleaching of sphalerite is to oxidize the chemical leaching products of ferrous ion and elemental sulfur,thus the indirect mechanism prevails in the bioleaching of marmatite.     

ELECTROCHEMICAL NOISE FEATURES OF PURE ALUMINUM DURING PITTING CORROSION IN NEUTRAL NaCl SOLUTION

Spontaneous electrochemical noise (EN) can be a rich source of information concerning the processes simultaneously occurring at a corroding interface. Potential noise fluctuations during the free corrosion of pure aluminum in different concentration of neutral sodium chloride solution are investigated, and the breakdown and restoration of passive metal's film are studied using potentiodynamic scanning (PDS) measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique. Two capacitance loops are observed in the Nyquist plots in two kinds of concentration, and the corrosion process is under activation control at first, then become diffusion control within the oxide film and corrosion products of (Al(OH)p-mCl-m) accumulated on the surface of the corroding electrode. It is suggested that the pitting corrosion is much easier to occur for pure aluminum in 7.0wt% than in 2.0wt% NaCl solution, and the high concentration of chloride ion in solution inhibits the repassivation of a metastable pit. The co     

Electrochemical behavior of Cu(Ⅱ) reduced in CH3OH and DMSO

The cyclic voltammetry and the potential-time curve after galvanostatic electrolysis were used to study the electrode processes of Cu(Ⅱ) in CH3OH solution and DMSO solution. The electroreduction of Cu(Ⅱ) to Cu on a Pt electrode proceeds in two steps: Cu(Ⅱ) + e = Cu(Ⅰ); Cu(Ⅰ) + e = Cu. The reduction potential of Cu(Ⅱ) in DMSO solution is more negative than that in CH3OH solution, and the diffusion coefficient of Cu(Ⅱ) ion in DMSO solution is larger than that in CH3OH solution because the polarity of DMSO is larger than that of CH3OH observably and has a stronger solvating power.     

Electrochemical behavior of Cu(II) reduced in CH3OH and DMSO

The cyclic voltammetry and the potential-time curve after galvanostatic electrolysis were used to study the electrode processes of Cu(n) in CH3OH solution and DMSO solution. The electroreduction of Cu(Ⅱ) to Cu on a Pt electrode proceeds in two steps: Cu(Ⅱ) + e = Cu(Ⅰ); Cu(I) + e = Cu. The reduction potential of Cu(n) in DMSO solution is more negative than that in CH3OH solution, and the diffusion coefficient of Cu(Ⅱ) ion in DMSO solution is larger than that in CH3OH solution because the polarity of DMSO is larger than that of CH3OH observably and has a stronger solvating power.     

Kinetic process of oxidative leaching of chalcopyrite under low oxygen pressure and low temperature

Kinetic process of oxidative leaching of chalcopyrite in chloride acid hydroxide medium under oxygen pressure and low temperature was investigated. The effect on leaching rate of chalcopyrite caused by these factors such as ore granularity, vitriol concentration, sodium chloride concentration, oxygen pressure and temperature was discussed. The results show that the leaching rate of chalcopyrite increases with decreasing the ore granularity. At the early stage of oxidative reaction, the copper leaching rate increases with increasing the oxygen pressure and dosage of vitriol concentration, while oxygen pressure affects leaching less at the later stage. At low temperature, the earlier oxidative leaching process of chalcopyrite is controlled by chemical reactions while the later one by diffusion. The chalcopyrite oxidative leaching rate has close relation with ion concentration in the leaching solution. The higher ion concentration is propitious for chalcopyrite leaching.     

Single and cooperative bioleaching of sphalerite by two kinds of bacteria —— Acidithiobacillus ferriooxidans and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans

A cooperative bioleaching （Acidithiobacillus ferriooxidans and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans） and single bioleaching （Acidithiobacillus ferriooxidans or Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans） of sphalerite were investigated by X-ray diffractometry, energy dispersive spectrography and scanning electron microscopy. The experimental results show that the leaching rate of zinc in the mixed culture is higher than that in pure culture and the sterile control. In these processes, two kinds of bacteria perform different functions and play a cooperative role during leaching of sphalerite. The bioleaching action carded out by Acidithiobacillus ferriooxidans （.4. ferriooxidans） is not directly performed through Fe^2＋ but Fe^3＋, and its role is to oxidize Fe^2＋ to Fe ^3＋ and maintain a high redox potential. Moreover, the addition of an appropriate concentration of ferric iron to the leaching systems is beneficial to zinc dissolution. In the leaching systems without Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans （.A. thiooxidans）, elemental sulfur layers are formed on mineral surface during the dissolution of zinc and block continuous leaching. Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans, however, eliminate the passivation and cause the bioleaching process to continue in the leaching systems. At the same time, protons from the bacterial oxidization of the elemental sulfur layers also accelerate the leaching of zinc.     

从铜冶炼烟气酸洗液中分离富集铼

铜冶炼烟气酸洗液经D296阴离子交换树脂吸附后,再依次采用氨水解吸Sb,NaOH和酒石酸混合溶液解吸Bi,NH₄SCN溶液解吸Re,实现Re/Sb/Bi的分步解吸并获得铼富集液。结果表明：酸洗液电位对Re、Sb、Bi吸附率没有明显影响,适宜的酸洗液H₂SO₄浓度为43.81 g·L^-1,Re、Sb、Bi吸附率分别为100%、6.55%和89.05%;D296树脂吸附Re的穿透容量和饱和容量分别为1.308和1.773 g·L^-1,且树脂利用率为73.77%;先采用12.5%氨水解吸Sb,16%NaOH+140 g·L^-1酒石酸混合溶液解吸Bi,通过添加酒石酸可有效抑制Bi水解,再采用10%NH₄SCN溶液解吸Re,得到铼富集液,其Cu、As、Sb、Bi浓度均降至1 mg·L^-1以下,且使酸洗液中Re富集了4倍。     

Selective removal of As from arsenic-bearing dust rich in Pb and Sb

The selective removal of arsenic from arsenic-bearing dust containing Pb and Sb in alkaline solution was studied. The influence of NaOH concentration, temperature, leaching time, liquid to solid ratio, and the presence of elemental sulfur on the dissolution of As, Sb and Pb in NaOH solution was investigated. The results indicate that the presence of elemental sulfur can effectively prevent leaching of lead and antimony from arsenic. The Sb₂O₃, As₂O₃ and Pb₅(AsO₄)₃OH in the raw material convert to NaSb(OH)₆ and PbS in the leaching residue, while arsenic is leached out as As(III) or As(V) ions in the leaching solution. Arsenic leaching efficiency of 99.84% can be achieved under the optimized conditions, while 97.82% of Sb and 99.97% of Pb remain in the leach residue with the arsenic concentration of less than 0.1%. A novel route is presented for the selective removal of arsenic and potential recycle of lead and antimony from the arsenic-bearing dust leached by NaOH solutions with the addition of elemental sulfur.     

柿竹园含铍含氟铋精矿冶金新工艺

采用氯化干馏法对柿竹园含铍含氟铋精矿进行了研究，结果表明：采用循环浸出和低酸度、高金属离子浓度体系，铋的浸出率达９９．２２％，浸出液含铋接近３００ｇ／Ｌ。在一定的干馏条件下，氯化铋的干馏率为９８％，其纯度达９９％以上。该工艺将铍和氟富集在浸出渣和干馏渣中，使其污染减小到最低限度。     

Ida~（2-）-H_2O体系浸出低品位氧化锌矿

采用Ida2--H2O体系（亚氨二乙酸盐水溶液）处理高碱性脉石型低品位氧化锌矿,考察浸出时间、液固比、配体总浓度、温度及pH值对矿物中主金属Zn及杂质元素Ca、Mg、Cu、Ni、Fe、Pb、Cd的溶出影响。结果表明：在弱碱性Ida2--H2O体系中,Ca、Mg、Fe不会被大量溶出,有价金属Cu、Ni、Pb、Cd可部分随主金属Zn溶出而进入浸出液;在浸出时间4h、液固比5：1、配体总浓度0.9mol/L、温度70℃、pH8的优化条件下,锌浸出率为76.6%。     

On the effect of grain boundary segregation on creep and creep rupture

The present work investigates the effect of grain boundary chemistry and crystallography on creep and on creep damage accumulation in Cu–0.008 wt.% Bi and Cu–0.92 wt.% Sb at stresses ranging from 10 to 20 MPa and temperatures between 773 and 873 K. Small additions of Bi and Sb significantly reduce the rupture strain and rupture time during creep of Cu. High stress exponents (Cu–Bi) and high apparent activation energies for creep (Cu–Bi and Cu–Sb) are obtained. Sb promotes creep cavitation on random high-angle grain boundaries. Bi, on the other hand, causes brittle failure when small crack-like cavities cause decohesion. Both elements suppress dynamic recrystallization, which occurs during creep of Cu at high stresses and temperatures.     

Selective leaching of arsenic from copper converter flue dust by Na2S and its stabilization with Fe2(SO4)3

The alkaline leaching of arsenic (As₂O₃) by Na₂S, together with its precipitation by Fe₂(SO₄)₃ was studied. Response surface methodology based on central composite design was employed to quantify and qualify the effect of pertinent factors and to develop statistical models for optimization purposes. Based on the obtained results, 89% of arsenic is removed from the dust under following optimum predicted conditions: Na₂S concentration of 100 g/L and solid to liquid ratio of 0.163 g/mL at 80 °C. It is found that solid to liquid ratio and Na₂S concentration are the significant factors influencing the leaching process. In the precipitation process, more than 99.93% of arsenic from the leaching solution is removed in the form of amorphous ferric arsenate, at pH 4.8 when Fe³⁺ to arsenic and H₂O₂ to arsenic molar ratios are set at 5:1 and 4:1, respectively. Also, Fe³⁺ to arsenic ratio and pH are the most significant factors, and the interaction between these terms is significant.     

Extracting Cu,Co, and Fe from white alloy with HCl by adding H<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>2</Subscript>

White alloy, mainly containing Cu, Co, and Fe, has been successfully decomposed in HCl solution by adding H₂O₂. This process is discussed in this paper. Through exploratory experiments, hydrochloric acid and H₂O₂ solution were confirmed as the leaching system of white alloy and through a series of condition experiments the effect of HCl concentration, H₂O₂ addition amount, reaction temperature, reaction time, particle size, and liquid-solid ratio of the extraction are studied. The optimal leaching conditions are 5 mol/L HCl concentration, 1.85 mL H₂O₂/g white alloy H₂O₂ addition, 70°C reaction temperature, 90 min. reaction time, 100 mesh particle size, and a 5/1 liquidsolid ratio. With these conditions the extraction of Cu and Co exceeds 99.5%, and the extraction of Fe can reach 98.5%. The results show the addition of H₂O₂ and the introduction of Cl⁻ are very important factors to improve the extraction of metal.     

Recovery of V<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>5</Subscript> from Bayer liquor by ion exchange

A new technology was developed to recover V2O5 from Bayer spent liquor by ion exchange.The experimental results show that in the conditions of 105°C and 0.20-0.25 mass ratios between CaO in lime and Al2O3 in spent liquor, the precipitation rate of vanadium in Bayer liquor is more than 85%.The vanadium-bearing precipitation is leached by NaHCO3 solution.The leaching rate of vanadium can reach 85% in the conditions of 95°C, 40 g·L-1 of NaHCO3 concentration, and ventilating of CO2.The 201 × 7 type of resin has...     

Combined effects of Bi and Sb elements on microstructure,thermal and mechanical properties of Sn-0.7Ag-0.5Cu solder alloys

This research investigated the combined effects of addition of Bi and Sb elements on the microstructure, thermal properties, ultimate tensile strength, ductility, and hardness of Sn-0.7Ag-0.5Cu (SAC0705) solder alloys. The results indicated that the addition of Bi and Sb significantly reduced the undercooling of solders, refined the β-Sn phase and extended the eutectic areas of the solders. Moreover, the formation of SbSn and Bi phases in the solder matrix affected the mechanical properties of the solder. With the addition of 3 wt.% Bi and 3 wt.% Sb, the ultimate tensile strength and hardness of the SAC0705 base alloy increased from 31.26 MPa and 15.07 HV to 63.15 MPa and 23.68 HV, respectively. Ductility decreased due to grain boundary strengthening, solid solution strengthening, and precipitation strengthening effects, and the change in the fracture mechanism of the solder alloys.     

铅阳极泥酸浸前的预处理

研究了铅阳极浸出前的备料措施与浸出效果和氧化剂耗量的关系，提出监控阳极泥堆放时效方法，结果表明堆入的铅阳极泥不必磨细，氧化剂耗量不变Ｓｂ，Ｂｉ，Ｃｕ残留率〈５％，Ａｇ直收率〉９８％。